| 释义 |
▪ I. † flee, n. Obs.
[f. next vb.]
Flight.
c1560A. Scott Poems (E.E.T.S.) 10 And all the feild cryd, fy on him! Sa cowartly tuk the fle for fer.
▪ II. flee, v.|fliː|
Pa. tense and pa. pple. fled |flɛd|. Forms: see below.
[A Com. Teut. originally str. vb.: OE. fléon (fléah, fluᵹon, floᵹen) = OFris. flîa, OS. fliohan (MDu. vlîen, pa. tense vlô, later MDu. and mod.Du. vlieden, pa. tense vlood, pa. pple. vloden), OHG. fliohan (MHG. vliehen, mod.Ger. fliehen), ON. flýa, flýja (with -jo- suffix in pres. stem), str. pa. tense fló, flugom, more commonly inflected weak, pa. tense flýða, pa. pple. flýiðr (Sw. fly, pa. tense flydde, Da. flye, pa. tense flyede), Goth. þliuhan:—OTeut. *þleuhan (inflected þlauh, þlugum, þlogono-). The root (pre-Teut. *tleuk-) has not been found outside Teut. As the original initial þ has become f in all the Teut. langs. exc. Gothic, those forms of the vb. which according to Verner's law change h into g came to coincide with the corresponding forms of *fleugan to fly; hence in all these langs. the two vbs. have been more or less confused together.
In OE. the vb. was, so far as is known, always strong. The str. pa. tense and pa. pple. survived in occasional use down to the 15th c.; but in the 13th c. the weak pa. tense fledde, pa. pple. fled(d began to be used, and soon became more common than the earlier forms. Their origin is obscure: normally, they would imply an inf. flede(n, and one instance of flede inf., with the sense ‘to flee’, has been found in 15th c.; but little stress can be laid on this, on account of the late date, and the possibility that the form may have been invented by the writer for the sake of rime, on the analogy of the pa. tense fledde (for which Caxton has fleded). Identification with flede to flow or flood seems impossible on account of the difference in sense. Some have compared flede with the Du. form vlieden; but the Du. practice of inserting a euphonic d in vbs. with roots ending in h (as in belijden, wijden, vleiden) is peculiar to that lang. (first appearing in late MDu.), and has no parallel in Eng.; further, the Du. vb., in spite of its alteration in form, is still conjugated strong; hence it seems probable that the resemblance between the Du. and Eng. forms is purely accidental. The resemblance of ME. fledde to Sw. flydde may possibly be more significant. In MSw. those vbs. which, in consequence of contraction, had their present stems ending in a long vowel, formed their past tense in -dde for the earlier -þe; the change, according to Noreen, dates, so far as the spelling is concerned, from about 1350; it may however have occurred much earlier in some East Scandinavian dialect. The supposition that ME. fledde may be of Scandinavian origin is supported by the fact that the earliest examples are chiefly from writers whose dialect is strongly marked by Scandinavian influence; on the other hand, it occurs as early as 1340 in the Kentish dialect of the Ayenbite.
The confusion between the vbs. flee and fly occurs already in OE. In northern dialects the form flee is the normal phonetic descendant both of OE. fléon to flee and of fléoȝan to fly. In mod.Eng. the association of the two vbs. has the curious result that the ordinary prose equivalent of L. fugere is fly with pa. tense and pa. pple. fled (the forms flew, flown have only the sense of L. volare), while flee has become archaic, being confined to more or less rhetorical or poetic diction. Even fly and fled, indeed, now belong rather to literary than to colloquial English: expressions like ‘run away’ being substituted in familiar speech.]
