| 释义 |
transom|ˈtrænsəm|
Forms: 5 traunsum, -som, -sone, trampsoun, -sown, tramson, 6 trawnsom, (transumpt), transume, -same, 6–7 -sam, 6–9 -sum, -some, 7 -summe, 6– transom.
[Late ME. traunsum, -som, of obscure history; but app. (as held by Prof. Skeat), a corruption of L. transtrum, of which it is the exact equivalent in sense. L. transtrum was a derivative of trans, or the root tra- across, with the instrumental -trum = Gr. -τρον, Indo-Eur. -trom.
No connecting forms between transtrum and transum have been found; but perh. the latter was a workmen's corruption, which had assumed this form before it came to be written down: cf. pediment. (Florio's spelling transtroms in 1598 and 1611 can only be taken as his own emendation of the Eng. word after It. transtri; he knew also the form transoms.)
The obscurity of the history is increased by the fact that senses 5 and 6 and the combination transom-nail are known of earlier date than the architectural and naval senses, which being those of L. transtrum would etymologically be earlier.]
1. a. In building, etc.: A cross-beam or cross-piece, esp. one spanning an opening to carry a superstructure; a lintel.
1487–8Rec. St. Mary at Hill 137 Item, for v quarteres for traunsones, x d. 1519W. Horman Vulg. 138, I hytte my heed ageynst the soyle or transumpt. 1538Elyot, Transtra, transoms which do go ouerwhart a house, also the seates [etc.]. 1577Harrison England ii. x, They are inforced for want of stuffe to vse no studdes at all, but only raysines, groundselles, transomes, and vpright principalles. 1598Florio, Transtri, crosse or ouerthwart beames, transtroms [1611 Transtroms or crosse-beames]. Ibid., Trasti... Also a transome or beame going crosse a house [1611 transoms or crosse beames]. 1667Primatt City & C. Build. 63 Suppose a Shop-window to be twenty foot front,..the Brest⁓summer will take up twenty six foot of Timber,.. the two Transums for the Stalls eight foot. 1682Wheler Journ. Greece i. 18 [An arch] whose two Lintel-Posts, and Transome, are of three whole Stones. 1879Farrar St. Paul II. 12 [The Temple of Diana at Ephesus] Its doors..surmounted by transoms so vast and solid that the aid of miracles was invoked to account for their elevation.
b. The transverse top-beam of a gallows, a swing, or the like; the lintel stone of a trilith.
1615G. Sandys Trav. 56 Swinging vp and downe, as boyes do in bell-ropes: for which there be gallowses..of an exceeding height..by two ioyning ropes that are fastned aboue, they will swing themselues as high as the transome. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 112 (Stonehenge) The transomes, or over-thwart stones, are quite plain. 1865Lubbock Preh. Times v. (1878) 116 Circles of uprights and transoms at Stonehenge.
c. A beam resting across a saw-pit to support the log.
1885Cheshire Gloss., Transom, the cross piece of wood that holds up the log on a saw-pit. A back-transom is a spare one always kept under the log for safety. 1888Elworthy W. Somerset Gloss., Transum, a cross bearer used by sawyers to support the end of the piece. A spare support thrown across the pit would be also called a transum.
2. a. A horizontal bar of wood or stone across a mullioned window, dividing it in height; also, a cross-bar separating a door from the fan-light above it (Ogilvie, 1882).
1502Privy Purse Exp. Eliz. of York (1830) 25 To John Conewey smyth for foure transoms and xij standardes [of iron for a window]. 1575Laneham Let. (1871) 50 Foour great wyndoz a froont,..euery one a fyue foot wide, az many mo eeuen abooue them, diuided on all parts by a transum and Architraue. 1611Cotgr., Meneau de fenestre, the transome, or cross-barre of a window. 1663Gerbier Counsel 19 The middle Transoms of them [windows] above six foot..since otherwise the middle Transome would be opposite to a mans eye. 1805T. West's Antiq. Furness 365 The wooden mullions and transoms contained in the great [window] were placed there in 1796. 1871Athenæum 29 July 151 The lancet windows of the principal story are long triplets, of ample width, and divided horizontally by broad transoms of sculptured work.
b. Short for transom window: A window divided by a transom; also a small window above the lintel of a door. U.S. colloq.
1844Kinglake Eöthen v. 61 The transom that looks long⁓wise through the street. 1882Harper's Mag. Nov. 893 In trying to climb through the transom into the car he took hold of the guide rope. 1883Century Mag. XXV. 588/2 The dim light that streamed into the room from the transom. 1908W. Churchill Mr. Crewe's Career x, The buzz of talk which he had heard through the closed transom.
