| 释义 |
▪ I. for-, prefix1
Also 1 fær-, 3 Orm. forr-, 3–4 south. vor-, ver-, 4 fur-, 6–7 fore-.
[OE. for-, fær- = OFris. for-, far-, OS. for-, far- (Du. ver-), OHG. far-, fir-, fer- (MHG. and mod.G. ver-), ON. for- (Sw. för-, Da. for-); the ON. fyrer- (see fore- prefix) though formally distinct, often corresponds in use with this prefix. The OE. form (like the other forms quoted) seems to represent (with obscured vowel due to absence of stress) the three OTeut. prefixes *fer-, fra-, fur- (Goth. faír-, fra-, faúr-), which correspond formally to Gr. περι-, προ-, παρα-, representing various ablaut-grades of the Aryan root *pr-: see for and fore. Functionally, the three prefixes do not seem to be clearly distinguished even in Gothic; but in most cases when a vb. with OE. for- or Ger. ver- has a Goth. equivalent, the prefix appears as fra-, which seems to have been orig. its stressed form: cf. the two OE. forms ˈfracod and forˈcúð (see forcouth), which are believed to be accentual variants of the representative of pre-Teut. *prognto-, despicable.
From the predominant meaning of the root, it may be inferred that the primary notion expressed by the prefix is that of ‘forward, forth’. The various uses in the Teut. langs. may be plausibly explained as originating from this, though the exact process of their development is in many points uncertain: see Grimm's Deutsches Wb. s.v. ver-. The vbs. formed with this prefix often correspond in signification to Gr. vbs. formed with one or other of the cognate prefixes περι-, προ-, παρα-, and to Lat. vbs. with per- or pro-.]
A prefix used to form verbs and adjs., primarily occurring in OE. words of Com. Teut. or WGer. origin, but employed in the formation of new words down to the beginning of the mod.Eng. period; it is now entirely obsolete. Its various functions are enumerated below. The words here explained and illustrated are all obsolete; the surviving words formed with the prefix, and those obsolete ones which require extended treatment, are given as main words in their alphabetical place.
I. Forming verbs.
1. Prefixed to verbs, giving the additional sense of ‘away’, ‘off’, as in forcast; forshake, to shake off; forshoot, to cast off, reject; forthrow, to throw off.
a1300E.E. Psalter cviii. [cix.] 23 *For-schaken [Vulg. excussus] als gressop.
a1300Cursor M. 13663 (Cott.) Quen iesus wist him þus *for-scotten.
1340Ayenb. 86 Zuo þet he ne may hit *uorþrawe to his wylle [mistranslation of si que il ne sen peult pas jetter dehors a sa voulente].
2. With the sense of prohibition, exclusion, or warding off, as in forbid; forrun, to bar by running; forsay, to renounce, exclude by command. Also with the sense of concealing from view: forcover, forwrap.
In this use the sense closely approaches that of for-2, fore-; cf. forefend, foreshield.
1382Wyclif Gen. xxvii. 16 She *forcoueride the nakid of the nak.
c1205Lay. 12861 Costantin..bad þa wæi-witere *for-ærnen þa wateres.
1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. May 82 Sike worldly sovenance he..must *for-say. Ibid. July 79 Shepherds been foresayd From places of delight.
3. With the notion of passing by, abstaining from, or neglecting, as in forbear, forgo, forhow; forheed, to disregard. Also with the sense of missing or forfeiting something through what is expressed by the simple vb.: forgreme, to forfeit by displeasing (God); forslip, to let slip; forslug, to neglect through sluggishness.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 35 He com..to giuende þe mihtes þe adam *for-gremede us alle.
c1275Lay. 2579 Wimmen he *forhedde. c1315Shoreham 11 Hy..That cristneth twyes enne, Other..For-hedeth Wanne childe ariȝt cristnynge heth.
1610Holland Camden's Brit. ii. 115 (127) He shifted off and dallied with them still, untill they had *forslipt the opportunitie of pursuing him.
c1315Shoreham 114 Wanne man leteth adrylle That he god ȝelde schel, And *for-sluggyth [printed slaggyth] by wylle That scholde men to stel. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋611 Accidie..forsluggeth, and destroyeth alle goodes temporeles by reccheleesnesse.
4. With the sense of ‘wrongly’, ‘mis-’, as forraught, perverted; forworship, to worship wrongly.
c1200Ormin 14540 All mankinn..Wass..all *forrraht ᵹæn Godd.
c1380Antecrist in Todd 3 Treat. Wyclif 141 Þei seyn we *forwirship.