A. Forms.
1. Present stem.
(α) 1 inf. (ᵹe)fléon, flíon, (north. fléa); pres. tense 1st pers. fléo, (Mercian fléom), 2nd pers. flíhst, 3rd pers. flíhð, (north. flíð, fléð), pl. fléoð, (north. fléað); 3 inf. flæen, pres. tense 3rd pers. flihþ, flicþ, fliȝt, imper. fli(h, fliȝ, south. vlih, 3–4 fléo-n, (3 flo), flei, 3–5 flee-n, 4 south. vle-n, vlee-n, 3–6 fle, 6 fley, 3– flee.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxiii. §2 He..flihþ ða wædle. a1000Boeth. Metr. vii. 30 (Gr.) He sceal swiðe flion þisse worulde wlite. a1225Ancr. R. 162 Arseni, flih men. Ibid. 208 Vlih þer urommard, er þu beo iattred. a1240Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 203 Hwuder schal ich fleon hwon þe [etc.]. a1250Owl & Night. 176 Wel fiȝt that wel fliȝt. a1300Cursor M. 2818 (Cott.) Þe angls badd loth do him flee. Ibid. 4310 (Cott.) Þou do þe stallworthli to flei. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 39 Þei went egrely, & did þo kynges fle. 1340Ayenb. 41 Oþer huanne me draȝþ þo out þet vleþ to holy cherche. c1374Chaucer Compl. Mars 105 He..bad her fleen, lest Phebus her espye. c1380Sir Ferumb. 3901 He not wyder flene. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xxi. 346 Ich rede we fleo..faste alle hennes. 1556Aurelio & Isab. F v, It that you fley be the daye, you showe to desire it the nighte.
(β) 5 flede.
c1450Myrc 1374 Wythowte werke or fleschly dede Þy chastyte from þe doth flede.
2. Past tense.
(α) 1 fléah, fléh, 3 fleah, flæh, (south. 2 vleh, 4 vleaȝ), 4–5 flagh(e, (also rarely as pl.), 3–4 flei, fleih, fleiȝ, fleigh (rarely as pl.), fley, fleȝ(h.
c825Vesp. Psalter cxiii [cxiv]. 3 Sae ᵹeseah & fleh. a1000Boeth. Metr. i. 20 (Gr.) Fleah casere mid þam æðelingum ut on Crecas. c1200Ormin 823 He flæh till wesste fra þe follc. a1225Leg. Kath. 16 Wes Maxence ouercumen & fleah into Alixandre. a1225Ancr. R. 160 He fleih his holi kun icoren of ure Louerde. c1250Gen. & Ex. 430 Caym fro him [adam] fleȝ. 1340Ayenb. 129 Þet hette agar þo hi uleaȝ uram hare lheuedi. c1340Cursor M. 7592 (Trin.) Mony fley wiþ deþes wounde. 1382Wyclif Ps. cxiv. 3 The se saȝ and fleiȝ. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 189 Þat prince sauede men þat fleigh to hym. a1400Octouian 1149 Florentyn yaf hym swych a dent As he forth fleȝh, That [etc.]. c1400Destr. Troy 6001 As þai flaghe in the filde.
(β) 3 fleu, 3, 6 flew(e, 4 flewgh. [Common to this vb. with fly; ? influenced by str. pa. tense of ]
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 18 Þe kyng with a fewe men hymself flew at the laste. Ibid. (1724) 258 He fleu [printed flen] wyþ muche wo. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 412 Seynt Poule..flewȝh suche beggynge.
(γ) pl. 1 fluᵹon, -un, 2–4 fluȝen, (3 fluȝhen, Orm. -enn, fluhen, flue), 3 flu(w)en, south. vluwen, 3–5 floȝen, floghen (hence 5 flogh as sing.), 4 floun, 3–5 flowe(n.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 56 Alle..ᵹefluᵹun. c1000Ags. Gosp. Mark v. 14 Soþlice þa ðe hi heoldon fluᵹon. c1200Ormin 893 Baþe fluȝhenn fra þe folc. c1205Lay. 1845 Þa eatendes fluȝen [c 1275 flowen]. c1225Ancr. R. 106 His deore diciples fluen alle vrom him. Ibid. 392 His deciples..vluwen alle urom him. a1225Juliana 52 Þat ter fluhen monie. c1250Gen. & Ex. 861 On of hem, ðe floȝen a-wei. c1300Beket 2144 His disciples flowe anon. 1382Wyclif Isa. xxxiii. 3 Fro the vois of the aungil floun puples. c1400Destr. Troy 4732 The ffrigies floghen. Ibid. 11969 Ecuba..egerly flogh. c1425Seven Sag. (P.) 822 As thay flowen toward the felde.