3. In technical applications.
†a. The vane of a cross-staff (cross-staff 2): see quot. 1696. Obs.
1594Blundevil Exerc. vii. xii. (1597) 322 b, A new kind of crosse staffe, hauing 3 transames or crosses. 1696Phillips (ed. 5), Transome,..the Vane of a Cross Staff, or Wooden Member, to be set a-cross the cross Staff, having a Socket in it, upon which it slides stiff upon the Square of the Cross Staff, and may be set to any of the Graduations of it.
†b. The transverse member in a cross. Obs.
1615G. Sandys Trav. 184 For it [the Cross of Christ] was framed..of foure seuerall woods; the foot of Cedar, the bole of Cypresse, the transome of Palme, and the title of Oliue. 1658Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus i. 96 Some [crosses] being right, and of one single peece without traversion or transome. 1864R. S. Hawker Quest of Sangraal 33 [The Southern Cross] a Pentacle of stars, whereof two shone for the Transome and three for the Stock.
c. A cross-piece connecting the cheeks of a gun-carriage.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. xviii. (Roxb.) 138/2 The transomes, are the peeces of wood which hold the cheekes or Limbres togather. 1828J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) 114 The 68-pounder carriage has, in addition to the breast transom.., a centre and horizontal one. 1853Stocqueler Milit. Encycl., Transoms, in artillery, pieces of wood which join the cheeks of gun-carriages. There is but one in a truck-carriage, placed under the trunnion-holes; and four in a wheel-carriage—the trail, the centre, the bed, and the breast-transoms.
d. Carriage-building. In a perch-carriage, Each of two cross-timbers (fore transom and hind transom) framed across the perch, and upon which the springs are fixed.
1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. iii. 46 The fore transom, or fore spring-bar, is the most essential part of the cross framings. It is a strong timber fixed to the perch by means of a hooping-piece. 1877G. G. Thrupp Hist. Coaches ii. 32 The carriage is composed of a transom in front with a perch..fastened to it.
e. Each of the transverse timbers joining the sides in the frame of a railway carriage bogie-truck.
1891in Cent. Dict. 1907, etc. [see nose n. 14 e].
f. pl. On a railway: Cross-timbers laid between (or, formerly, beneath) longitudinal sleepers.
1838Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 341/1 On the Great Western Railway..the longitudinal sleepers have been laid on transoms and piles. 1872Daily News 15 July, For nearly a mile the transoms have been torn up and smashed, the ballast ploughed up, and the line otherwise injured. 1892Pall Mall G. 23 May 1/3 The ‘transoms’ are the cross-timbers which hold the longitudinal sleepers at their proper distance apart.
g. The seat of a throne; also, a couch or seat built at the side of a cabin or state-room on board ship.
1847H. Melville Omoo lxxxii. 373, I would find the ship's articles on the cabin transom. 1851― Moby Dick I. xvi. 91 Seated on the transom was what seemed to me a most uncommon and surprising figure. 1883F. M. Crawford Dr. Claudius vii, The Duke was extended on a transom. Ibid. ix, He sat down on the transom. 1896Daily News 19 May 5/2 Each throne has also been furnished with new transomes covered with crimson velvet.
4. Shipbuilding.
a. † A cross-beam in the frame of a ship (obs.); spec. each of several transverse beams bolted to the stern-post, which support the ends of the decks and determine the breadth of the stern at the buttocks.
1545Elyot, Canonia, the transomes in a shyppe, whereon the hatches are made. 1584B. R. tr. Herodotus ii. xcvi. 94 They vnite and ioyne the plancks together..binding the same to many transomes that goe both crosse and longe wayes for the strength of the vessell. 1624Sir W. Monson Tracts (Navy Rec. Soc.) IV. 47 The transom is a timber that lies athwart the stern, and lays out the breadth of the ship at the buttock, which is her breadth from her tuck upwards. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. ii. 219 The long boat, which was at this time moored a-stern, was on a sudden canted so high, that it broke the transom of the Commodore's gallery. 1770Cook Voy. round World ii. vi. (1773) 398 The 27th and 28th were spent in refitting the ship.., fixing a transom for the tiller, getting stones on board. 1871Blackmore Maid of Sker 65 Part of the taffrail was carried away, but the transom and transom-knees stood firm.
b. Short for transom-frame (see in 7); hence in Boat-building, a board similar in shape and position to a transom-frame: see quot.
1857P. Colquhoun Comp. to Oarsman's Guide 28 The stern-post is scarfed on, and upon it comes the transom, that heart-shaped piece of board, found in all cutter-built boats, and secured to the sax-board by transom grips or horizontal knees.
