| 释义 |
▪ I. flux, n.|flʌks|
Forms: α. (sense 1 only) 4–7 flix(e, flyx(e, (6 flyckes); β. 5–7 fluxe, (5 flokes), 4– flux.
[a. Fr. flux, = Pr. flux, Sp. fluxo (now flujo in senses 1 and 4, flux from Fr.), It. flusso:—L. fluxus (u stem), f. fluĕre (Lat. root *flugv-) to flow. The early form flix proceeds from the Fr. pronunciation with (y).]
A flowing, flow.
I. spec. in physiological sense.
1. a. An abnormally copious flowing of blood, excrement, etc. from the bowels or other organs; a morbid or excessive discharge. spec. An early name for dysentery; also † red flux, † flux of blood, bloody flux (cf. bloody C. 2).
α1382Wyclif Matt. ix. 20 A womman that suffride the [1388 blodi] flix, or rennynge, of blood twelue ȝeer. 1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 32 The reed flyx..Sodeynly dede Austyn so sore oppresse. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 187 They [Bees] feed so greedilie, as they fall into a Flix. 1600Holland Livy iii. xiii. (1609) 1367 note, Hee [Trajan]..died..of a flixe of blood. 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 317 Both of them bred a sad Disease among them, with a great Flix.
β1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xx. 80 Kynd conscience..sent forth his foreioures, feures & fluxes. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 3548 He was lange seke in þe flokes. 1597Gerarde Herbal (1636) 713 Agrimony boiled in wine and drunke helpes..hepaticke fluxes in old people. 1708Swift Predictions 1708 Wks. 1755 II. i. 153 It [his death] seems to be an effect of the gout in his stomach, followed by a flux. 1777Watson Philip II (1839) 103 Rendered unfit for action by a bloody flux. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 337 A flux or scowering is the complaint to which these animals are by far the most liable. 1854Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. (1874) 65 Fluxes will be active or passive, according to the kind of hyperæmia which occasions them.
b. transf. A ‘running’ from the eyes or mouth.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 179 Whan I drynke wyn at eue, I haue a fluxe of a foule mouthe, wel fyue dayes after. 1711Steele Spect. No. 95 ⁋3 This Flux of the Eyes, this Faculty of Weeping.
2. a. A flowing out, issue, discharge (of humours, etc.).
1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 9 The margaryte, if of blood descende Gret flux, is good it to amende. 1563T. Gale Antidot. i. i. 2 Compoundes..whiche doe..staye the fluxe of humours. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. Pref., Here Females..do by Art that monethly Flux prevent. 1754–64Smellie Midwif. I. 106 Several ingenious theories have been erected to account for the flux of the Menses. 1877F. Roberts Handbk. Med. I. 27 The same condition leads to a watery flux.
†b. That which flows or is discharged. Obs.
1382Wyclif Ezek. xxiii. 20 As fluxis, or rennyngis, of horsis [ben] the fluxis of hem. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iii. ii. 70 Ciuet is of a baser birth than Tarre, the verie vncleanly fluxe of a Cat. 1654Trapp Comm. Job v. 10 Raine is the flux of a moist cloud.
II. gen.
3. The action of flowing. Now rare in lit. sense.
c1600Norden Spec. Brit., Cornw. (1728) 64 At the heade of this baye..is a poole of fresh water, notwithstanding the often fluxe of the sea into it. 1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 68 The river Ravee..after a stately flux of three thousand English miles..flowes into Indus. 1748Relat. Earthq. Lima 93 Fire to subsist requires a Flux of Air. 1862Tyndall Mountaineer. iii. 24 If one portion of the universe be hotter than another, a flux instantly sets in to equalise the temperature.
transf. and fig.1650–3tr. Hales' Dissert. de Pace in Phenix (1708) II. 379 Which Consequence doth also flow by a fatal and inevitable Flux from that Doctrine of Fate. a1711Ken Div. Love Wks. (1838) 230, I love, and admire..the perpetual flux of thy goodness on every creature. 1865–6H. Phillips Amer. Paper Curr. II. 174 A flux of specie took place into the United States.
