| 释义 |
▪ I. † these, n. Sc.
[a. F. thèse (1579 in Godef. Compl.), or ad. med.L. thesis.]
= thesis 4, 5.
a1600Montgomerie Sonn. lxiv. 11 Fy! I refuse sik filthie these or theam. 1640R. Baillie Canterb. Self-Convict. 29 The Authour..avowes..that the These alleadged, and all the rest of his booke doeth perfectly agree with the English Articles. 1648― Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) III. 63 The generall These which he professed to maintain.
▪ II. these, dem. pron. and a. (pl.)|ðiːz|
Forms: see below.
[This word has a complicated history. The OE. pl. of ðes, ðéos, ðis, was ðás, less commonly ðǽs (:—OTeut. *þai-se, -si), dat. ðiosum, ðis(s)um, gen. ðissa, ðisra. The form ðás remained in ME. as þās, which was duly retained in the north, and by regular phonetic development became þōs in midland and south. The OE. ðǽs gave ME. þǣs, þēs, þeos, and their local variants, including s.w. þüs. A frequent form of þēs from the 12th to the 16th c. was þis, identical with the sing.: see γ below. The two forms þēs and þās became differentiated in use after 1250–1300, þēs and its variants remaining in the south as plural of this, while þās became synonymous with þā, the plural of se, séo, þæt, that. This was prob. due to assimilation, þēs, þis, etc. being more like the singular and the dat. and gen. pl., while þās was in vowel like þat and þā. Apparently the assumption of þās as pl. of þat began in the north, and slowly spread to the south in the form þōs: see those. But from the 12th c. there was evidently a tendency in the midl. dialects to differentiate the plural of this by adding -e, as in the plural of adjs. (al, alle, sum, sume, his, hise, etc.), so that from c 1200 to 1500 a frequent midland form was þis-e (2 syllables in Ormin, etc.); in e. midl. also þese appears c 1200. Even the s.w. þüs varied with þüse. Of all these varieties, these was the survivor. Also, of thō and thōs, the two plurals of that, the former was finally dropped in the course of the 16th c.; so that there now remain in standard English only the two forms these and those (thoos, thōs)—both in their origin plurals of this; the original plural of that being lost in standard English, though in Scotland and the northern counties of England it survives dialectally as thae, theä, theeä: see thae. In the same district these has been superseded by thir (thur, thor). (The original pl. þās, þōs is treated under those, to which it belongs in form, though in meaning it belongs here.)]
A. Illustration of Forms.
(α) 1–3 ðás, þás, þōs: see those.
(β) 1 ðǽs, 1–3 þǽs, 2–5 þēs, 3 ðēs, 3–4 þeos, (teos, þeors), 5 þies, thees, 5–6 thes, thies, 6 thyes, thez, theis. Early inflexions: dat. 1 ðisum; ðiosum, ðissum, ðassum, 2 þison, -an, 2–3 þissen, þisse, 2–4 þisen, 3 þesse. gen. 1 ðissa; ðeossa, ðassa, þisra, 2–3 þisse, þissere.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxii. §2 Hwelc þæs flæslican good sien. 971Blickl. Hom. 5 Þeos haliᵹe fæmne..brohte eallum ᵹeleaffullum þæs bletsunga. c1175Lamb. Hom. 11 Moyses þe hehte heom feste þes daȝes uppon þe munte of synai. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 19 Nu ich eu habbe opened þes fif word... Hereð nu þes oðre. c1205Lay. 1038 Þæs [c 1275 þeos] tiðende him weren læðe. Ibid. 4621 We..nuten næuere þæs gume [c 1275 þis gomes]. c1230Hali Meid. 5 Þeos þohtes warp ut of þin heorte. c1250Gen. & Ex. 1643 Iacob ðes hirdes freinen gan. a1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 175 Þeos Auctours alle. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 113 Studie þes wordis. c1400Destr. Troy 1454 All thies maters. 1490Caxton Eneydos xvi. 65 By what wayes he maye notyfye thees thynges to Dydo. c1500New Not-br. Mayd 235 Ayenst thyes thre. 1529Cdl. Wolsey in Four C. Eng. Lett. (1880) 10 Thes thyngs consyderyd. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 74 Theis iiij. knyghttes. a1596Sir T. More ii. ii. 26 Fier the howses Of theis audatious strangers.
