| 释义 |
▪ I. tram, n.1
Also 4–5 tramm(e, (traimm(e, traum(e), 4–9 trame.
[a. F. trame, OF. traime, trème, 12th c. in Godef. Compl., (as in the late sense 1) woof of a web, also fig. cunning device or contrivance, machination, plot:—L. trāma woof. The literal sense of Fr. and L. appears in Eng. only in a technical use from mod.Fr. in 17th c.; but the fig. sense of ‘machination’ was adopted already in the 14th c., and app. gave rise to sense 3, which does not occur in French, but seems to belong here.]
I.
1. Woof or weft; spec. silk thread consisting of two or more single strands loosely twisted together; used for the weft or cross threads of the best silk goods. Also tram silk.
1679Lond. Gaz. No. 1392/4, 6l. of fine black Worsted, some pounds of Raw trame. 1776–83Justamond tr. Raynal's Hist. Indies III. 164 The silks of Naples, Sicily and Reggio, whether in organzin or in tram, are all ordinary silks. 1812J. Smyth Pract. Customs (1821) 214 Tram silk is considered in London as thrown silk, but not as organzine thrown silk. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 289 Two or three threads of raw silk twisted loosely two or four times to the inch is tram, shute, or woof. 1911Alice Dryden Church Embroidery 91 For working faces ‘tram’ silk should be used.
II. Chiefly north. dial. and Sc.
†2. A cunning contrivance or device; a machination, plot, scheme.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 3 Þe tulk þat þe trammes of tresoun þer wroȝt. 1616J. Maitland Apol. W. Maitl. of Lethington in Misc. (S.H.S., 1904) 187 That plot and trame to tham⁓selfs and to manie others. 1866J. E. Brogden Provinc. Words Lincoln., Trame, ‘gillery’.
†3. A mechanical contrivance; a machine, an engine; an implement, instrument, tool; in quot. 13.., tackle or gear of a ship. (Chiefly in pl.)
13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 101 Then he tron on þo tres & þay her tramme ruchen. 1375Barbour Bruce xvii. 245 He gert engynis and trammys ma [= make]. a1400–50Alexander 127 He toke traimmes him with to tute in þe sternes, Astralabus algate as his arte wald, Quadrentis coruen all of qu[h]yte siluyre full quaynte. Ibid. 286 Þus as he tuke furth his toylis [= tools] & his trammys schewis. Ibid. 1296 Ser Balaan..Buskes him in breneis with big men of armes, With traumes [v.r. trawynns] & with tribochetis þe tild [v.r. towre] to assaile. Ibid. 1373 Quen he had tiȝt vp þis tram [v.r. trame (i.e. a siege-tower)] & þis tild rerid.
▪ II. tram, n.2|træm|
[In sense 1, used in Sc. c 1500, and prob. earlier; app. the same word as LG. traam ‘balk, beam, e.g. of a wheelbarrow or dung-sledge, tram, handle of a barrow or sledge, also a rung or step of a ladder, bar of a chair’ (Brem. Wbch. 1771), EFris. trame, trâm beam of wood, rung or step of a ladder, bar of a chair, tram of a wheelbarrow; in MLG. trame, treme, MDu. trame balk or beam, rung of a ladder, etc.; WFlem. traam, trame.
The specific sense first found in Scotch is ‘the tram of a barrow’. The further sense-development presents many difficulties, chiefly from the scarcity of early examples, and the fact that the various senses are from separate localities, so that they cannot be taken as showing any general development. But branch II, in which tram is a miners' term for the vehicle for carrying coal or ore (in its development from a hand-barrow, or at least a sledge, to a small 4-wheeled iron wagon) may, on the principle of pars pro toto, have arisen out of that of ‘barrow-tram’ in I. Branch III is more difficult, and is the crux of the word. But if it was short for something like ‘tram-track’, it might have arisen out of II; and if it was applied primarily to the wooden beams or ‘rails’ laid as wheel tracks, it might conceivably go back to the LG. sense of ‘balk’ or ‘beam’: evidence is wanting. From II or III used attributively came tram-road (in use in 1800), and the later tram-way (in use in 1825); also tram-carriage and the modern tram-car, known in 1868 and 1873 respectively, and before 1880 shortened in popular English use to tram, branch IV, which thus by a circuitous course ‘harks back’ to a sense akin to branch II.]