4. The flowing in of the tide. Often in phrase flux and reflux.
1612in Law Times' Rep. LXV. 567/2 Lands within the flux and reflux of the sea. 1771Act 11 Geo. III, c. 45 §35 Any Barge..that shall not be navigated beyond the Flux of the Tide. c1800K. White Lett. (1837) 265 Without any means of getting ashore till the flux or flood. 1854Tomlinson Arago's Astron. 157 The sea..undergoes a flux and reflux as often as the moon passes the meridian.
transf. and fig.1722De Foe Moll Flanders (1840) 321 A..flux and reflux of fears and hopes. 1799Vince Elem. Astron. xvii. (1810) 159 The alternate flux and reflux of the liquid igneous matter. 1835Thirlwall Greece I. iii. 71 The flux and reflux of the nations which fought and wandered in the countries adjacent.
5. a. A flowing stream, a flood.
1637Heywood Dialogues, Jupiter & Io Wks. 1874 VI. 258 Their waters keep a smooth and gentle course Not mov'd to fury..When loud fluxes fall to swell their bounds. 1769De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. III. 40 The Syfer Spring is the most noted, having now four Fluxes of Water.
fig.1855Thackeray Newcomes II. 264 The mouth from which issued that cool and limpid flux.
b. transf. A continuous stream (of people).
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. ii. i. 52 Thus miserie doth part The Fluxe of companie. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 327 At the keeping of this Feast we beheld..such a flux of Men, Women, Boyes and Girls.
c. fig. A copious flow, flood (esp. of talk, etc.).
1678R. L'Estrange Seneca's Mor. (1702) 376 No Man takes Satisfaction in a Flux of Words, without Choice. 1722De Foe Plague (1754) 22 The Court brought with them a great Flux of Pride, and new Fashions. 1817Southey Lett. (1856) III. 60 If I had my old flux of the Muse. 1855M. Arnold New Sirens 195 This flux of guesses. 1875F. Hall in Lippincott's Mag. XV. 338/1 Neglecting the flux of verbiage that engulfed it.
6. The passing away (of life, time or a portion of time). Also, a passing period. Obs.
1612J. Davies Muses Sacrifice Wks. (Grosart) II. 47/2 Age to Death is but the Gally-slaue, that on a moments fluxe, whafts life to death. 1641Smectymnuus Vind. Answ. vi. 78 That which Hierome speakes in the present tense, as true in all the moments and fluxes of time. 1727–46Thomson Summer 35 Thus to remain, Amid the flux of many thousand years. 1759Johnson Rasselas iv, The moon by more than twenty changes admonished me of the flux of life.
7. A continuous succession of changes of condition, composition or substance.
1625Bacon Ess., Viciss. of Things (Arb.) 569 The Matter is in a Perpetuall Flux. 1691Locke Lowering Interest Wks. 1714 II. 31 What the stated rate of Interest should be, in the constant change of Affairs, and flux of Money, is hard to determine. 1726–7Swift Gulliver iii. x, The language of this country being always upon the flux. 1736Butler Anal. i. i. 27 The bodies of all animals are in a constant flux. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) III. xxvii. 240 The perpetual flux of property from hand to hand. 1878Sully in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 755 Heraclitus conceives of the incessant process of flux in which all things are involved as consisting of two sides or moments—generation and decay. 1885Clodd Myths & Dr. i. iii. 23 The languages of savages are in a constant state of flux.
8. Math.
a. A continued motion (of a point).
[1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxix. §2 Time considered in it selfe, is but the flux of that very instant, wherein the Motion of the Heauen began.] 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 508 Rough and smooth..are not perceived but by the flux of a point, that is to say, we have no sense of them without time. a1696Scarburgh Euclid (1705) 3 Not that hereby a Line is A Flux of a Point, as some define It. 1796Hutton Math. Dict. I. 484 s.v. Fluxion, A line considered as generated by the flux or motion of a point, or a surface generated by the flux of a line.
b. = fluxion 5.
1878Clifford Dynamics ii. 63 This rate of change of a fluent quantity is called its fluxion, or sometimes, more shortly, its flux.
9. Physics.
a. The rate of flow of any fluid across a given area; the amount which crosses an area in a given time; it is thus a vector referred to unit area. Also used with reference to other forms of matter and energy that can be regarded as flowing, such as radiant energy, particles, etc. line of flux, see quot. 1881. flux of force, see quot. 1885.