5. Implying destructive, painful, or prejudicial effect, as in fordeem, fordo; forgab, to defame, publish the misdeeds of; forglut, to waste in gluttony, devour; forhang, -head, to put to death by hanging, by beheading; forpierce, forprick; forscald, to scald, scorch; forseethe, to scald; forsench, to submerge, drown; forsink, to be submerged; forswithe, to torture or destroy by burning; forwall, to torture with boiling. Also in pa. pples.: forfaded; forfrorn, frozen up, stuck fast in the ice; forroasted, tortured by roasting; forstived, stifled, choked; forswarted, blackened; fortossed; forwithered, withered or dried up.
1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxviii. 73 Sone as the heye is drye the floure is *forfaded.
1481Caxton Reynard xxxiii. (Arb.) 95 She..wente in to the yse wherein she was *forfrorn.
c1394P. Pl. Crede 631 Whoso *forgabbed a frere yfounden at þe stues..Hym were as god greuen a greit lorde of rentes.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xii. 66 These wrecches..in glotonye *For-glotten here goodes.
c1300Havelok 2724 Ich shall slo Þe, and hire *for-henge heye.
13..K. Alis. 1366 He that the treson dude, Was *forhedid in that steode.
1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xx. 68 Seeth how he is..al *forpercid sore.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7490 Þre stedes he slou vnder him..*Vorpriked and uor arnd aboute. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (1483) iii. viii. 55 So moche haue they woundyd and forprycked other folk about them, that [etc.].
c1440Jacob's Well 10 He was al *for-rostyd, fryed & scaldyd.
a1225Juliana 70 [The pitch] leop wallinde hat up..ant *for scaldede of ham seoluen fifti and tene. a1225Ancr. R. 246 Þu hauest forschalded þe drake heaued mid wallinde watere. a1450tr. Higden (Harl. MS.) VII. 528 Liȝtnyng forscalded [L. ustulavit] cornes.
a1225Ancr. R. 312 Lete we teares, leste ure owune teares *uorseoðen us in helle! c1315Shoreham 165 For death scholde his meystryes kethe, and for-sopil and for-sethe In deathes bende.
a1225Juliana 60 His [Adam's] team..suneȝede swa swiðe þat tu hit *forsenchtest al in noes flode.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 1114 So *for-sanc and brente ðat steden. 1563Sackville Induct. Mirr. Mag. xx, Here in sorrowe art for⁓sonke so depe.
13..Cast. Love 1729 in Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. (1892) App. xxxviii. 405, I am *for-styfyd among, Thi synne stynketh on me so strong!
c1305Pilate 227 in E.E.P. (1862) 117 And iseȝ his bodie al *forswarted.
a1225Ancr. R. 306 Ure inwit, uorkuliinde [v.r. *forswiðande] hire suluen mid þe fure of sunne. c1250Gen. & Ex. 1140 Ðo meidenes herden quilum seien, Ðat fier sulde al ðis werlde forsweðen.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xxii. 2. 78 We shall be in deede *foretossed, howbeit our faith shall alwayes scape shipwrecke.
a1240Sawles Warde in Cott. Hom. 251 Þat pich ham *forwalleð aðet ha beon for mealte.
1563Sackville Induct. Mirr. Mag. xii, Her body small, *forwithered, and forespent.
b. With the sense of ‘asunder, in pieces’, as in forburst, forgnaw; forcleave; forhale, fig. to distract; forrend. Also in pa. pples.: forbrittened, broken in pieces; forcrazed, fallen to pieces; forfrushed, shattered to pieces; forpinched, forscattered, fortattered, fortorn.
a1400Morte Arth. 2273 Braynes..With brandez *for⁓brittenede one brede in þe laundez.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 231/418 He *for-clef is foule bouk in þre partyes at þe laste. c1380Sir Ferumb. 543 Atweyne i wol forcleue þyn hed.
c1320Seuyn Sag. (W.) 724 Chaumbers, and..hegghe halle, Of old werk, *for-crased alle.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1180 Of grete roches þey fulle al doun, & al *fur⁓frusched bak & croun. c1477Caxton Jason 58 b, Our ship is alle to broken and forfrusshid. 1568C. Watson Polyb. 63 The whole navie was in greate perill, and many of them sore forfrushed.