(δ) 4–7 fledd(e, 4 south. vledde, 5 fleded, fleede, 6–7 flet, 7 Sc. flaid, 4– fled. pl. 3–4 ? flededen, 4–5 fleden, fledden, -on.
c1300K. Alis. 2441 So heo ferden..And flodeden [? read flededen.] c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 88 Malcolme..fled for ferd. 1340Ayenb. 206 He him uledde ase wys and hise uorlet. c1384Chaucer H. Fame i. 179 Iulo And eke askanius also ffleden. a1400Morte Arth. 1431 Thane þe Bretons..fleede to þe foreste. c1400Destr. Troy 1349 The Troiens..ffleddon in fere and þe filde leuyt. 1490Caxton Eneydos xxxi. 118 Dedalus fleded to Thetys for fere of the kynge Mynos of Crete. 1497Wriothesley Chron. (1875) I. 3 Perkin Werbeck..fledd to Bowdley St. Marie. 1647H. More Song of Soul i. iii. lxvii, But what could well be sav'd to Simon flet.
3. pa. pple.
(α) 1 floᵹen, 2 fluᵹen, 3 ifloȝen, south. ivlowen, 3–4 yflowe(n, 4–5 flowe(n, -yn, iflowen, (4 flawen).
c1205Lay. 4764 Brennes wes awæi ifloȝen. a1225Ancr. R. 168 Ȝe habbeð þene world ivlowen. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 311 Of scaped he was & yflowe. c1320Cast. Love 470 For-þi Ich am of londe i-flowen. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 214 He watz flawen fro þe face of frelych dryȝtyn. c1340Cursor M. 16743 (Laud) His appostils wern flowyn hym fro. a1400Arthur 579 Mordred was flow. c1420Chron. Vilod. 387 He nold not for þe crosse han flowe.
(β) 4 fledd, flede, -eed, 5 fledde, 4– fled.
a1300Cursor M. 17554 (Cott.) He..es vnto þe felles fledd. c1325Coer de L. 2301 The emperour was fled away. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 290 Fleed of men as disceyt of þe fend. a1400Morte Arth. 2488 The dyre feemene are flede. c1440York Myst. xxii. 188 Þis fende þat nowe is fledde. 1539Bible (Great) Acts xvi. 27 Supposing that the presoners had bene fledde [1557 (Geneva), 1582 (Rheims) and 1611: fled].
B. Significations.
I. intr.
1. To run away from or as from danger; to take flight; to try to escape or seek safety by flight. Also, to flee away, out, and to flee for it.
c825[see A. 2]. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. viii. 33 Ða hyrdas witodlice fluᵹon. c1205Lay. 5564, & swiðe monie þer fluwen & ferden to Rome. a1300Cursor M. 2614 (Cott.) Sco was fain to fle a-wai. c1325Coer de L. 2303 Flowen was that fals coward. c1340Cursor M. 9213 (Trin.) Þe kyng fley out bi nyȝt. c1400Destr. Troy 10077 The grekes flowen in fere & the feld leuyt. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xxxvii. 155 They shall make as they dide flee. 1559Mirr. Mag., Mortimers xx, For they flewe, I feared them the lesse. 1605Camden Rem. 216 One that had in his forehead a bounch of flesh, fledde away a great pase. 1709Steele Tatler No. 80 ⁋3 My Confusion at last was so great, that without speaking, or being spoken to, I fled for it. 1847James J. Marston Hall ix, Some of them fled as fast as their legs would carry them. 1884F. M. Crawford Rom. Singer (1886) I. 90 A hundred women will tell you that they are ready to flee with you.
Proverb.a1250Owl & Night. 176 ‘Wel fiȝt that wel fliȝt’, seith the wise. 13..Prov. Hendyng ix. in Rel. Ant. I. 111 ‘Wel fytht, that wel flyth’ Quoth Hendyng.
b. Const. † forth of, from, out of.
c825Vesp. Psalter lxvii[i]. 2 Feond his..flen from onsiene his. 1154O.E. Chron. an. 1137 Sume fluᵹen ut of lande. c1250Gen. & Ex. 430 Caym fro him fleȝ. c1450Myrc 1681 Ȝef he haue grace in herte to se How aungelus..From hym faste flen. 1550Crowley Last Trump 29 When Elias fled away from Ahab. 1564Haward Eutropius vii. 69 He [Nero] fled forthe of his palace. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iv. 248 The Rogue fled from me like Quick-siluer. 1611Bible Job xx. 24 He shall flee from the iron weapon.
c. Conjugated with be.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3396 Ȝet sal ðe kinde of amalech Ben al fled dun in deades wrech. c1320Sir Tristr. 2223 Tristrem was fled oway. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxxii. 250 Whan pyers was fledde oute of spayn. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 479 And mony freik out of the feild wes fled. 1671H. M. tr. Colloq. Erasmus 543 He won by an assault a strong defenced Castle, whereinto the Lady great with child was fled.
