| 释义 |
those, dem. pron. and a. (pl.)|ðəʊz|
Forms: α. 1–3 ðás, 1–4 þás, 4 þaas, þais, 4–5 þase, (5 þaes); 5 thas, thase, 5–6 thais. β. 3–4 þos (3 þosse), 4–5 þose, thoos, (5, 7 thoes, Scotticized thoise, thoys), 6 thoose; 4– those.
[OE. þás, þās, ME. þōs, pl. of this, which during the ME. period became synonymous with þā, tho, pl. of that, which it at length superseded, and thus came to be used in its current sense. The identification of þās (þaas, þase, þais(e) with þā began in the north, where it is evidenced c 1300–1340; the use of þōs (thoos, those) for þō, in midld. and south, came later. Chaucer has only tho; and most of the examples of thos(e before 1475 occur either in midld. versions of northern poems, such as the Anturs of Arthur and Sir Perceval, where the scribe transliterated thas(e into thos(e, or in the works of northern men, as Wyclif, whose native dialect had thas(e. In Eng. literature those, thoos, thoes, became common first in works printed by Caxton, and thenceforth those and tho continued to be used in the same sense, tho gradually becoming rarer, till c 1550.
The early southern ME. þōs = these, appears to have been retained longest in Kentish: see quot. 1340 in. I. 1. It was of course obsolete in Midld. Eng. before thos, thoos, those in the modern sense was accepted. It is doubtful whether thase ever found a footing in Scotland, where þā continued in use, and still exists as thae pl. of that.]
I. Demonstrative pronoun.
†1. Plural of this B. I = these B. I. Obs.
c825Vesp. Psalter xliii. 18 [xliv. 17] Ðas all cwomun ofer usic. a900K. ælfred Laws Introd. c. 49 §9 Ic ða ælfred cyning þas togædere ᵹegaderode. a900tr. Bæda's Hist. iii. xix. [xxvii.] 242 Betweoh þas wæron tweᵹen ᵹeonge æðelingas. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. iv. 9 Ealle þas ic sylle þe. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 217 Ac ich ne mai ne ich ne can þosse [i.e. words] on openi. 1340Ayenb. 10 Vor alle þos byeþ ualse wytnesses. Ibid. 39 Þise makeþ þe ualse mariages. Þise benimeþ þe heritages. Þos doþ zuo moche kuead..and al þis hi doþ be hare greate couaytise.
2. Plural of that: indicating things or persons pointed to or already mentioned: see that B. I. 1.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 6556, I fynde wryten paynes fourtene,..And whilk þas er I sal yhow telle. a1400K. Alis. 4913 (Bodl. MS.) A folk woneþ biside þoos, Þat beeþ ycleped Farangos. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 33 He made diuers bookis of phisik..and of thoos, xij the most be studyed by ordre. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. iii. i. 225 A Sea of melting pearls, which some call teares: Those at her fathers churlish feete she tenderd. 1599― Hen. V, iii. vii. 74 The Armour that I saw in your Tent to night, are those Starres or Sunnes vpon it? 1611Bible Eccl. vii. 28 A woman among all those haue I not found. 1653Walton Angler ii. 65 Milk. What Song was it, I pray? was it, Come Shepherds deck your heads: or, As at noon Dulcina rested: or Philida flouts me? Pisc. No, it is none of those. a1822Shelley Serchio 36 Melchior and Lionel were not among those. Mod. Who are those passing? Those are our neighbours Smith and Jones. I looked at all the books on the top shelf, but it was not one of those.
b. Preceded by and, introducing an additional qualification of the things or persons mentioned in the previous clause: plural of that I. 2 a.
1545R. Ascham Toxoph. ii. (Arb.) 162 Other and those very good archers in drawyng, loke at the marke. 1590Ryther tr. Ubaldino's Disc. Span. Invasion 5 Through penurie of many and those necessarie things. 1601Holland Pliny (1634) I. 529 If the vineyard lie pendant vpon the hanging of an hill, it requireth deeper ditches, and those raised vp well with earth. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 189 Lord of few Acres, and those barren too. 1701Norris Ideal World i. ii. 53 Other figures..and those perfect ones. Mod. I have only three, and those not of the best.
3. In opposition to these; sometimes spec. = ‘the former’: plural of that B. I. 3, 3 b. For quots. see these B. I. 2, II. 2. Also in contrast to (the) others.