I. A shaft of a barrow or cart.
1. a. Each of the two shafts of a cart or wagon, a hand-barrow, or a wheelbarrow, the ends of which in a barrow form the handles. Sc.
These shafts are prolongations of the strong side-timbers of the frame or body of the structure: in a hand-barrow these are prolonged both ways, to form shafts or trams both before and behind, by which the two bearers carry the barrow; in a wheelbarrow they are prolonged in one direction to form the shafts, or trams, and in the other to form sockets for the axle of the wheel; in a cart they are prolonged in front to form the strong shafts or trams within which the horse walks, while their ends usually form short projections behind.
1500–20Dunbar Poems lii. 19, I wald scho war, bayth syd and bak, Weill batteret with ane barrow-tram. 1545Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. VIII. 360 Ane pair of sled trammys to be lymmaris to ane of the saiddis falconis [guns]. a1550Barrow trammis, 1657 Barrow-trams [see barrow n.3 4]. 1766State of Proc., D. Macdonald v. A. Dk. of Gordon, Pursuer's Proof 8, Light timber, such as stings and cart trams. 1786Burns Inventory 31 Ae auld wheelbarrow, mair for token, Ae leg an' baith the trams are broken. 1790Shirrefs Poems 360 Nor is the naig the worse to draw A wee while in the trams. 1830Galt Lawrie T. iv. viii, I..sat down on the tram of the wagon. 1833Alison Hist. Europe (1849) II. vi. §79. 75 Nearly an hour was..lost, by an accident to one of the trams of the royal carriage.
b. transf. In pl. The two upright posts of a gallows; also humorously, in sing., a man's leg; particularly, a wooden leg.
a1670Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1851) II. 4 Be order, the hangman brak his suord betuixt the crossis of Abirdein, and betuixt the gallowis-tramis standing thair. 1808–18Jamieson, Tram, in a ludicrous sense, the leg or limb; as lang trams, long limbs. 1882Ibid., Applied also to a person with long ungainly legs, Clydes. 1834M. Scott Cruise Midge (1863) 48 He began to thunder at the low door with his pillar-like trams. Ibid. 206 It must have stumped along for fifty years on a leg of flesh and a tram of wood.
II. A framework, barrow, or the like, on which loads are dragged, carried, or supported.
2. Coal-mining. A quadrilateral frame or skeleton truck on which the corves were formerly carried; at first prob. carried like a hand-barrow, then dragged like a sledge, afterwards provided with low wheels on which to run; in some colliery districts applied to the small iron truck which supplies the place of the earlier ‘tram’ and corve; in others to the part of the ‘tub’ (on wheels) to which the ‘box’ is bolted.
1516–17Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 293 Item, ad puteum [pit] de Hett,..j restis et j cruke de ferro..ij pykes, ij trammys, et ij shulys. 1585Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees) II. 112, j long wayne without wheels, ij yron ax-nailes, and ij yokes, 6s. j cowpe, ij trams, and two ax-trees 2s. 8d. 1708J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 39 The Wages for the Barrow-Men is..about twenty pence a Day for each Tram (that is to say) for putting so many loaden Corves, as are carried on one Sledge or Tram in one Day to the Pit Shaft. 1789Brand Hist. Newcastle II. 681 Trams are a kind of sledges on which the coals are brought from the places where they are hewn to the shaft. A tram has four wheels, but a sledge properly so called is drawn by a horse without wheels. 1797J. Curr Coal Viewer 9 Placing the corf upon a small frame or tram..and hooking or chaining one tram to another. 1817Farey Derbyshire III. 439 The Trams..have stout lower side pieces of wood which project at each end, and are hooped with iron which just meet together and receive the shock when the Trams overtake each other. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 982 An improvement..is to place the basket or corve on a small four-wheeled carriage, called a tram, or to attach wheels to the corve itself. 1841J. Holland Hist. Fossil Fuel, etc. 227 The coals..were conveyed..on trams, a narrow framework of wood mounted on four low wheels. 1851Greenwell Coal-trade Terms Northumb. & Durh. 54 Since the substitution of tubs, the trams have been attached to them. 1867W. W. Smyth Coal & Coal-mining 149 The northern method was to fill the coals..into a large basket (corve) of wicker..and to drag it on a small carriage, or tram,..to the crane-place on the main road. 1883Gresley Gloss. Coal Mining 257 In South Wales trams constructed wholly of wrought iron or steel are much used... They have a carrying capacity of 25 cwt. 1888Nicholson Coal Trade Gloss., Tram, the term still applies to the part of a tub to which the box is bolted. 1894Northumbld. Gloss. s.v., Trams and tubs are now made in one.