1863Tyndall Heat vii. §268 The line of flux..was parallel to the fibre. 1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. (1892) I. 11 The flux of heat in any direction at any point of a solid body may be defined as the quantity of heat which crosses a small area drawn perpendicular to that direction divided by that area and by the time. Ibid. 13 If two of these surfaces intersect, their line of intersection is a line of flux. 1882Minchin Unipl. Kinemat. 159 The flux across each end of the tube would be zero. 1885Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. & Magn. I. 102 Flux of Force..This product, from its analogy to the flux of a fluid flowing through a small tube with velocity u = F, is called the flux of force across d S. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXI. 525/2 Across this surface there will pass a definite amount of radiant energy, in other words a definite total luminous flux. 1947Science 9 May 491/1 A graphite uranium pile, a ‘hot’ laboratory.., still another pile with 100 times the neutron flux of the first, [etc.]. 1957New Scientist 23 May 32/2 The thermal neutron flux in such a reactor will be on the average about 2 ×1013 neutrons per square centimetre per second. 1963R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) x. 397 A flux of one watt of radiation of this wavelength constitutes a luminous flux of 692 lumens. 1964C. J. Maiden in LeGalley & McKee Space Explor. ix. 242 Recently spacecraft have become available to make direct measurements of the flux of micrometeorites in space. 1967Condon & Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) ix. 280 A definite flux of (1·5 {pm}0·8) × 10—4 per cm2 per sec for γ rays of a few hundred MeV has been reported..from the direction of the constellation Cygnus. 1971Nature 7 May 11/1 The flux of hydrogen atoms in the solar wind.
b. Electricity and Magnetism. (The number of) lines of magnetic induction (magnetic flux) or electric displacement (electric flux); the quantity of flux through any surface is equal to the integral of the normal component of the induction or displacement over the surface.
1873J. C. Maxwell Treat. Electr. & Magn. I. 11 Electric and magnetic induction, and electric currents, belong to the second class, being defined with reference to areas. When we wish to indicate this fact, we shall refer to them as Fluxes. 1898J. A. Fleming Magnets & Electr. Curr. iii. 65 If..a disc of iron is placed in a uniform field of magnetic force, the flux concentrates itself in the iron. 1911W. F. Magie Princ. Physics xix. 452 The theorems concerning electric flux are similar to those concerning magnetic flux. 1933E. Mallett Vectors for Engineers iv. 52 The e.m.f. produced by the alternating flux in the primary coil. 1957B. I. & B. Bleaney Electr. & Magn. vi. 147 If the two coils are closely wound..then the ratio of the two fluxes N1 and N2 will just be equal to the ratio of the number of turns n1, n2 on the two coils. 1969L. Young Syst. Units Electr. & Magn. iv. 42 The flux ‘lines’ spread out over space to produce a certain electric flux density or electric displacement.
III. A state or means of fusion.
†10. Liquefaction or fusion. In phr. in (the) flux.
1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. vi. 199 The morbifick matter..while it is in flux, is most destructive. 1799G. Smith Laborat. I. 107 Let it stand a little in the flux.
11. Metall.
a. Any substance that is mixed with a metal etc. to facilitate its fusion; also a substance used to render colours fusible in enamelling and in the colouring of porcelain and glass. Cf. fluss n.2
For black, crude, white flux: see quots.
1704W. Nicholson Dict. Chem., Crude flux is a mixture of nitre and tartar. 1763W. Lewis Philos. Commerce Arts 68 Borax..is one of the best fluxes for gold. 1826Henry Elem. Chem. II. xiv. 586 The black flux is formed, by setting fire to a mixture of one part of nitrate of potassa, and two of bi-tartrate of potassa..White flux is obtained by projecting into a red-hot crucible equal parts of the same salts. 1832G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 76 Fluxes which are necessary to render these [colours] fusible. 1875Fortnum Majolica i. 8 Lead has been found in some of the blue coloured glazes of Babylonia, and..probably employed as a flux.
b. collect. Substances used as fluxes.
1890Kapunda Herald 26 July 2/6 The Trade in Flux. The following are the quantities of flux dispatched from the Kapunda Railway-station.
IV.
12. = flush n.4 [So F. flux.]
1798Sporting Mag. XII. 142 The flux [in game of Ambigu] is four cards in the same suit.
V.
