| 释义 |
▪ I. flour, n.|flaʊə(r)|
Forms: 3 flure, 5–6 floure, 5–7 flowre, 5–8 flower, 4– flour.
[A specific use of flower; cf. F. fleur de farine the ‘flower’ or finest part of the meal.
Johnson 1755 does not separate the words, nor does he recognize the spelling flour. But Cruden's Concordance 1738 recognizes the modern distinction.]
1. a. Originally, the ‘flower’ or finest quality of meal; hence, the finer portion of meal (whether from wheat or other grain) which is separated by bolting. Also, in modern use, the ordinary name for the meal or farina of wheat as opposed to that obtained from other grain.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 1013 Kalues fleis, and flures bred, And buttere. 1340Ayenb. 210 Zuych difference ase þer is..be-tuene bren and flour of huete. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 46 Take mel roset..smal flour of barly & medle hem togidere. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 14 Floure of ryce þou grynd also. c1440Promp. Parv. 168/1 Flowre of mele, farina, simila. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe ii. xi. (1541) 28 b, Breade of fyne flowre of wheate..is slowe of digestion. 1691Tryon Wisd. Dictates 21 Milk, Water, and Flower, seasoned with Salt..are rare Foods for them [Children]. 1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 259 Rub a little of the butter into the flour. 1809N. Pinkney Trav. France 8 In a long voyage..flower will not keep. 1846in Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 3 When perfectly ripe and ground into flour, it [Indian corn] is said [etc.]. 1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 36 The art of obtaining flour from corn..was known to the Egyptians.
b. as type of whiteness.
1375Barbour Bruce viii. 232 Hawbrekis, that war quhit as flour. a1440Sir Eglam. 949 Kepe we thys lady whyte as flowre.
†c. In figurative phrase: to bolt all the flour: to investigate a matter thoroughly. Obs.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. iv. 24 He now had boulted all the floure.
2. By extension.
a. The fine soft powder obtained by grinding or triturating seeds, farinaceous roots, or other alimentary substances.
b. Any finely-powdered dry substance.
a.1660F. Brooke Le Blanc's Trav. 399 They make flower also of fish dryed in the Sun. 1836Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. xxv. 378 The valuable plant Jatropha, of which the root..affords the flour of manioc. 1855Ogilvie Suppl., Flour-of-mustard, the seeds of mustard, dried, powdered, and sifted. 1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 348/2 Dusting them [artificial flowers] with fine powdered glass or potato flour to represent the bloom. 1889Cent. Dict. s.v. Flour, Flour of meat, a fine flour made of dried meat.
b.c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 99 Flour of bras brent. 1670W. Clarke Nat. Hist. Nitre 88 If it [gunpowder] should be in flour, or fine powder. 1880W. H. Wardell in Encycl. Brit. XI. 323 The crystallized saltpetre, having almost the appearance of snow, and technically called ‘flour,’ is raked into the ‘washing-cistern.’ 1894Nation (N.Y.) 22 Mar. 209/3 The sulphur found in other parts of Italy..is..sold in ‘flour,’ in ‘rolls,’ or in ‘cakes.’
3. attrib. and Comb., as flour bag, flour-barrel, flour-dredge, flour-dredger, flour-grinder, flour loaf, flour man, flour-mill, flour miller, flour milling, flour-packer, flour-paste, flour-sack, flour-shoot; flour-like adj.
1806S. Mickle Diary 28 June in F. H. Stewart Notes Old Glouc. County, N.J. (1917) I. 181 Marked a number of my *flour bags with oil and lamp black. 1872B. Jerrold London vii. 71 The whole scene, from thimble-rigger to the peer armed with flour-bags. 1950N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Jan. 27/3 For the domestic beekeeper an old flour bag makes an ideal strainer.
1809W. Irving Knickerb. (1850) vi. iii. 194 A cooper hooping a *flour-barrel.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Flour-dredge, a tin for sprinkling flour.
1867‘T. Lackland’ Homespun i. 125 Spoons, and knives, and rolling-pins, and *flour-dredgers. 1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 165/3 Flour dredgers.
1828James Richelieu xxxvii, Those dusty jackets, which have been the insignia of *flour-grinders from all generations.
1863A. B. Grosart Small Sins (ed. 2) 84 You inevitably brush off its powdery *flour-like dust.
1828A. Sherburne Mem. ii. 52 He withdrew and sent us in some *flour loaves.
1743W. Ellis Mod. Husb. IV. i. 7 The *Flour-men do not care to buy this Yellow Wheat in Summer. 1848Knickerbocker XXXI. 221 The butcher's bill, the coal man's bill, the flour man's bill, the house rent, were all quickly settled.
1809Kendall Trav. II. lii. 213 Rivers..upon which are fulling, *flower and saw mills. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 142 We have given a section of a double flour-mill.
