| 释义 |
solarization|ˌsəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃən|
[f. solarize v. + -ation.]
1. a. Photogr. The injurious effect produced by over-exposing a negative to the action of light, resulting in the reversal of the image; a similar effect produced by over-printing sensitized paper, etc. More generally, the progressive reduction in the developable density of an emulsion (corresponding to a progressive darkening of the picture) following initial exposure beyond a certain light intensity.
1853R. Hunt Man. Photogr. 149, I have been enabled to discover at what degree of intensity of light the effect called Solarization is produced. 1854Hadow in Jrnl. Photogr. Soc. I. 191 My pictures were constantly liable to solarization (or darkening of those parts that ought to be whitish). 1889Anthony's Photogr. Bulletin II. 267 Their entire freedom from halation or solarization. 1948James & Higgins Fund. of Photogr. Theory iv. 59 The curve representing developable density as a function of exposure passes through a maximum. If the exposure is increased beyond that which produces the maximum density, a decrease in developable density will occur... This effect is known as solarization. 1956Focal Encycl. Photogr. 1079/1 Strictly speaking, solarization is the reversal of the image on a film or plate by an extreme amount of over-exposure... The term has by this time almost lost its original meaning. Nowadays it is applied..to the technique for producing a partly reversed image by exposing the negative to unsafe light during development—actually, the phenomenon known as the Sabattier effect. 1961Jrnl. Photogr. Sci. IX. 195/1 Solarization..is usually attributed to a reduction in the number of developable grains. 1973SPSE Handbk. Photogr. Sci. & Engin. vi. 427 The addition of halogen acceptors..to the emulsions prevents solarization.
b. Photogr. = Sabatier effect s.v. Sabatier. Also called pseudo-solarization.
1937Photogr. Jrnl. LXXVII. 21/1 If the original negative consists of a well-exposed object on an unexposed background, the fogging of the background with the second exposure does not come right up to the edge of the image, but leaves a clear white line... This line was formerly only of academic interest. Recently, however, it has been used as the basis of the so-called ‘Solarization Process’. 1939[see Sabatier effect s.v. Sabatier]. 1956[see sense a above]. 1969M. J. Langford Adv. Photogr. xi. 233 The image exposure relative to solarisation fogging exposure makes decisive changes in tone rendering. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 278 The solarization, below, was produced by the black and white method, but with the solarized positive printed onto color negative film, using a colored light source.
c. Plant Physiol. [a. G. solarisation (A. Ursprung 1913, in Ber. d. Deut. bot. Ges. XXXV. 57).] The inhibition of photosynthesis as a result of prolonged exposure to high light intensities.
1925W. Stiles Photosynthesis vii. 97 Solarization appears to have no permanently injurious effect on the activities of the leaf. 1960B. S. Meyer et al. Introd. Plant Physiol. (1963) xi. 219 Solarization effects appear to result principally..from the phenomenon of photo-oxidation, in which leaves consume oxygen in the light, and use it in the oxidation of certain cell constituents. 1974R. G. S. Bidwell Plant Physiol. vii. 170 Very high light intensity may be damaging to plants—solarization is the photodestruction of chlorophyll by excessive illumination. Shade plants are more susceptible to solarization than are sun plants.
d. The alteration of the light transmission characteristics of glass as a result of prolonged exposure to visible or ultraviolet light.
1928W. W. Coblentz Let. Circular U.S. Bureau Standards No. 235 (3rd revision) 4 A sample [of glass] which had been in a hospital window..for a year was found to have a transmission of 25 per cent at 302 mµ... Further exposure to the quartz mercury arc reduced the transmission but little, showing that solarization was complete. 1955E. B. Shand Glass Engin. Handbk. xvi. 145/2 Mercury-vapor lamps utilize a number of glasses of different properties... Because of their exposure to strong ultra-violet radiations, the glasses must be capable of resisting solarization effects to a large degree. 1972F. L. Harding in L. D. Pye et al. Introd. Glass Sci. 422 Long term exposure to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight can result in another type of coloring phenomenon known as solarization. If certain multivalent ions..are present in the glass, their valence can be changed by ionizing radiation.
2. (See quot.)
1882Nature 13 July 246 On the instant after the exposure of the eye to strong light,..—solarisation I will call it. |