b. transf. The one or two lads in charge of a tram; also, the work performed by these.
1856Whellan Hist. Durham 94 When a boy ‘puts’ or drags a load by himself he is designated a tram. 1894Northumbld. Gloss. s.v., Sometimes tram was applied to the two lads in charge of it [the colliery tram]—called a ‘tram of lads’. ‘Half a tram’, the work of one putter where two are engaged on a tram.
3. A quadrilateral frame or bench (like the body of a hand-barrow) supported on four legs or blocks, on which casks or the like stand, or at which an artisan works.
1818W. Marshall Review II. 485 (E.D.D.) The cheese-tubs are placed on a small tram or bench. 1884S. Worc. (Upton on Severn) Gloss., Tram or Tramming, a framework, or a loose arrangement, of stout parallel rails on short legs, or blocks, for supporting casks. 1894S.E. Worc. Gloss., Tram, a strong square frame with four legs on which a wheelwright makes wheels; also a stand for casks.
III. A track of wood, stone, or iron; a tram-road or tramway.
4. A continuous line or track of timber beams or ‘rails’, or later of stone blocks or slabs, a parallel pair of which lines formed a tramway, originally in or from a mine. Hence, each of the wheel-tracks or ‘rails’ of a tram-road of an early type, or of a later tramway or railway.
[a1734North Life Ld. Keeper North (1742) 136 The Manner of the Carriage [of coals in Northumberland in 1676] is by laying Rails of Timber, from the Colliery, down to the River, exactly streight and parallel; and bulky Carts are made with four Rowlets fitting these Rails; whereby the Carriage is so easy that one Horse will draw four or five Chaldron of Coals, and is an immense Benefit to the Coal Merchants. ]1826J. Adamson Sk. Inform. Rail-Roads 6 The upper flat part [of a rail on a railway], along which the wheel rolls, we may, from its analogy to the old wooden rails, call the tram of the rail. 1834N. W. Cundy Inland Transit 1 The Manchester and Liverpool railroad, in my opinion, is constructed too narrow both in the trams and the space between them. 1838Simms Public Works Gt. Brit. iii. 3 He [Mr. Macneill] is laying stone blocks or trams for the wheels to roll upon. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Tram..One of the rails of a tramroad or railroad.
See also quot. 1825 in 5, and tram-line, -road, -way.
5. A road laid with such wooden planks or rails, or with parallel rows of stone slabs or of iron plates or ‘rails’, for the easier passage of loaded wagons, etc., in a coal-mine or above ground; a tram-road of an early type. (See also Note below.)
[1825Mackenzie Hist. Northumbld. I. 146 Square wooden rails laid in two right parallel lines, and firmly pegged down on wooden sleepers. The tops of the rail are plained smooth and round, and sometimes covered with plates of wrought iron. About the year 1786 cast-iron railways were introduced as an improvement upon the tram or wooden rail-way.] 1850Ansted Geol., etc. §1117 The loaded waggons, or corves, are conveyed along the tram by lads called putters. 1865Pall Mall G. 27 June 10 Have they not trams in the suburbs of half our Lancashire towns, and is there not a tram on a grand scale for the use of those long ugly Omnibus Americains which ply between Paris and Versailles?