1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Sept. 243 Nought easeth the care, that doth me *forhaile. 1614Davies Eclogue, Willie & Wernock 26 Who [? = whom] whilom no encheson could fore-haile.
c1325Poem Times Edw. II 303 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 337 Hit shal be so *for-pinched, to-toilled, and to-twiht.
c1440Jacob's Well 118 Þanne schal þat soule..ben all *for-rent wyth helle-ratchys. 1496Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) v. viii. 206/1 Woo be to the shepherdes that..forrende the flocke of my lesue.
1430Lydg. Chron. Troy i. ix, That like to shepe were *for⁓skatered wide.
c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 239, I am leverd a lap is lyke to no lede, *For-tatyrd and torne.
1496Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) vi. xv. 258/2 That blyssful bodye..was for-rent and *for tourne.
c. Prefixed to ns., forming vbs. used only in pa. pple. with the sense ‘overpowered or troubled by’ (what is expressed by the n.), as forstormed, tempest-tossed; forwintered, reduced to straits by winter.
1393Gower Conf. I. 160 The schip which..is *forstormed and forblowe.
1481Caxton Reynard iii. (Arb.) 6 In the harde froste he had ben sore *forwynterd.
6. Expressing the notion of something done in excess or so as to overwhelm or overpower; in pa. pples.: forbeft, baffled; forbolned, puffed up; forchafed, overheated; forfastened; forflitten, scolded above measure; forfried, too much fried; forfrighted, greatly terrified; forglopned, overwhelmed with astonishment; forladen, -lode, overloaded, overpowered; forpained; forpampered, pampered to excess; forswollen; forswong, harassed; fortaxed, overburdened with taxation; fortired, excessively wearied.
1375Barbour Bruce xvii. 793 Voundit, and wery, and *forbeft.
1413Pilgr. Sowle iii. ii. 50 A grete bely ful of wynd *forbolned and forblowen.
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxxvi, Ther came to them Sir Olyuer of Clysson, *for⁓chafed [printed forchased, F. eschauffé] and enflamed.
1488Caxton Chast. Goddes Chyldern 32 We ben *forfestned wyth a dart of his ferdnes.
1603Philotus ci, I haue bene threatnit and *forflittin, Sa oft that I am with it bittin.
c1440Psalmi Penit. 36 My bonus beth drie and forsoke, As scrachenis that beth *forfryed.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3519 Ðis *for-friȝted folc fiȝeren stod.
c1200Ormin 670 To beldenn and to frofrenn þe, ȝiff he þe seþ *forrgloppnedd. c1300Cursor M. 19634 (Edin.) Saul him quoke sua was he rad, forglopnid in his mode als mad.
1565Golding Ovid's Met. ii. (1593) 28 Winter..*Forladen with the isykles that dangled up and downe. Ibid. iii. (1593) 75 As one forlode with wine.
13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 246 Pensyf, payred, I am *for-payned. c1440Jacob's Well 10 Allas, þat euere J was baptysed..to be þus forpeyned!
c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. metr. v. 36 (Camb. MS.) They ne weere nat *for⁓pampred with owtrage.
1593Golding Ovid's Metam. i. 15 The serpent Python so *forswolne.
a1400Leg. Rood (1871) 194 When þow were so *for-swong, Among the iues þey did þe hong.
c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 98 We ar so hamyd, *For-taxed, and ramyd.
a1400–50Alexander 1009 All þe ȝeres of owr youth bene ȝare syne passyd, And we for-traveld & *for-tyred. 1423Jas. I Kingis Q. xxx, For⁓tirit of my thoȝt and wo begone. 1598E. Guilpin Skial. (1878) 12 Perhaps fore-tyrde he gets him to a play.
b. Prefixed to intransitive verbs, forming compounds chiefly intr. with sense ‘to weary or exhaust (oneself) by’ doing what the vb. denotes, as in forwalk, forwander, forweep. Also in pa. pples. and ppl. adjs.: forcried, fordreamed, forfast(ed, exhausted with fasting; forlaboured; forlapped, sated with lapping or drinking; forplaint, wearied with complaining; forraked, overdone with walking; forrun (forarned); forsung -songen); forswunk, exhausted with labour; fortoiled; forwake, -waked, wearied with waking or watching; forwallowed, wearied with tossing about; forwatched.
a1600Freirs of Berwyk in Maitland Poems (1786) I. 73 For-knokit and *for-cryit, About he went, onto the tother syd.
a1400Morte Arth. 3393 Than wakkenyde I i-wys, alle wery *for-dremyde.
a1300Cursor M. 12940 (Cott.) Þe warlau..sagh him hungri and *for-fast. c1450Mirr. Saluacioun 1535 (1888) 51 He hoped crist was for⁓fastid.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 395 b/2 A grete tempeste..in which they were..sore *for-laboured. c1510More Picus Wks. 11/2 Forlabored in the waie of sinne.
c1307Pol. Songs (Camden) 238 When he is al *for-laped.