13. attrib. and Comb., as flux-linkage, flux-turn; flux ale, ale likely to cause diarrhœa; flux density, the quantity of flux passing through unit area in a plane normal to the direction of the flux; esp. magnetic induction; flux(-)gate, fluxgate (magnetometer), a kind of magnetometer used esp. in aerial surveys which consists essentially of one or more soft magnetic cores each surrounded by primary and secondary windings, the signal produced in the latter representing in phase and magnitude the direction and magnitude of the external magnetic field; flux(-)gate compass, an aeronautical compass incorporating a gyroscopically controlled flux-gate; flux line, (a) one of the lines conceived of as representing by their direction and density the direction and strength of either magnetic induction or electric displacement; (b) (see quot. 1962); fluxmeter, flux meter [ad. F. fluxmètre (M.E. Grassot 1904, in Jrnl. de Physique 4me Sér. III. 696)], an instrument for measuring changes in magnetic flux; flux-powder (see quot. 1704); flux root, ‘the Asclepias tuberosa from its use in dysentery and catarrhs’ (Syd. Soc. Lex., 1884); flux-spoon (see quot. 1874); flux- or flix-weed, the plant Sisymbrium Sophia, formerly a supposed remedy for the flux or dysentery.
1742Lond. & Country Brew. I. (ed. 4) 53 Brewers Servants, who formerly scorned what they then called *Flux Ale.
1898J. A. Fleming Magnets & Electr. Curr. iii. 63 When an iron circuit is strongly magnetised it may have across its section a magnetic *flux density as great as..20,000 lines or units of induction per square centimetre. 1934Discovery Oct. 301/2 The 2-in. speech coil attached to the 11-in. cone works in a flux density of 11,500. 1967Condon & Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) vi. 48 The luminous intensity of a source of light in any given direction is the solid angular luminous flux density in the direction in question.
1947Canadian Jrnl. Res. A. XXV. 125 (heading) *Flux-gate magnetometers. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics iv. 156 A later satellite, Explorer 6, carried search coil and flux gate magnetometers. 1967New Scientist 27 Apr. 217/3 The fluxgate is an electronic device that normally measures variations in field strength.
1946M. Davidson Gyroscope iii. iv. 218 The gyro used to stabilise the *Flux-gate compass unit..consists of a capacitor type split-phase four-pole induction motor.
1898J. A. Fleming Magnets & Electr. Curr. iii. 62 Where the flux density is large the *flux lines are closely packed. 1925Hodkin & Cousen Textbk. Glass Technol. xxiii. 306 Fireclay blocks, intended for use as ‘flux-line’ blocks, should be made of the same clay mixture as pots. 1962Gloss. Terms Glass Industry (B.S.I.) 19 Fluxline, 1. The level of the molten glass surface in a tank. 2. The boundary line between unmelted batch and clear glass in a tank.
1933E. Mallett Vectors for Electrical Engineers iv. 52 The *flux linkages..through the primary coil are made up of two parts,..due to the current in the primary, and..due to the current in the secondary.
1904Sci. Abstr. B. VII. 741 (heading) Grassot *fluxmeter. 1933Proc. R. Soc. CXXXIX. 619 The field was explored by means of a large search coil..connected to a fluxmeter. 1960Jerrard & McNeill Theoretic. & Exper. Physics xv. 461 The Grassot fluxmeter..is a robust form of moving-coil ballistic galvanometer used for measuring magnetic flux.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn., *Flux-powders..are Powders prepared to facilitate the Fusion of the harder Metals.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 894/2 *Flux-spoon, a small ladle for dipping out a sample of molten metal to be tested.
1932E. B. Moullin Princ. Electromagn. iii. 122 The scale of the flux meter can be engraved to read directly in *flux turns.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. lxxix. 117 The seede of *Flixeweede or Sophia..stoppeth the bloudy flixe. 1878Britten & Holland Plant-n., Flixweed or Flixwort.
▪ II. † flux, a. Obs.|flʌks|
[ad. L. fluxus, ppl. adj. f. fluĕre to flow.]
That is in a state of flux; ever-changing, fluctuating, inconstant, variable.
a1677Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 61 Considering..the flux nature of all things here. a1735Pope & Arbuthnot Mart. Scribl. i. xiii. (1741) 44 A Corporation..is..a flux body. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. xxi. 318 The record..was more serviceable..in a dead and immutable language than in any flux or living one. 1797Sir G. Staunton Acc. Ld. Macartney's Embassy (1798) III. 420 The form of those characters has not been so flux as the sound of words.
▪ III. flux, v.|flʌks|
[f. flux n.]
I. In medicine.
†1. trans. To treat medically by subjecting to a flux; esp. to salivate. Also, of food or drink: To produce a flux in (a person); to purge. Obs.