IV. Short for tram-car or the like.
6. A passenger car on a street tramway; a tram-car.
1879Webster Suppl., Tram, a car on a horse-railroad. Eng. 1880M. Fitzgibbon Trip to Manitoba vii. 71 To see if the trams were coming. 1883G. H. Boughton in Harper's Mag. Apr. 702/1 It was so easy to pop into the..tram. 1884Ibid. Sept. 524/1 Taking the tram to Scheveningen. 1887Punch 12 Mar. 130/2 She is left without a penny to pay for tram or bus. 1902R. Bagot Donna Diana xiii, The discordant clanging of the gongs of electric trams fall hideously on the ear.
7. An overhead or suspended carrier travelling on a cable.
1905Daily Chron. 23 Sept. 8/1 (Supply of meat at Aldershot) Hoisting gear bears the carcases quickly away for dressing, and when that is done, an overhead carrying line, conveniently referred to as the ‘tram’, conveys them to the cooling room.
V.
8. attrib. and Comb., as tram-beam (fig. in quot.), tram-bell, tram-boy, tram-carriage, tram-conductor, tram-driver, tram-fare (also transf.), tram-horn, tram horse, tram-load, tram-railway, tram-refuge, tram ride, tram-shed, tram stop, tram-ticket, tram-top, tram-track, tram-train, tram-wagon, tram-wheel, tram-whistle, tram-yard; tram-travelling adj.; tram-man, a man employed on a tramway, esp. a tram-conductor or driver; tram-rail, (a) a plate-rail: see plate n. 8; (b) each of the rails of a tramway. See also tram-car, -line, etc.
1879G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 81 Or to-fro tender *trambeams truckle at the eye.
1905Daily Chron. 14 Sept. 3/1 The incessant clanging of the *tram-bell [in Holland].
1904J. Wells J. H. Wilson xi. 97 He..established societies for the *tram-boys [in collieries].
1868Daily News 22 July, Asking the moderate fee of twopence for its entire journey, the *tram carriage is like a rough omnibus without cushions turned inside out.
1892Zangwill Bow Mystery 4 The *tram conductors' bells were..ringing.
1909J. R. Ware Passing Eng. 249/2 *Tram-fare (London Streets', 1882), twopence. 1922Joyce Ulysses 696 Debit... Tramfare [{pstlg}.s.d.] 0.0.1. 1978M. de Larrabeiti Rose beyond Thames 87 He bought.. me a second-hand bike so that I could cycle to school and save the tram fare.
1922Blackw. Mag. Apr. 447/1 The blowing of *tram-horns.
1891J. L. Kipling Beast & Man in India viii. 206 (caption) Bombay *tram-horse wearing horse-cap.
1904Daily News 24 May 12 The crowded *tram⁓loads along this flowered highway of the West.
1892Zangwill Bow Mystery 4 At an early meeting of discontented *tram-men.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 982 The rails are called *tram-rails, or plate-rails. 1900Westm. Gaz. 5 Sept. 6/2 The tram rails had been watered in order to lessen friction, and accidents to cyclists are of constant occurrence in the same neighbourhood.
1938All England Law Rep. Annotated I. 339 An illuminated bollard at one end of a *tram refuge had been damaged in an accident.
1919R. Fry Let. 3 Nov. (1972) II. 465 Marseilles is only one and a half hours *tram ride. 1977Lancashire Life Dec. 57/2 One summer's day he changed the routine and took us a tram ride into the country.
1930R. Lehmann Note in Music i. 19 They arrived at the *tram-stop to find a solid wedge of humanity struggling to get aboard. 1980P. Harcourt Tomorrow's Treason i. iv. 58 It was a long walk to the nearest tram stop.
1895G. B. Shaw Let. 23 Mar. (1965) I. 504 We..went to her sister's..by *tramtop.
1916Joyce Portrait of Artist ii. 70 He heard the mare's hoofs clattering along the *tramtrack on the Rock Road.
1911R. Fry Let. 15 Apr. (1972) I. 347 A two hours' journey by a *tram-train to the slopes of Mt Olympus.
1894Daily News 5 May 8/5 Of much advantage to the *tram-travelling public of South London.
1824F. Witts Diary 6 May (1978) 38 The *tram waggons now may be made to travel without horses by steam. 1855J. R. Leifchild Cornwall Mines 150 That the ore may readily fall down to the level below them, whence it is carried in tram-waggons to the shaft.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 649 Fig. 644 represents a view of a rolley or *tram-wheel, calculated to move upon a plate railway.