1423Jas. I Kingis Q. lxxiii, For lak of myght and mynd, For-wepit and *for-pleynit pitously.
c1440Towneley Myst. (E.E.T.S.) 124, I am wery *for-rakyd and run in the myre.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7490 Þre stedes..Vorpriked & *uor arnd aboute. c1470Henry Wallace x. 704 Feill Scottis hors was..Forrown that day.
a1366Chaucer Rom. Rose 664 Chalaundres fele saw I there, That wery, nigh *forsongen were.
a1250Prov. ælfred in O.E. Misc., If heo ofte a swote *for swunke [a 1275 for-swu[n]ken] were. 1589Mar Martine 5 Sith swaines forswonke, and so forswat, moght, sayen what them list.
1567Drant Horace's Epist. ii. ii. H ij, Snorting like a very hogge the *foretoylede did groyne.
a1310in Wright Lyric P. vi. 28 Ycham for wowyng al *for-wake.
c1386Chaucer Man of Law's T. 498 *For-waked in here orisoun, Slepeth Constaunce. c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 104 So forwakyd is none in thy shyre. 1827Tennant Papistry Storm'd 163 Upo' the death-bed o' the floor, For⁓wakit and for-drunken.
1423Jas. I Kingis Q. xi, For⁓wakit and *for-walowit..Wery, forlyin, I lestnyt sodaynlye.
a1483Liber Niger in Tate Househ. Ord. Edw II (1876) 65 If any Squier for the body be..*forewatchid he shall haue sike liuerey with Knightes. 1557Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 139 His eyes were red and all forewatched.
7. With the sense ‘all over’, ‘through and through’; prefixed to transitive vbs. as in forbruise, or rendering intrans. vbs. transitive, as in forgrow. So forcratch, to scratch all over; fordin, to fill with noise, resound through; forseek, to search thoroughly; forspread, to overspread; also fordewed pa. pple., soaked with dew.
a1366Chaucer Rom. Rose 323 Nor she hadde no-thing slowe be For to *forcracchen al hir face.
1430Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi, All *fordewed were her wedes blake.
1501Douglas Pal. Hon. Prol. iii, Quhais schill noitis *fordinned all the skyis. 1563Sackville Induct. Mirr. Mag. lxxii, Foredinning the ayer with his horrible yel.
a1300E.E. Psalter xxxv. 11 *For-sprede þi merci thorgh þe land.
8. Prefixed to transitive vbs. with intensive force, or, in many cases, without perceptibly modifying the sense, as in fordread; forrue, to rue, regret. Also in pa. pples., forbroiden, wrought with embroidery; forchanged, forcrooked; fordreved, perturbed; forpossed (posse = push), pushed violently, tossed about; forshend, severely injured; forwrithen, wreathed in many coils; forwrinked, made tortuous.
a1300Cursor M. 28016 (Cott.) Biletts *for-broiden.
c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 224 Alas..Alle *for-changid is thy chere.
c1305Edmund Conf. 336 in E.E.P. (1862) 80 Þe hond was ek *forcroked.
c1200Ormin 2194 Ȝiff ure laffdiȝ Marȝe wass Forrshamedd & *forrdrefedd.
1430Lydg. Chron. Troy iii. xxiv, Their tentes..*Forpossid were. c1430Compleynt 530 in Lydg. Temple Glas (1891) App. i. 66 Thus forpossid be-twene tweye..Now I cheuere, & now I swete.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. vii. 3295 The Kyng off Norway..And hys men *fer revyd sare That evyre thai arrywyd thare. c1475Rauf Coilᵹear 540 Bot gif I fand the, forrow now to keip my cunnand.
c1475Partenay 3306 The monkes all betrapped and *forshend, That neuer on soule scaped out⁓wardly.
1401Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 45 A! *for-writhen serpent, thi wyles ben aspied.