†d. refl.; also quasi-trans., to flee one's way.
c1205Lay. 16078 Ah flih flih þinne wæi. a1300Cursor M. 5680 (Gött.) Moyses..fledd him into madian. c1340Ibid. 7676 (Fairf.) He him fled to samuel. 1470–85Malory Arthur viii. vii, Syr Marhaus..fledde his waye. 1535Coverdale Judith xv. 3 The Assirians..kept not them selues together, but fled their waye.
2. To hasten for safety or protection (to, † on).
Beowulf 764 (Gr.) Mynte se mæra, hwær he meahte..on weᵹ þanon fleon on fenhopu. c825Vesp. Psalter cxlii[i]. 9 Dryhten to ðe ic ᵹefleh. c1205Lay. 16080 Fleo þider þe þu fleo. a1300Cursor M. 6675 (Cott.) Þof he to mine auter flei. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iii. 220 Falsnesse for fere þo flegh to þe freres. 1535Coverdale Zech. xiv. 5 Ye shall fle vnto the valley of my hilles. 1678Tillotson Sermons (ed. 3) I. 64 We can have..none in all the world to fle [ed. 1671 p. 64 flye] to, but Him. 1718Prior Solomon iii. 482 In vain for Life He to the Altar fled. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 176 The Presbyterians..fled to the foot of the throne. 1858M. Porteous Souter Johnny 30 Or silly mortal blinks an ee To muckle Jupiter ye'll flee.
†b. refl. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 5680 (Gött.) Moises..fled him into madian. 1600Holland Livy xliv. vi. (1609) 1174 b, The king..fled himselfe to Pydna. 1610Healey St. Aug. Citie of God (1620) 143 But those..either fled themselves into such places..or else were brought thither.
†c. To have recourse to. Obs.
1563Homilies ii. Agst. Idolatry iii. (1859) 220 They..flee to this aunswere, that [etc.]. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 270 The servants and others fled to their swords.
3. To withdraw hastily, take oneself off, go away. Also with away. Const. from, out of. Also, To swerve from (a commandment); to keep free from (a practice).
c825Vesp. Psalter cxxxviii[i]. 7 From onsiene ðinre hwider fleom ic. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 127 On his ȝuweðe he fleh fro folke to weste. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 501 Clerkes & lewede, that fram thi seruise wolle fle. c1340Cursor M. 9816 (Trin.) His hert auȝte bettur breke in þre þen fro his biddyngis to fle. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1307 Dido, Ye wol nat fro your wyf thus foule fleene! c1440Partonope 4881 Thys made me vtterly fro yow fleene. 1611Bible Gen. xxxi. 27 Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly? 1717Pope Eloisa 131 From the false world in early youth they fled. 1820Keats St. Agnes xlii, These lovers fled away into the storm. 1848A. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 193 Two years later he fled from society.
†b. To depart this life.
a1300Cursor M. 20260 (Gött.) Hu sal we liue quen þu will fle?
4. To make one's escape, get safely away.
a1300Cursor M. 7755 (Cott.) Þar þai fell þat moght not fle. c1300Havelok 1882 Late we nouth thise doges fle. 1382Wyclif Acts xvi. 27 Wenynge the boundyn men for to haue fled. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems 186 He is a fole that..fled is fro prisoun. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 963 Flie thither whence thou [Satan] fledst. 1821Shelley Epips. 272 As a hunted deer that could not flee, I..stood at bay.
5. To pass away quicky and suddenly; to disappear, vanish. Also with away.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 175 He is fleonde alse shadewe. a1300Cursor M. 12075 (Cott.) And son þe spirit þat was fledd Again come in þat ilk stede. 1382Wyclif Rev. xvi. 20 And ech ijle fley awey and hilles ben not founde. c1450Holland Howlat 140 The Swallowe so swyft..is forthwart to fle. 1639Massinger Unnat. Combat v. ii, Take not thy flight so soon immaculate spirit: 'Tis fled already. 1712–4Pope Rape Lock i. 51 When Woman's transient breath is fled. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. I. vii. 199 The animating health and vigour were fled. 1818Shelley Rev. Islam v. xliii. 6 As I approached, the morning's golden mist..fled. 1850Elder's House 215 Pale flowers, Whose life and bloom are fled. 1886A. Winchell Walks & Talks in Geol. Field 214 A million of years may flee away before one revolution is completed.