1883E. F. Knight Cruise Falcon (1887) 40 Above the shrill scream of the *tram-whistle rises their shriller Babel.
1909London City Mission Mag. Dec. 241/2 A stableman from an adjacent *tramyard.
(Note. The following quot. for tram is difficult to place. It has the appearance of belonging to sense 5; but its early date is at variance with this. No part of the road in or near the Bridgegate at Barnard Castle is now known as ‘the tram’, nor is there any tradition of the former existence of a tramway of any kind there. On the opposite or Yorkshire side of the Tees, the road running southward from the end of the bridge is protected from the river by a heavy stone wall locally known as ‘the tram wall’; but this does not seem to answer to the words of the will.
1555Will of Ambrose Middleton in Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees) II. 37 note, To the amendinge of the highewaye or tram, from the weste ende of Bridgegait, in Barnard Castle, 20s.)
Hence ˈtramful, as much or as many as a tram or tram-car will hold; tramifiˈcation (nonce-wd.), the construction of a tramway; ˈtramless a., (a) without shafts, as a cart (dial.); (b) having no trams or tramway facilities.
1905Daily News 20 Sept. 6 The coal came up in little *tramfuls.
1834New Monthly Mag. XL. 372 The whole object of that *tramification is the conveyance of goods—of heavy loads.
1850A. Maclagan Cronie O'Mine Poems (1851) 174 A *tramless cart or a couterless plough. 1904Daily Chron. 29 Mar. 3/6 Tramless Brixton..the Cars are to be Stopped for Two Months.
▪ III. tram, n.3 Mech.
[Short for trammel n.1]
1. An instrument for describing ellipses; = trammel n.1 4.
1884in Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl.
2. The condition of correct adjustment of one part to another (obtained by using the tram-staff); used in the phrases in tram, out of tram. Originally used in reference to the adjustment of millstones, thence extended to other mechanical adjustments.
1891in Cent. Dict.; and in later Dicts.
3. attrib. and Comb., as tram-pot, the step in which the toe of a millstone spindle revolves; tram-staff, a straight-edge used by millwrights in adjusting the millstone spindle (Cent. Dict. 1891).
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Trampot (Milling), the seat in which the foot of the spindle is stepped.
▪ IV. tram, v.1|træm|
[f. tram n.2]
1. intr. To travel by a tramway or on a tram-car (also to tram it). colloq. Also (U.S.), to drive or operate a tram-car (Cent. Dict. 1891).
1826in Northumbld. Gloss. s.v., Liddell, why he from Durham came,..But home again he'd better tram. 1896Westm. Gaz. 9 Apr. 7/2 The Walworthian has to tram to Greenwich. 1904E. Nesbit Phœnix & Carpet x, They can tram it home.
2. trans. Mining. To convey (coal, ore, etc.) by a tram or trams.
1874J. H. Collins Metal Mining (1875) 11 One sees..the ore and rubbish allowed to accumulate behind the men to a height of several feet before it is trammed back to the shaft. 1887Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 8 Tramming. 1889Eng. Illustr. Mag. May 572/2 To ‘tram’ the coal from the working face..to the sidings where the horses take the waggons. 1893Pall Mall G. 14 Jan. 1/3 In the level below..only one man was saved, who had been tramming to the shaft the ore which he excavated on previous days.
b. To push (a tram or wagon) to and from the shaft in a mine.
1883Le Neve Foster in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 455/2 (Mining) This trolley (which is merely a small platform upon wheels) is pushed (trammed) to the shaft; the full kibble is hooked on to the winding-rope and drawn up, whilst an empty kibble is placed upon the trolley and trammed back along the level..where it is again loaded. Ibid., The motive power for tramming wagons along the levels of metal mines is generally supplied by men or boys.
▪ V. tram, v.2
[f. tram n.3]
trans. and intr. To use a tram or tram-staff in adjusting spindles or axles, or in measuring, alining, or the like.
1891in Cent. Dict. [implied in tramming.] In later Dicts.
▪ VI. tram
in trim tram: see trim-tram. |