14..Lydg. Temple Glas. 84 Þe hous, That was *for-wrynkked bi craft of Dedalus.
9. Forming factitive vbs. from adjs. or ns. of quality, or prefixed to factitive vbs. so derived: forbliss, to make happy; fordeave, to deafen; forlength, to prolong; formeagre, to make lean. Also in pa. pples. and ppl. adjs., forderked, darkened; forfatted, fattened; forfeebled, enfeebled; forhoared, become hoary; foridled, given up to idleness.
a1300Cursor M. 13108 (Cott.) Þat man sal *for-blisced be þe quilk him sclanders noght for me.
1501Douglas Pal. Hon. i. iii, Thair ȝelpis wilde my heiring all *fordeifit.
1430Lydg. Chron. Troy Prol. (1513), Of thinges passed *fordyrked of theyr hewe.
1586J. Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 143 Through epicurisme and misdiet..*forefatted.
1513Douglas æneis vii. Prol. 10 *Forfeblit wolx his [Phebus] lemand giltly lewyne. 1587Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 37 Forfeebled as she was..she fell upon the grasse. 1591Harington Orl. Fur. xxiv. lxvii. (1634) 194 Inforcing his forefeebled voice.
c1450Guy Warw. (C.) 11089 Thou olde and *forhoryd man.
a1225Ancr. R. 116 Ase þeo þet beoð *foridled.
a1300E.E. Psalter cxxviii[i]. 3 Þair wickednesse *for-lenghþed þai.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xxxix. 7 They *for-meygre themselves..bycause they imagin that all is too little for them.
II. In adjs. [Cf. the cognate L. per-, Gr. περι-.]
10. Giving to an adj. the sense of an absolute superlative, ‘very’, ‘extremely’; as for-black, for-cold, for-dry, for-dull, for-faint, for-great, for-hoar, for-old, for-weary; fordead, utterly speechless and still.[OE. had for-wel, very well, very, for-éaðe, very easily, for-oft, very often; a stressed variant of the prefix is fræ-, as fræmicel ‘eximius’, fræfǽtt ‘præpinguis’, fræofestlíce ‘propere’. Cf. ON. for-lítill, very little, for-mikill, very great, etc.; also the use of Sw. för, Da. for, in the sense of ‘too’. It is remarkable that nearly all Chaucer's examples of these compounds admit of being explained as instances of for prep. governing an adj.; thus in the quots. below, ‘for-blak’ may be taken as = ‘for black (that it was)’, ‘for blackness’; ‘fordrye, as whyt as chalk’ may be read, omitting the comma, ‘as white as chalk for dry (that it was)’, ‘on account of being so dry.’ It is possible that Chaucer himself may have apprehended the combinations in this manner.] c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1286 As any ravenes fether it shoon *for-blak.
c1320Seuyn Sag. (W) 2623 He was *for⁓cold, and lokede aboute.
1592G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 66 Who would haue thought..to haue found..the elocution of the Divels oratour..so *fordead. Ibid. 133 There is..no such libbard for a lively ape as fordead silence.
a1386Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 401 Amidde a tree *fordrye, as whyt as chalk..Ther sat a faucon.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 191 To teche a rude *for-dull asse. c1570Marr. Wit & Science iv. iii. in Hazl. Dodsley II. 368 Ye sprites, for⁓dull with toil.
c1440Psalmi Penit. (1894) 2 My soule hath..*Forgret mester to make mouns. a1366Chaucer Rom. Rose 356 Hir heed for-hoor was, whyt as flour.
c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1440 On þe sellokest swyn swenged out þere Long sythen for þe sounder þat wiȝt *forolde [? or is this a vb.]. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1284 He hadde a beres skin, col-blak, for-old.
c1350Will. Palerne 2443 Wel out from alle weyes *for-wery þei hem rested. c1400Rom. Rose 3336 Forwery, for-wandred as a fool.
▪ II. for-, prefix2
OE. for-, is identical with for prep., and in OE. and ME. it occurs frequently as a variant of fore-, with the senses ‘before’, ‘in front’, ‘on behalf of’, etc.; cf. OE. for-, forecuman to come before, ME. forganger and foreganger. Where a word occurs with both forms of the prefix, it is in this Dictionary placed under fore-.
▪ III. for-, prefix3
occurring only in words adopted from Fr., as forcatch, forfeit, forprise, represents OF. for-, fors-, identical with fors adv. (mod.F. hors) outside, out:—L. forīs, forās. |