1653Walton Angler iv. 116 Palmer flies, not only those rib'd with silver and gold, but others that have their bodies all made of black. 1655Stanley Hist. Philos. I. i. 6 Those affirming they had bargain'd onely for the fish, the others that they bought the draught at a venture.
4. As antecedent pronoun, followed by a defining word or phrase, viz. a relative clause (with relative expressed or understood), a participle (or other vbl. adj.), or a preposition (esp. of) with a n. which serves to qualify or particularize those: plural of that B. I. 6–8. (= Ger. diejenigen or die, F. ceux, celles.)
a. In general sense: chiefly, now only, of persons: those who = the people who; those of = the people of, etc. Plural of that B. I. 6 a, c, 8 b.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 7510 Alle þase þat wille þair syn forsake. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xv. 67 Þase þat trowes perfitely in Godd sall be sauf. c1440Alphabet of Tales 296 Þase at sulde bere hym myght gett hym no ferrer. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 115 Thoos that be nedy. Ibid. 129 Thoes that blame. 1535Coverdale Prov. viii. 12, I am louynge vnto those that loue me. 1548Forrest Pleas. Poesye 55 Of thoise that they had too them made subiugate. 1554–9T. Watertoune in Songs & Ball. (1860) 11 All thoys that have years this undarstande. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. iii. i. 48 Who are those at the gate? 1598― Merry W. v. v. 57 Those as sleepe, and thinke not on their sins. 1605― Macb. ii. iii. 106 Those of his Chamber, as it seem'd, had don't. 1610― Temp. i. ii. 398 Those are pearles that were his eies. 1613― Hen. VIII, iii. i. 167 Pray thinke vs, Those we professe, Peace-makers, Friends, and Seruants. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. (1783) II. 216 Those who appeared more gentle and tractable. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 50 Those from whom they are descended. 1856Geo. Eliot Ess. (1884) 232 Those among our painters who aim at giving the rustic type of features. 1896Law Times C. 410/1 Any person other than himself and those claiming under him. Mod. Of those expected only a few turned up.
b. Referring to things or persons mentioned immediately before, and equivalent to the with the pl. n.; e.g. in quot. 1593, those = ‘the storms’. Plural of that B. I. 6 b, 8 a.
1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 31 Diuerse opinions, And in especial thoos of plato. 1593Shakes. Lucr. 1589 These watergalls..Foretell new stormes to those alreadie spent. 1611Bible Josh. iii. 16 The waters which came downe from aboue, stood and rose vp vpon an heape..and those that came downe toward the sea of the plaine..failed, and were cut off. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1790) VII. 51 The oysters..are by no means so large as those found sticking to rocks. 1779Mirror No. 6 ⁋10 The classical writers..were those from whose works he felt the highest pleasure. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 778/2 The larvæ, which resemble those of the wasp. 1819Keats Ode Grecian Urn ii, Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter. 1874G. W. Dasent Half a Life II. 76 His laws being like those of the Medes and Persians.
II. Demonstrative adjective.
†1. Plural of this B. II = these B. II. Obs.
a900K. ælfred Laws Introd., Dryhten wæs sprecende ðas word to Moyse. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. vi. 32 Ealle þas þing þeoda seceað. c1175Lamb. Hom. 11 (De Quadragesima) Þas daȝes beoð iset us to muchele helpe..al swa moyses..feste þes daȝes. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 185 Ðos feawe word..seide ure drihten. c1205Lay. 672 Brutus hine bi-þohte..& þas [c 1275 þeos] word seide. a1250Owl & Night. 139 (Cott.) Þos [Jes. þeos] word aȝaf þe niȝtingale.
2. Plural of that B. II. 1.
α13..Cursor M. 2590 (Gött.) As it was hite [v.r. hight] bifor þas [C. þaa, F. þa] dais. Ibid. 4948 (Cott.) Þan spak ruben, þe eildest broiþer, Stilli menand til þas [F. þase] oþer. Ibid. 8187 (Cott.) He tok þaas [G. þa] wandes in his hand. Ibid. 19859 Quen petre þais [G., F. þa: Tr. þo] vnbestes sagh. c1440Alphabet of Tales 82 With all þase candels he cursid þis fend & entirditid hym.
