| 释义 |
▪ I. ton1|tʌn|
Forms: 4–6 tonne, 5 toun, 6 toonne, (tune), Sc. twn, 6–7 tunne, 6–8 tun, 7 tunn, 5– ton. See also tun n.
[In origin the same word as tun (OE. tunne, OF. tonne) a cask. In ME. this was commonly spelt, as in French, tonne; in 16–17th c., more often tun; from c 1688 the two spellings have been differentiated, tun being appropriated to the sense ‘cask’ and the liquid measure, and ton to the senses here treated, which, it will be seen, are partly measures, and partly weights.]
†1. A large wine-vessel, a cask; hence, a measure of capacity used for wine: now spelt tun, q.v.
2. A unit used in measuring the carrying capacity or burden of a ship, the amount of cargo, freight, etc. Originally, the space occupied by a tun cask of wine (see explanatory quot. 1894 on ton tight s.v. tight a. 14, and quot. 1539 here). Now, for the purposes of registered tonnage, the space of 100 cubic feet. For purposes of freight, usually the space of 40 cubic feet, unless that bulk would weigh more than 20 cwt., in which case freight is charged by weight. But the expression ‘ton of cargo’ is also used with regard to special packages which are conventionally assumed as going so many packages to the ton. Cf. also tonnage.
1379–1603 Tonne tight, etc. [see tight a. 14]. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xix. xxii. (Percy) 92 The shyp was great, fyve c. tonne to charge. 1530Palsgr. 460/1 A shyppe of a hundred tonne. [1539in R. G. Marsden Sel. Pl. Crt. Adm. (Selden) I. 89 Unam naviculam vocatam a shippes boat oneris trium doliorum.] 1544Ibid. 126 Ladyn..35 butts wynes wich goith for fyeftey tons ladinge. 1555Eden Dec. New World 349 (Second Voyage to Guinea) (Arb.) 379 A shyppe of the burden of seuen score toonne. 1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. ii. 4 b, The King then bought..a Caruell of fiftie tunne. 1587Harrison England ii. xvii. (1877) i. 285 A ship of ours of six hundred tun. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 2 We..had with us a small ship of about 180 tunns, called the Nonesuch. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. iii. (1690) 54 The King of Englands Navy consists of about seventy thousand Tuns of Shipping. Ibid. 56 In France..there are not above one hundred and fifty thousand Tun of Trading Vessels, and consequently not above fifteen thousand Seamen, reckoning a Man to every ten Tun. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) Z j, A ton in measure is generally estimated at 2000 lb. in weight. 1821J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. (1871) iii. 98 The casks of Bordeaux wine were then [1423] and still are made for stowage in such manner that four hogsheads occupy one ton of shipping. The ton was of thirty-two cubic feet by measure, and of 2,016 English pounds, of fifteen ounces to the pound, in weight; equal to 2,560 of the easterling tower pound. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade s.v., The ton of freight or merchandise varies with the article and the locality from whence shipped. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Ton, or Tun... In the cubical contents of a ship it is the weight of water equal to 2000 lbs., by the general standard for liquids. Ibid., 42 cubic feet of articles equal one ton in shipment.
3. A measure of capacity:
a. for timber; usually equivalent to 40 cubic feet (or for hewn timber, 50).
1521MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Canterb., For hewyng of a tune and xvj fote of tymber. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 88 To sell your Timber..by the Ton, Load or Foot, forty Foot being reckoned a Ton, and fifty a Load, and in some places just the contrary. 1774Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1769 (ed. 3) 107 The tenant is obliged to work 150 tuns of timber annually, paying eighteen shillings and six-pence per tun. 1813T. Davis Agric. Wilts. Gloss., Ton of Rough Timber, 40 feet, the load 50 feet, is only used when timber is hewn for the navy.
b. for various solid commodities, as stone, gravel, lime, plaster, wheat, cheese, etc.
1428–9Rec. St. Mary at Hill 70 A tonne tyght of northerin ston. a1500How Plowman lerned Pater-Noster 110 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 213 Of whete amonge them they gate an hole tunne. 1504Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. II. 277 For xx twn of plaistir brocht hame be Dorange, Franchman. 1538in R. G. Marsden Sel. Pl. Crt. Adm. (Selden) I. 82 For the freight of every ton tight of the saide wheate, accompting fyve quarters to every ton. 1667Primatt City & C. Build. 68 Half a Tun of Plaister of Paris will lay fifteen yards of Lath⁓work. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. vii. §335 Threescore and fifteen Barrels of Butter, and fourteen Tun of Cheese. 1821J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. (1871) iii. 127 Before the statute of 1496, the London quarter of a ton was the one measure, to which the bushel for corn, the gallon, deduced by measure, for ale, and the gallon, deduced by weight, for wine, were all referred. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade s.v., A ton of flour, in commerce, is 8 sacks or 10 barrels; a ton of potatoes, 10 bushels.