†5. Short for transom-nail. Obs. rare.
1423in Rogers Agric. & Prices III. 448/4 Hornchurch. Transom. 1 m. {at}/10. 1427Rec. St. Mary at Hill 65 Also payd for ijml traunsum, þe ml x d..xx d. Also pay for iij ml sprigge, þe ml ix d..xxvij d.
†6. ? A bolster; or part of a bedstead answering the same purpose. Obs.
The editor of the Bury Wills remarks ‘the transome is usually considered to be that part of the bedstead which is between the two head-posts.. but the general association of the word with feather beds would lead us to think the bolster was meant’.[1459: ? implied in transomer.] 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 23, ij peyre of good shetes, the trampsoun, the costerys of that chambyr. 1479Ibid. 53 A traunson. 1482Marg. Paston in P. Lett. III. 288 To John Heyth a materas with a traunsom, a peire shetes, a peire blankettes, and a cover⁓light. 1522Bury Wills (Camden) 115 A ffetherbed, ij trawnsoms, a matras, ij pelowes, iiij payer of schetes. [1570Levins Manip. 161/44 Ye Transome of a bed, trabula.] 7. attrib. and Comb., as transom-shaft, transom-stone; transom-shaped adj. (2 b); transom-bar (U.S.), the cross-bar over a door having a fan-light above it; † transom-eyed a., having a transom or beam (beam n.1 3 c) in the eye; transom-frame (Shipbuilding), the aftermost ‘square-frame’ of a ship, giving shape to and supporting the stern, and bolted to the stern-post; transom-grip (Boat-building), an angular fastening analogous to a transom-knee; transom-knee (Shipbuilding), each of the curved timbers or angle-irons by which the transoms are fastened to the stern-timbers; transom-lattice, a transverse lattice; transom-lifter (U.S.), an apparatus for controlling and fastening the fan-light over a door; † transom-nail, a small size of nail, formerly in use; ? a lath nail; transom-rib, a transverse rib; transom road (U.S.), a railway track on longitudinal sleepers with transoms between them; transom-stern (Shipbuilding), a vessel's stern formed by or taking its shape from a transom; transom-window = 2 b: see quot. 1688.
1909Cent. Dict. Supp., *Transom-bar.
1601Bp. W. Barlow Defence 67 Thus these *transam-eyed hypocrites can spie small motes in Vs.
1874Thearle Naval Archit. 85 A deep transverse frame, termed a ‘*transom frame’, situated at the fore ends of the rudder-post, and connected thereto. 1857*Transom-grip [see 4 b].
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789), Courbes d'arcasse, the *transom-knees, or sleepers. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 156 Transom-knees, knees bolted to the transoms and the side of the ship.
1689E. Howard Caroloiades 273 A *transom Lattise did divide that Room.
1359Letter-bk. G. London lf. 83 Item in D. de lathes ij s. iij d. & ob. Item in Ml. & D. de *trasonna(i)l, xviij d. Item in Ml. & D. de Sprig' xv d. 1424Hornchurch Account 2 & 3 Hen. VI. (New Coll. Oxf.), In .Ml. de traunsumnayl emptis pro domo capellani..x.d.
1835R. Willis Archit. Mid. Ages vii. 85 The principal distinction between these [kinds of vaulting] and our own fan vaulting, is the substitution of lozenge-headed compartments in the fans for the English horizontal *transom rib.
1813Scott Rokeby v. iv, The moon through *transom-shafts of stone, Which crossed the latticed oriels, shone.
1844Kinglake Eöthen v. 60 The *transom-shaped windows suspended over your head.
1770Pennant Zool. IV. 53 In the interstices between the upright and *transome stones of Stone-henge.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 473/2 A *Transome window, hath Cross barrs in it, at the third part of its height. 1837M. Howitt Rur. Life iii. v. (1862) 264 The state apartments are lofty and spacious, with numerous transom windows.
Hence ˈtransomed |-səmd| a., divided by or having a transom or transoms; transomer, (?) a case or slip for a bolster: cf. sense 6.
1848B. Webb Sk. Cont. Ecclesiol. 276 The window is *transomed midway. 1876T. Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 3 Lifting his eyes to the mullioned and transomed windows and moulded parapet above him. 1881Athenæum 13 Aug. 216/1 The hall..is lighted by three transomed windows.
1459Paston Lett. I. 480 Canvas in the Warderop and fyne Lynen Clothe of dyvers sortes..ix. berys for fetherbeddys. Item, iiij. *transomers. |