1921Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 26 Mar. 1/4 *Flour millers have asked for a compensatory duty on flour.
1888Bryce Amer. Commw. III. vi. cxiv. 643 Minneapolis..has become..the greatest *flour-milling centre in America.
1806Sporting Mag. XXVIII. 212 Luting the interstices of the lid with *flour-paste.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Flour-sack, a coarse bag for flour.
1880Hardy Trumpet-Major xxxii, The miller entered the mill as if he were simply staying up to grind. But he continually left the *flour-shoot to go outside and walk round.
4. Special comb., as flour-ball, a ball of flour; also a kind of potato which resembles a ball of flour when boiled; flour-beetle, a beetle which feeds on and is very destructive to flour (see quot.); flour-bolt, -bolter, a flour-sieve; flour-box, a tin box for dredging flour; flour-bread, wheaten bread; flour-cake dial. (see quot.); flour-dresser (see quot.); flour-emery, emery reduced to a fine powder; flour-factor (see quot. 1858); flour-gold (see quot.); flour-meat dial., food made with flour; flour-mite, one of several mites or acarids which are found in flour; flour-moth, a moth which feeds on flour, esp. Pyralis farinalis; flour-worm, the larva of any one of the flour-beetles or flour-moths.
1877W. Jones Finger-ring Lore 438 A wealthy German farmer..was making *flour-balls in 1871 for his cattle. 1877N.W. Linc. Gloss., Flour-balls, a kind of potato.
1888Powles tr. Kick's Flour Manuf. ix. 248 The *flour beetle (Tenebrio molitor) belongs to the family of Melanosomata, [and] is of a pitch black or brown colour.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 889/2 *Flour-bolt.
1888Powles tr. Kick's Flour Manuf. vi. 177 The *flour bolter in the old mills..was made of an open woven woollen cloth called bolting cloth.
1721Bailey Dredger, A *Flower Box.
17..Rose o' Malindie O' iv. in Child Ballads i. No. 20 (1882) 224/1 Waur ye but mine, I wald feed ye wi *flour-bread an wine. 1840R. Bremner Excurs. Denmark, &c. II. 233 The many kinds of flour-bread.
1884Chesh. Gloss., *Flour-cakes, a..cake..made from a small piece of ordinary bread dough rolled to the size of a plate, and about an inch thick, and then baked on both sides.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Flour-dresser, a cylinder for dressing flour, instead of passing it through bolting cloths. 1888Powles tr. Kick's Flour Manuf. vi. 176 The sieve is stretched on an inclined cylinder furnished with brushes on a spindle revolving inside..This variety is called the ‘flour dresser’, or wire and brush machine.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 101 *Flour Emery..used for smooth burnishers.
1815Gen. Hist. in Ann. Reg. 53/2 They were chiefly mealmen and *flour factors. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Flour-factor, an agent for millers; one who sells flour to bakers.
1869R. B. Smyth Goldfields Victoria 611 *Flour-gold, the finest alluvial drift-gold.
1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 83 *Flower-meats, and cool Herbs, stop the Pulse. 1876Whitby Gloss., Flour-meat, bread food; pastry.
1893Times 15 May 7/1 The ravages of the *flour moth, and the damage it was doing in English mills.
1880Hardy Trumpet-Major xvi, Such abundance of water that the old-established death-watches, wood-lice, and *flour-worms were all drowned.
▪ II. flour, v.|flaʊə(r)|
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To sprinkle with flour. Also transf. To powder (a wig).
1651–7T. Barker Art of Angling (1820) 14 Your fish being cut on the side and floured. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict., Sheeps-tongues..after they have been flower'd and fry'd..may be soaked by degrees with Truffles and Mushrooms. 1732E. Forrest Hogarth's Tour 5 We shaved, and had our wigs flowered. 1750E. Smith Compl. Housew. (ed. 14) 178 Flour some sheets of tin, and drop your biskets..and put them into the oven. 1887Besant The World went xxvi. 200 It was..one of the 'prentices flouring the Vicar's wig for Sunday.
2. U.S. To grind (grain) into flour.
1828Webster s.v., Great quantities of it [wheat] are floured in the interior countries. 1859Bartlett Dict. Amer. 156 The mill can flour two hundred barrels a day.
3. intr. Mining. Of mercury: To break up into dull particles coated with some sulphide and incapable of coalescing with other metals. Cf. flouring vbl. n. Also trans.
1882A. G. Locke Gold 21 The mercury employed for amalgamation..sickens or ‘flours’ when ground up with pyritous rocks. 1882Rep. Prec. Metals (U.S.) 648 The action of pounding is likely..to flour the gold as well as the quicksilver.
▪ III. flour
obs. form of flower. |