4. a. A measure of weight, now generally 20 cwt.; in Great Britain legally 2240 lbs.; in the United States and elsewhere, for most purposes 2000 lbs. ‘Tons’ of different amounts were formerly in use and are still so locally for some commodities. (Where two weights are so known and used, the heavier is distinguished as the long ton or gross ton and the lighter as the short ton.) metric ton (Fr. tonne) = 1000 kilogrammes (2204·6 lbs. avoirdupois).
1485Cely Papers (Camden) 183 Item the sam day payd for vj toun of balast, ij s. 1539in R. G. Marsden Sel. Pl. Crt. Adm. (Selden) I. 89, lxxj kintalls of yron in ends 44... And it goes for iij tone and xj kintalls. 1545Rates of Custome-ho. b v, Iron called Lukes Iron the tonne conteynynge .xx. C. pounde iii. li. vi.s. viii.d. 1588Greene Pandosto (1607) 6 A pound of goold is worth a tunne of leade. 1670Eachard Cont. Clergy 115 Unless we had some vent for our learned ones beyond the sea, and could transport so many tunn of divines yearly, as we do other commodities, with which the nation is over-stocked. 1725Bradley's Fam. Dict. II, Tun, a Measure in Averdupois, consisting of twenty hundred Weight, each Hundred being a Hundred and twelve Pounds. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §154 Every thing stood fast with eight ton weight upon the tackle-blocks. 1829Glover's Hist. Derby I. 100 It [pure white gypsum] sells at 10s. per long ton. (Note.—120 lb. to the Cwt.) Ibid. 265 It was agreed that weighing-houses should be erected upon the several canals, and that the ton should be fixed at 2,400 lbs. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade s.v., In Great Britain, the legal ton by weight is usually 20 cwt., or 2240 lbs., but in long weight it is 2400 lbs... In Cornwall, the miner's ton is 21 cwt., or 2352 lbs. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss. s.v., For many things, such as coal and iron, the ton in use [in U.S.] is the long ton of 20 hundred⁓weight at 112 pounds avoirdupois... In gold and silver mining, and throughout the Western States, the ton is the short ton of 2000 pounds. 1894Times 10 Sept. 6/1 The total quantity which exploded was about 3,700 lb., or not far short of two tons, 2,000 lb. being reckoned as a ton in measuring explosives.
b. (colloq.) A very large amount: cf. load n. 6. Mostly in pl.
1770P. Freneau in Brackenridge & Freneau Father Bombo (1975) i. iii. 13 My head stuck a considerable time in a ton of mud. 1895Daily News 25 Apr. 6/3 ‘Is there any culture at Chicago?’ asked a young lady of Boston of a damsel of the former city. ‘You bet your sweet life!.. Tons of it’, was the reply. 1899H. Sweet Pract. Study Languages x. 115, I am told that the great English lexicographers of the present day look down with contempt on anything less than a ton of such materials. 1911Barrie Peter & Wendy iv, ‘I say! Do you kill many [pirates]?’ ‘Tons’. 1971Scope (S. Afr.) 19 Mar. 38/1 Fine, thanks a ton, Len. I won't be a sec. 1977Belfast Tel. 28 Feb. 20/8 This has brought the lass on a ton.
c. pl. As adv. qualifying comparative or (U.S.) positive adjs.: much; very. colloq.
1908S. Wilson Let. 17 Aug. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1969) II. Compan. ii. 804. I feel tons better for being in the wonderful air. 1970‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Cookie Bird viii. 127 He was looking tons better, with his ribs done up in crèpe. 1977Amer. Speech 1975 L. 68 Tons adv, very, extremely. ‘Her outfit is tons neat.’
d. Phr. to come down (on or upon) (a person) like a ton of bricks: see come v. 60 g.
5. trans.
a. colloq. A score of one hundred in a game, spec. in Cricket (= century 3 b) and Darts.