6. Occasionally used for fly (= volare). (Often in Shelley.)
Examples of the present stem from dialect literature (Sc. and northern Eng.) are not given here, as in them flee is the regular form of fly. In recent instances, the use of flee for fly is chiefly for the sake of rime, or to produce a sort of archaistic effect; in older writers it may be due variously to confusion between the two vbs., to adoption of dialectal phrases (esp. in ‘to let flee’), or to a development from sense 5.
c1000ælfric Hom. (Th.) I. 142 Culfran lufiað annysse, and fleoð him floccmælum. 1382Wyclif Jer. xlviii. 40 As an egle he shall fleen out. c1400Mandeville (1839) xxii. 238 The tronchouns flen in sprotes and peces. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 211 He let flee at hym like a Dragon. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 947 Loues golden arrow at him should haue fled. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. ii. Babylon 221 Make fast this rope, and then they let it flee. 1612J. Davies Muse's Sacr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 75/1 At which forthwith he [the Libard] flees, And piece-meal teares it. 1770J. Love Cricket 5 The Youth cries Rub; O Flee, you Long'rer, Flee! 1815Shelley Alastor 358 The boat fled on. 1821― Ginevra 211 The dark arrow fled In the noon.
II. trans.
7. To run away from, hasten away from; to quit abruptly, forsake (a person or place, etc.).
a1000Andreas 1540 (Gr.) Wæs him ut myne fleon fealone stream. a1300Cursor M. 14884 (Cott.) He folus þaim and þai him fle. 1386Rolls of Parlt. III. 225/1 Some fledde the Citee for feere. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 95 Straungers in great nombre fled the land. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, ii. i. 19 So fled his Enemies my Warlike Father. 1597― 2 Hen. IV, i. i. 18 Yong Prince Iohn..fled the Field. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. i. Ark 43 The more he [a River] flees his source. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 3 Upon better view he feared and fled us. 1647–8Sir C. Cotterell Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 21 He was forced to flee his Country. 1726Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 130 All his Attendants had fled his Presence. 1801Southey Thalaba ix. xxxix, She fled the Place of Tombs.
fig.c1400Rom. Rose 4786 If thou flee it, it shal flee thee; Folowe it, and folowen shal it thee. 1513Douglas æneis vi. i. 132 Now, at the last, that fled ws euer moir, The forther cost Itaile haif we caucht. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 291 All temptacyons fledde theyr holynesse. 1816Byron Ch. Har. iii. xxxix, When Fortune fled her spoil'd and favourite child. 1882Stevenson New Arab. Nts. (1884) 130 Sleep continued to flee him.
8. In weaker sense: To avoid with dread or dislike; to eschew, shun. Occas. in passive; also † with inf. as obj.
a1000Boeth. Metr. vii. 30 (Gr.) He sceal swiðe flion þisse worulde wlite. c1200Ormin 8056 Þa flæh I childess cosstess. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 127 He fleȝ here ferrede. a1300Cursor M. 1952 (Gött.) Fle falshed and theft. a1340Hampole Psalter i. 1 His verray lufers folous him fleand honur. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 265 Fro hir childhod..sche fledde Office of wommen. a1400Cato's Morals 55 in Cursor M. App. iv. 1670 Fle to take wife..bot ho be honest. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 59 A wood hound fleeþ mete & water. c1440Jacob's Well xv. 100 An angry man..owyth to be fled as a raveynous dogge. 1550Crowley Epigr. 667 Auoid and fle dice. 1563Homilies ii. Agst. Idolatry iii. (1859) 230 Aungels flee to take vnto them by sacrelege the honoure dewe to God. 1766Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. (1767) II. xi. 159 Flee them, my fair pupils, flee them with horror. 1818Shelley Rosalind 41, I would flee Thy tainting touch.
9. To contrive to avoid, save oneself from, escape from, evade. Now rare.
c1200Ormin 9803 Hu þeȝȝ mihhtenn fleon Drihhtiness irre. a1300Cursor M. 3001 (Cott.) Your harm sa wend i best to fle. c1340Ibid. 22503 (Fairf.) For to flee þe dai of awe. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1596) 108/2, I..haue long fléene the hands of mine enemies. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 783 On Death's white and wingèd steed Which the fleetest cannot flee. |