βc1375Cursor M. (Fairf.) 7254 Bi a piler was he sette to glew þos [C. þaa] gomis at mete. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 112 Bifore þat tyme weren þos wordis spoken of Crist. a1400Sir Perc. 229 Fyftene wynter and mare He duellede in those holtes hare. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes Pref. 3 Ony of thoos bookes. Ibid. 27 Whiche was a Cyte in thoos dayes. 1491in Lett. Rich. III & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 99 Bring the said Sir Robert and thoes other oure rebelles and traitours. 1526Tindale Luke i. 39 Mary arose in thoose [Coverd. & Gt. Bible those] dayes. 1595Shakes. John iii. iv. 61 Binde vp those tresses. 1639Hamilton Papers (Camden) 90 So many men..with thoes I haue heir, as will make up that number. 1741–2Challoner Mission. Priests (1803) II. 19 John Sugar was born at Womborn..of a noted family in those parts. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 14 A living stirring picture of the Church and State of those days.
b. Indicating things or persons as known to be such as described: plural of that B. II. 1 b.
1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 140 Thy lips, those kissing cherries. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. ii. 61 As for those Romantick Monogrammous Gods of Epicurus. 1753Challoner Cath. Chr. Instr. 178 Those two great Lights of the Church, St. Gregory Nazianzen and St. Basil. 1822Shelley Question 10 Daisies, those pearled Arcturi of the earth. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 494 Those worst enemies of the nation.
c. Used instead of that with a sing. noun of multitude (now only with collectives in pl. sense, as clergy, foot (foot-soldiers), horse, vermin); and esp. with kind, sort, followed by of with pl. n. (see kind n. 14 b). Cf. these B. II. 1 d.
those kind (or sort) of men, is put for ‘men of that kind (or sort)’, L. ejus generis homines, and is grammatically anomalous: cf. thakin.
1560Whitehorne Ord. Souldiours (1588) 9 b, Behind the said teeth to place those number of men which first were taken out. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. i. ii. 10 You, and those poore number saued with you. 1692O. Walker Grk. & Rom. Hist. 266 He..chased away those Vermin of Courtiers. 1875Gladstone Glean. VI. 126 Some of those clergy who are called Broadchurchmen.
1565J. Sparke in Hawkins Voy. ii. (Hakl. Soc.) 51 Those sorte of men are eaters of the flesh of men, as well as the Canibals. 1577J. Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 99 From whence those kinde of playes had their beginning. 1608Dod & Cleaver Expos. Prov. xi–xii. 150 In those kind of trees, the root cannot defend the branches, nor bodie. 1761H. Walpole Let. to H. Zouch 3 Jan., The little regard shown..to those sort of things. 1798Jane Austen Lett. (1884) I. 187 Those kind of foolish and incomprehensible feelings. 1887Rider Haggard Jess 126 Those sort of reflections.
3. In opposition to these: plural of that B. II. 2; cf. I. 3 above. For quots. see these B. II. 2.
4. In concord with a noun which is the antecedent to a relative (expressed or omitted), or which is further defined by a participle: pl. of that B. II. 3.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 13 Þas .x. bebode þe godalmihti seolf idihte. 1526Tindale Eph. v. 12 Those thynges which are done of them in secrete. ― Jude 10 Those thinges which they knowe not. In tho thynges which they knowe naturally they corrupte them selves [so Coverd. & Gt. Bible]. 1539Bible (Great) Rev. i. 3 And kepe those [Tindale & Coverd. thoo] thynges which are written therin. 1563Winȝet Four Scoir Thre Quest. § 35 Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 100 Gif ze be nocht admittit be thais Kirkis, quhome ze serue. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. viii. 96 The Names of those their Nobles that lye dead. 1631Milton Epitaph Marchioness Winchester 43 Those Pearls of dew she wears. 1779Mirror No. 30 ⁋2 Those national boasts which are always allowable. 1780Ibid. No. 79 ⁋5 Those useful chronicles of facts, called newspapers. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede xlix, Brethren and sisters..who have none of those comforts you have.
5. = such: plural of that B. II. 4. Now rare.
1605Shakes. Lear i. i. 99, I returne those duties backe as are right fit. 1611― Cymb. v. v. 338 Those Arts they haue, as I Could put into them. 1632Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry iii. i, Obnoxious to those foolish things As they can gibe at. 1689Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 567 The town..was reduced to those straights, that if not releived..it must have surrendred in two daies time. 1827Disraeli Viv. Grey v. vi, He spoke of you in those terms that make me glad that I have met the son. |