1936R. Croft-Cooke Darts vi. 42 Ton, the word means simply 100. While in more gentlemanly games they speak of Centuries, in Darts we curtly say ‘One Ton’. 1946J. Moore Brensham Village iii. 95 Darts has its own esoteric terminology... A hundred is a ‘ton’, of course, all over England. 1958Punch 9 July 40/2, I owe everything to Cambridge. I got a ton in the Freshman's Match of 1941. 1973Atlantic Monthly Aug. 73 Now he's averaging 60 or more, frequently throws a ‘ton’—a round of 100 or more points—and can put a dart into a fifty-cent piece area every time. 1978Lancashire Life Apr. 41/3 Scoring a century didn't mean a hoot to me then... Now, as an experienced pro, I know I must make a ‘ton’ and then keep going to get another.
b. slang. A hundred pounds.
1946People 7 Apr. 2/6 A red-faced punter..whose conversational powers were limited to..jargon, which translated fivers as ‘flims’..; {pstlg}100 as a ‘ton’ [etc.]. 1960‘A. Burgess’ Doctor is Sick 164 ‘And what's the first prize?’ asked Edwin. ‘A ton,’ screamed Harry Stone. ‘'Undred nicker an' a film test.’ 1981P. Turnbull Deep & Crisp & Even vii. 131 The old man would charge three ton for this but me and the boys will do it for half-price.
c. colloq. A speed of one hundred miles per hour (esp. with reference to motor cycles). Freq. in phr. to do the (or a) ton. Cf. ton-up n. and a.
1954G. Smith Flaw in Crystal iv. 36 At eighty I felt a wild sense of elation... I watched to see if Several would triumphantly lead Teddy onwards at a majestic full ton. 1959News Chron. 17 Dec. 3/1 The dangerous noddles who boast about doing the ton on the public roads. 1964New Statesman 21 Feb. 288/3 We do the ton sometimes, but not where any one's goin' to get 'urt. 1973Hansard Lords 5 Dec. 684 In that case, you must have been doing a ‘ton’, if very few cars passed you.
d. In other miscellaneous colloq. uses to denote one hundred.
1962Electronics Weekly 21 Nov. 3/1 Elliott reach a ton. The 100th National Elliott 803 computer has been installed. 1970Sunday Tel. 22 Mar. 13/3 Blissful summer breezes..ease the discomfort of temperatures which occasionally threaten to make the ton. 1980Financial Rev. (Sydney) 29 Aug. 29/1 Australians staying at the best capital city hotels..will have reached ‘the ton’ in their room rates—accommodation will be costing $100 a night.
†6. ton mascull (tonne maskyll), app. a tun cask of 252 gallons: = tun n. 2. Obs.[Mascull may represent a Latin or Romanic masc(u)la = It. maschia ‘male, large, big, huge’, as a description of the largest tunna or tonna.] 1432Rolls of Parlt. IV. 405/2 Wynes..not havyng of lyes overe iiij or v ynches in a tonne maskyll. 1531in R. G. Marsden Sel. Pl. Crt. Adm. (Selden) I. 36 Lade the sayd shypp with wynes to the fful number of lvij tonnes..accounttyng always a ton mascull for a ton, ij pipes for a ton, iiij hoggeshedds for a ton, and vj tercys for a ton, and twenty hundred Englyshe weyght for a ton. 1541Ibid. 113 So many thowsand orenges as makyth by account and custom of Galizia, all with the forsaid xlvj hogsheds whales grece and oyle, xlvj ton mascull.
7. a. attrib. and Comb., as ton-burden, ton-load; esp. with measures of distance, forming units measuring the work done in the conveyance of heavy bodies, esp. in reference to its cost; as ton-fathom, the equivalent of the work done in raising a ton through the depth of a fathom, as in the shaft of a mine; ton-force (pl. tons-force), a unit of force equal to the weight of a mass of one ton, esp. under standard gravity; ton-mile, the same in carrying a ton the distance of a mile, as by a railway-train or motor-car; so ton-mileage, amount of or reckoning in ton-miles, or charge per ton-mile; ton weight, the weight of one ton; usu. fig.
1805Act 45 Geo. III, c. 10 §3 For every *ton burthen of every such ship or vessel, which shall have so arrived without a clean bill of health, fifteen shillings.
1874J. H. Collins Metal Mining (1875) 77 About 1-50th of a penny per *ton-fathom or less.
1961B.S.I. News Oct. 26/2 A similar distinction is made between..ton (no abbreviation) and *ton-force (tonf). 1972Physics Bull. May 285/1 The 50 tonf dead⁓weight standard was originally designed to give forces only in units of tons-force.
a1400MS. Cott. Vesp. B. xxii. lf. 97 in Blk. Bk. Adm. (Rolls) I. 400 Accustumez de doner pur chascun *tonnelode, que le vesseau purra porter..douze deniers.
1894Outing (U.S.) 393/1 Were the *ton mileage of each contrasted, the waterways would make much the greater showing.