1666W. Boghurst Loimographia (1894) 40 Many people being fluxed with quicksilver for the Pox. 1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xvii. 592 The Bone must be taken out..the Ulcer cleansed and the Body fluxed. 1711Swift Jrnl. to Stella 15 Feb., She'll be fluxed in two months. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour IV. 21 Their small wines..will certainly flux you, if you drink too plentifully of them. 1768Foote Devil 2 Sticks iii. Wks. 1799 II. 275 Full power..to pill..flux..and poultice all persons. 1785Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue, Flux, to salivate.
†b. fig.; also to clear of. Obs.
1651R. Waring To W. Cartwright 38 in Cartwright's Comedies *6 b, To cure the Itch, or flux the Pen. 1660Charac. Italy 12 Praying for the Dead, which doth so flux the pocket. 1664Butler Hud. ii. i. 362 Twas he that gave our Senate purges, And fluxt the House of many a Burgess. a1688Villiers (Dk. Buckhm.) Poems (1775) 140 E'en gentle George (flux'd both in tongue and purse) Shunning one snare, yet fell into a worse.
†c. jocosely. (See quots.) Obs.
a1763Byrom Black Bob Wig xli, But what can Salivation do? It [a wig] has been fluxt and refluxt too. 1785Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue s.v., To flux a wig, to put it up in curl, and bake it.
†d. intr. To submit to treatment by fluxing. Obs.
1693Shadwell Volunteers iv. i, Would not flux because times were unsettled. 1707J. Stevens tr. Quevedo's Com. Wks. (1709) 326 A young Wench fluxing for the Falling-sickness. 1755Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Bute 22 Sept., His natural spirits gave him..cheerfulness when he was fluxing in a garret.
fig.1733Revolution Politicks v. 3 This place [Purgatory] of late Years Priests have found, For sinning Souls to flux in till they're sound.
2. dial. and slang (obs.). (See quots.)
1785Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue, Flux, to cheat, cozen, or overreach. 1875Sussex Gloss, Flux, to snatch at anything.
II. In etymological sense.
3. intr.
†a. Of a person: To bleed copiously (obs.—1);
b. To issue in a flux, flow copiously.
1638A. Read Chirurg. xxvi. 192 The wounded party doth flux to death most commonly before any Chirurgeon can come to stay the bleeding. 1823Lamb Let. B. Barton 21 Nov., Once fix the seat of your disorder, and your fancies flux into it like so many bad humours. 1869Blackmore Lorna D. i, The invading waters..fluxing along the wall.
III. In ancient Chemistry and Metallurgy.
4. trans. To make fluid, fuse, melt.
1477Norton Ord. Alch. v. in Ashm. (1652) 79 Liquors helpeth to flux and to flowe Manie things. 1666Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. 260 Sea salt..if it be distill'd alone..is apt to be fluxt by the heat of the fire. 1762Gentl. Mag. 102 An intense equal heat..fluxes the oar. 1883Nasmyth Autobiog. vi. 105 The walls under the intense heat, were fluxed and melted into a sort of glass.
fig.1754J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I. 79 The Alloy, which was fluxed out of him, left so little of the Original remaining, that [etc.]. 1860Emerson Cond. Life i. (1861) 29 Every solid in the universe is ready to become fluid on the approach of the mind, and the power to flux it is the measure of the mind.
5. To treat with a flux (see flux n. 11); to heat in combination with a flux.
1781Dict. Chem. in J. T. Dillon Trav. Spain 233 note, If..cobalt..be fluxed like other metallic calxes, it will be reduced to a semi-metal. c1790J. Imison Sch. Art. II. 151 To melt the copper as fluid as possible, and flux it with the black flux. 1802Ann. Reg. 780 The highest finished ware..is..returned to the enamel kiln, where the colours are fluxed six or seven times.
absol.1872W. S. Symonds Rec. Rocks ix. 306 These lower limestone beds are used for fluxing.
6. intr. To become fluid; to melt.
1669W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 14 Firing [it] strongly in a crusible until it flux. 1789G. White Selborne iv. (1853) 21 The sand..fluxes and runs by the intense heat.
Hence ˈfluxing ppl. a.
1702De Foe Reform. Manners i. 190 From the fluxing Bagnio just dismist. 1711E. Ward Quix. I. 71 As Fluxing Patients..Suck Broaths and Cordials thro' a Quill. |