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▪ I. † ˈpollard, n.1 Obs. exc. Hist.
[app. f. poll n.1 + -ard (in reference to its device, a head: cf. the names crocard, rosary, leonine, eagle, etc. given to other foreign coins).]
One of various base coins of foreign origin, current in England in the end of the 13th c., as an equivalent of the penny; in 1299 declared illegal.
1299in Liber Custumarum (Rolls) I. 187 Ordene est par nous e nostre Counsaill,..qe la mauveise moneie, qe hom apele ‘crocard’ e ‘pollard’, e autre tele male moneie, ne courge en nostre dit reiaume, auxi com ad fait cea en ariere. 1308–9Rolls of Parlt. I. 273/2 A ly furent disaloue sur sun ascunt liv li del polards, del temps qe ele pollard corust pur une Esterlyng. a1363Higden Polychronicon (Rolls) VIII. 288 Rex Edwardus damnavit subito monetam surreptitiam et illegitimam quam pollardas, crocardos, rosarios nominabant, qui paulatim et latenter loco sterlingorum irrepserant. 1387Trevisa transl., Kyng Edward dampned sodeynliche fals money þat was slyliche i-brouȝt up: Men cleped þe money pollardes, crocardes and rosaries, and were putte forþ litel and litel and priveliche in stede of sterlynges. First þey made oon of hem worþ an half peny, and þan he fordede hem all out. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 182. 1601–2 W. Fulbecke 1st Pt. Parall. 41 If..the obligee refuseth the money when it is tendered in pollardes, which afterward are embased. 1605Camden Rem. (1636) 186 The same King likewise called in certaine counterfeit pieces coyned by the French called Pollards. 1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 78 Forreign Coyns and Counterfeit-Money, cry'd down, or considerably loar'd by Edw. I by the Name of Pollards, Crocards, Staldings, Eagles, Leonines, Rosaries, and Steepings. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. ii. 178 A considerable circulation of Flemish coins, apparently of low purity... Pollards, Crockards, Scaldings, Brabants, Eagles, Leonines [etc.].
▪ II. pollard, n.2 (a.)|ˈpɒləd|
Also 6 polerde, 6–8 -ard, 7 -ord.
[In senses 1–3, prob. also in 4, f. poll v. + -ard.]
I.
1. An animal of a kind naturally horned, as an ox or stag, which has cast or lost its horns; also, an ox, sheep, or goat of a hornless variety.
1546Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 251 Ye shall se a polard or tow, both rid & falow, & se all our good coxs fight. 1611Beaum. & Fl. Philaster v. iv, 2 Cit. He has no horns, sir, has he? Cap. No, sir, he's a pollard. 1623Cockeram, Pollard, is a Stagge, or any other male Deere, hauing cast his head. 1658in Phillips. 1736Bailey Househ. Dict. 304 The sort of goat without horns or such as are call'd pollards, are much commended.
2. A tree which has been polled or cut back, at some height above the ground, so as to produce at that point a thick close growth of young branches, forming a rounded head or mass.
1611MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Canterb., For sa[w]ing and cleving owt of polords vj. 1662Petty Taxes 44 The same ill husbandry, as to make fuel of young saplings, instead of dotards and pollards. 1796Campaigns 1793–4 I. ii. ii. 103 Impenetrable hedge rows, composed of sturdy pollards. 1816Southey Poet's Pilgr. Waterloo i. xx, The pollard that the Flemish painter loves. 1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands (1866) 89 Even the stunted pollard..is not without its pictorial value.
Comb.1885G. Allen Babylon xxix, Long straight pollard⁓lined roads.
†3. Short for pollard wheat: see B. 1. Obs.
1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 49 White pollard or red, that so richly is set, for land that is heauie is best ye can get. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 543 The next is small Pollard, which loues an indifferent earth. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 268/2.
II.
4. Bran sifted from flour; techn. a finer grade of bran containing some flour; also, flour or meal containing the finer bran. Cf. toppings.
1577Harrison England ii. vi. (1877) i. 154 The coursest of the bran (vsuallie called gurgeons or pollard). 1601in Househ. Ord. (1790) 291 The Serjeants of the pastry..to have for their fees all the pollard which comes of the meale. 1763Museum Rust. I. lxxi. 309, I feed my horse with the chaff, and add but one eighth part of pollard. 1817–18Cobbett Resid. U.S. (1822) 160 Will it be believed, in another century, that the law-givers of a great nation actually passed a law to compel people to eat pollard in their bread,..for the purpose of..adding to the quantity of bread in a time of scarcity? 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 405 A bushel of wheat..will yield, on being ground,—Of bread flour 47, fine pollard 41/4, coarse pollard 4, bran 23/4, Loss of weight..2; = 60 lbs.
B. attrib. or as adj.
†1. Of wheat: Beardless, awnless. Obs.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §34 Polerde wheate hath noo anis. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 26 b, We call it pold or pollard, that hath no aanes upon the eares. a1661Fuller Worthies, Middlesex 189 The Mildew..which sticketh on notted or pollard Wheat. 1765[see polled ppl. a. 4].
2. That is a pollard (tree); polled, lopped.
1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 108 These Pollard or Shrowded Trees need no Fence to be maintained about them. 1776Pennant Zool. (1812) I. 264 Grubbing up an old pollard ash. 1815M. Birkbeck Journ. France 48 The olive is a miserable looking tree, most like a pollard willow. 1831Lytton Godolphin xii, Grassy banks, over-grown with the willow and pollard oak. 1880Shorthouse J. Inglesant xxxiv. 487 The pollard firs upon the ramparts stood out distinctly in fantastic forms.
b. transf. or fig. Bald-headed.
1855Dickens Dorrit xxxi, Flecks of light in his flat vista of pollard old men.
▪ III. † ˈpollard, n.3 Obs.
[f. poll n.1 + -ard: from its large head, whence also the names testard, chevin, capito, etc.]
A fish: the chub or chevin.
1585Higins Junius' Nomencl. 65/2 Capito,..cephalus fluuialis. Munier,..vilain,..testard, a capitis magnitudine. A Polard. 1611Cotgr., Munier, a miller..; also, a Pollard, or Cheuin (fish). 1706in Phillips. 1721Bailey, Pollard, a Chevin or Chub-fish. 1736–61in Ainsworth Lat. Dict.
▪ IV. pollard, v.|ˈpɒləd|
[f. pollard n.2]
trans. To cut off the branches of (a tree), leaving only the main trunk; to make a pollard of.
1670Evelyn Sylva xviii. §1 (ed. 2) 80 The Black Poplar is frequently pollar'd when as big as ones arm, eight or nine foot from the ground. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 39 Those that are pollarded grow the most knotty and full of Burs. 1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 420 In order to obtain as large a yield of juice as possible the natives pollard the trees when at a height of ten to twelve feet.
fig.1836Hare Guesses Ser. ii. (1874) 75, I hate to see trees pollarded—or nations. 1858W. Johnson Ionica 62 They are pollarded by cares And give themselves religious airs And grow not. 1859G. Meredith R. Feverel II. x. 185 Richard having been, as it were, pollarded by Destiny, was now to grow up straight.
Hence ˈpollarded ppl. a. (also fig.); ˈpollarding vbl. n. (also attrib. as pollarding-knife).
1821Craig Lect. Drawing v. 286 Lopping and pollarding also produce wonderful changes on the aspect of trees. 1827H. Steuart Planter's G. (1828) 519 A few pollarded, or at least mutilated Trees. 1830Coleridge Table-t. 15 June, The pollarded man, the man with every faculty except the reason. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. II. viii. 287 A tree whose branches are cut off by the pollarding-knife. |