1900Engineering Mag. XIX. 734 Two horses harnessed to one waggon may achieve 35 nett *ton miles daily in regular work. 1902Monthly Rev. Aug. 35 Obtaining the average per ton-mile from other canals. 1906Westm. Gaz. 28 Aug. 4/2 The 10-h.p. [motor car]..ran..at the rate of 41.7 ton miles per gallon.
a1855C. Brontë Professor (1857) I. vi. 87 This liability is a *ton weight at least. 1893H. Frederic Return of O'Mahony i. x. 83 Then would come..the fierce buffeting of ton-weight blows as the boat staggered blindly at the bottom of the abyss. 1936Discovery Feb. 37/2 The power developed per ton-weight of the engine. 1960H. Pinter Caretaker i. 18 I'll give you a hand. (They lift it.) It's a ton weight, en't? 1981J. Wainwright All on Summer's Day 198 She'd been like a ton weight across his shoulders. Her and her infernal daughters.
b. ton tight: see tight a. 14.
▪ II. † ton2 Obs.
[a. F. taon (pronounced tã, earlier tɔ̃) gad-fly (12th c. in Littré), later also applied in the environs of Paris to the larva of the cockchafer (Littré):—pop.L. *tabōnem, for L. tabānum (-us) gad-fly, whence Prov. tavan, Sp. tábano, Pg. tavão, It. taˈfano, tabano, † tavano, gad-fly.]
The larva of the cockchafer, which lives underground and feeds on the roots of plants.
1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 100 Kitchen-Plants, especially Lettuce, and Succory, &c. constantly have some of those Tons, or other little reddish Worms which gnaw them about the neck, and kill them [margin Those usually called by the Name of Cock-Chafers]. Ibid. 202 The great Enemies of Straw-berry Plantations are the Ton's which are great White Worms, that in the Months of May and June, gnaw the necks of their Roots. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 173 The great Enemies to Trees, are..Snails, Tons, Turks, and abundance of Worms.
▪ III. ‖ ton3
(tɔ̃, † tɒn)
[Fr. ton manner in general:—L. ton-us, tone in colouring, etc.]
a. The fashion, the vogue, the mode; fashionable air or style.
See also bon-ton s.v. bon.
1769Lloyd's Evening Post 18–20 Dec. 589 The present fashionable Ton (a word used at present to express every thing that's fashionable) is a set of French puppets. 1775Sheridan Rivals i. i, None of the London whips of any degree of ton wear wigs now. 1778F. Burney Evelina (1791) II. xxxvii. 244 Don't we all know that you lead the ton in the beau monde? 1812H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr., Beautiful Incend. ix, And if she were here all alone, Our house might nocturnally boast A bumper of fashion and ton. 1812Combe Picturesque xi, A mantle, too, is all the ton, And therefore I have order'd one. 1881Besant & Rice Chapl. of Fleet ii. i, In everything..make my niece an accomplished woman, a woman of ton. 1939D. Cecil Young Melbourne viii. 220 Some humble country acquaintances and a few persons of ton. 1978J. Krantz Scruples ii. 39 And these Bostonians..did own a gratifying number of mills and plants and banks and brokerage firms. Also they had ton.
b. transf. People of fashion; fashionable society; the fashionable world.
c1770in de Vries & Fryer Venus Unmasked (1967) 33 Miss P...D...will only..take engagements from billiard table gentlemen, gentlemen of the ton, and young shop⁓men. 1815Sporting Mag. XLVI. 93 All the ‘Ton's’ a stage, And Fashion's motley votaries are but play'rs. 1854J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1885) I. xiv. 255 The princess, the nobles, and all the ton had disappeared. 1969H. Elsna Abbot's House 99 A waste, when all the ton will flock here for this event. Ibid. 103 The ton are here in force.
▪ IV. † ton4 Obs.
[a. OF. ton (14–16th c.), F. thon:—L. thunn-us, tunny.]
A sea-fish, a tunny.
1624Middleton Game at Chess v. iii, You may eat kid, cabrito, calf, and tons. 1624[T. Scott] Vox Populi ii. 22 A peece of leane Kid, or Cabrito, a Tripe, Tone's or such like. 1672J. Josselyn New Eng. Rarities 31. 1768 Boswell Corsica i. (ed. 2) 37 There is the greatest variety of all the best kinds, and in particular a sort of ton or sturgeon.
▪ V. ton
obs. ME. pl. of toe; var. tone pron.; obs. f. town, tun; dial. var. of tan, obs. pa. pple. of take (see take v. 5 γ, to v. Obs.). |