| 释义 |
reciprocity|rɛsɪˈprɒsɪtɪ|
[ad. F. réciprocité (1729), or L. type *reciprocitāt-em, f. reciproc-us reciproque.]
1. a. The state or condition of being reciprocal; a state or relationship in which there is mutual action, influence, giving and taking, correspondence, etc., between two parties or things; spec. in Social Sci. (see quots. 1960, 1972).
1766Blackstone Comm. II. 445 Any degree of reciprocity will prevent the pact from being nude. 1791Paine Rights of Man (ed. 4) 121 A Declaration of Rights is, by reciprocity, a Declaration of Duties also. 1835I. Taylor Spir. Despot. ii. 75 People and priest ought to be connected by some sort of effective reciprocity. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 623 Reciprocity of a certain kind was the essence of the feudal relation. 1904W. T. Mills Struggle for Existence xx. 262 Reciprocity is a new word in politics, but it expresses an old fact in real life. 1952T. M. Newcomb Social Psychol. ix. 308 The last stage in acquiring roles involves recognizing reciprocity between oneself and others. 1960G. W. Allport Personality & Soc. Encounter xi. 175 The child understands that members of other countries are as attached to their own lands as he is to his; this is the principle of reciprocity. 1967E. A. Hoebel in P. Bohannan Law & Warfare ii. 187 In Comanche society reciprocity is not developed to an exaggerated degree. 1971E. Ardener Soc. Anthrop. & Lang. p. lv, Maussian systems of exchange and reciprocity are analogous to systems of communication, of which language is also one. 1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVII. 89 Gouldner has postulated the existence of a universal norm of reciprocity which stipulates that..people should help those who help them.
b. A reprisal. rare—1.
1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xx. vi. (1872) IX. 114 Touched by these horrors of war, and by the reciprocities evidently liable to follow.
2. spec.
a. Mutual or correspondent concession of advantages or privileges, as forming a basis for the commercial relations between two countries.
1782Prelim. Art. Peace w. U.S. (1783) 25 It is agreed to form the Articles of the proposed Treaty on such principles of liberal equity and reciprocity, as that..a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse between the two countries may be established. 1783Prelim. Art. Peace w. France xviii. 10 To agree upon new arrangements of trade, on the footing of reciprocity and mutual convenience. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 24 The Danish Government passed two new..laws granting freedom from remeasurement in Danish ports to all foreigners according reciprocity. 1880A. J. Wilson (title) Reciprocity, Bimetallism and Land Tenure Reform.
attrib.1876Encycl. Brit. IV. 766/2 The Reciprocity Treaty was negotiated by the late Earl of Elgin. 1887Morley in Daily News 16 May 2/5 Protectionists and Reciprocity men. 1893Ibid. 13 Mar. 2/6 A report to the British Foreign Office, dated Washington, February 2, on the reciprocity clause, is now published.
b. In the Kantian philosophy: Mutual action and reaction.
1838F. Haywood tr. Kant's Critick Pure Reason i. ii. ix. 76 Both the Judgments, the relationship of which forms the hypothetical judgment.., in whose reciprocity likewise the disjunctive consists. 1883A. Barratt Phys. Metempiric 232 We can think of Things-in-themselves..only under the categories of substance, causality and reciprocity.
3. attrib. and Comb., as reciprocity-monger, reciprocity technique, reciprocity treaty; reciprocity failure Photogr., departure from adherence to the reciprocity law, found with all emulsions, in which greater exposure than that predicted by the law is required at both very low and very high light intensities; reciprocity law Photogr., the statement that the degree of blackening of an ideal emulsion is constant for a given incident energy, i.e., for a given product of light intensity and exposure time; reciprocity theorem Physics, a theorem which states that the response of a given physical system is unchanged under interchange of the locations of a constant excitation and of the measured response; also called the Onsager principle; spec. (a) Electr. (see quot. 1957); (b) Nucl. Physics, the statement that time-reversal leaves the transition rate for a nuclear reaction unchanged.
1923Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. VII. 1110 In order to show in a different way the magnitude of the *reciprocity failure, the values of sensitivity have been computed. 1966D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 13 Emulsions produced specifically for metallography are designed to retain their speed for long periods, that is, to have a low reciprocity failure, while emulsions for astronomical applications, involving exposure times of several hours, show almost no reciprocity failure at all. 1973Sci. Amer. Dec. 122/3 Lowering the temperature of the emulsion tends to suppress the recombination of the ions and hence to suppress reciprocity failure. 1979SLR Camera May 11/1 Unless the meter takes into account reciprocity failure then the film cannot be correctly exposed.
[1900Astrophysical Jrnl. XI. 89 Scheiner, in 1891, proved that the increase in the number of fainter stars on prolonging the exposure fell far below what would be expected according to the law of reciprocity.] 1907Sheppard & Mees Investigations Theory of Photogr. Process ii. vi. 214 A reversing action of the released bromine may..be deduced from the failures of the Bunsen and Roscoe ‘*reciprocity law’. 1942C. E. K. Mees Theory of Photogr. Process vi. 236 Bunsen and Roscoe laid down a general law for photochemical reactions which states that the product of a photochemical reaction is dependent simply on the total energy employed... From the reciprocal relation between time and intensity in the Bunsen–Roscoe expression, it was called the reciprocity law. 1974Dainty & Shaw Image Sci. ii. 35 For very long or very short exposure times the process of latent image formation is less efficient, and this is known as reciprocity law failure.
1885A. Crump Formation Polit. Opin. 198 The declamations of the Fair Traders and the *reciprocity-mongers..fail to disturb the convictions of the sound thinkers in the country.
1973Times 18 Oct. (Brazil Suppl.) p. ii/4 There is a dependence on imported technology and design, as well as insufficient use of *reciprocity techniques.
[1876Proc. R. Soc. XXV. 118 Although the principle of reciprocity appears to be firmly grounded on the theoretical side, instances are not uncommon in which a sound generated in the open air at a point A is heard at a distant point B, when an equal or even more powerful sound at B fails to make itself heard at A.] 1938G. P. Harnwell Princ. Electricity & Electromagnetism xiii. 451 The *reciprocity theorem is a consequence of the symmetry of the determinant and is generally stated in a limited form involving the current in one branch and the emf. in another. 1952Blatt & Weisskopf Theoret. Nucl. Physics x. 529 We obtain the reciprocity of theorem... This theorem states that the probability for a transition proceeding one way in time is equal to the probability for the same transition but with the sense of time reversed. 1957B. I. & B. Bleaney Electr. & Magnetism iii. 69 We have the Reciprocity Theorem, which states that a given e.m.f. in the pth branch will produce the same current in the qth branch of a circuit as the same e.m.f. in the qth branch would produce in the pth branch. 1968[see Onsager]. 1970I. E. McCarthy Nuclear Reactions ii. 31 The reciprocity theorem or time-reversal invariance is an essential property of nuclear systems.
1847H. Clay in Whig Almanac 1848 22/1 Out of these acts have sprung a class..of treaties,..commonly called *Reciprocity Treaties. |