dat.c825Vesp. Psalter xvii[i]. 18 From ðissum ða fiodon me. c893K. ælfred Orosius ii. ii. §2 He þa Romulus æfter þiosan underfeng Cirinensa ᵹewinn. c897― Gregory's Past. C. xviii. 138 Betweox ðissum. Ibid. xxi. 162 Be ðiosum ᵹit is swiðe ryhtlice ᵹecweden. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. iii. 9 Of þysum stanum. Ibid. xxvii. 21 Hwæþerne..of þisum twam? [c 1160 Hatt. G. ibid. of þisen stanen..Of þisan twam?]. c1175Lamb. Hom. 11 On þisse gastliche daȝen. Ibid. 37 Summe of þisse þinge. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 217 On þesse fewe litele wored... Ac ich ne mai ne ich ne can þesse [pr. þosse] on openi. c1205Lay. 26356 No aȝæf þissen [c 1275 to þeos] eorlen. 1340Ayenb. 218 Of þisen we habbeþ ane uorbisne ine þe godspelle.
gen.c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. C. xiv. 82 Mid nanum ðissa. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 3 Hlaferd ðisra nytt hæfeð. c1000ælfric Lives of Saints xxiii. 137 Menn..þisra seofona ᵹeorne heddon. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 22 Leasung þissa woruld-welena. c1160Hatton Gosp. ibid., Leasunge þissere worlde welen. c1205Lay. 14829 Ich æm þissere leodene king.
(γ) 2–5 þis, 5–7 this, (5–6 thys).
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 211 On þis fuwer laȝes. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 320 Þes men of þis wilde bestes slowe & caȝte inowe. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 30 Thou hast ben in all this dangers. 1534in Lett. Suppress. Monasteries (Camden) 11 Yn thys thynges I desyryd you to do that you thowht metyst. 1622S. Ward Christ All in All (1627) 13 This Eagles feathers will not abide blending with others.
(δ) 3–5 þus (ü), þuse, thus(e.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 11950 Þus sixe iwis. a1300Fragm. Pop. Sc. (Wright, 1841) 135/124 Of thuse four elementz ech quik best y-maked is. c1300Beket 890 Thuse kniȝtes ich lovie more. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1012 Þus þay prikede, þuse two baroun hure frendes to rescowe. c1420Chron. Vilod. 41 And hade þuse foure in his gouernynge. Ibid. 1359 And dred þus laudable wordus.
(ε) 2–5 þise, 4–5 thise, 5 thyse.
c1200Ormin 4573 Whas itt iss þatt follȝheþþ wel & filleþþ þise mahhtess. c1220Bestiary 514 Ðis cete ðanne..ðise fisses alle in sukeð. c1386Chaucer Wife's Prol. 560 Thise wermes, ne thise Motthes, ne thise mytes. c1450Merlin i. 23 Whan alle thise thynges were don. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 359 The best men of y⊇ cytie by thyse ryotous persones were spoyled & robbid.
(ζ) 3 ðese, 4–5 þese, 4– these, (4 þeose, þiese, 5 þeese, 6 theese, theise).
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 13 Ðese six werkes..ben cleped lihtes scrud. c1250Gen. & Ex. 3697 Forð was gon al ðese oðer ȝer. 13..Cursor M. 16767+65 (Cott.) These ilk wordez said he. c1425Ibid. 4597 (Trin.) Þeese oþere seuen woful neet. c1550Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) 139 In consideration of theese thinges. Ibid., At theise days.
B. Signification.
The plural of this pron. and adj.I. Demonstrative pronoun.
1. Denoting things or persons actually or ideally present or near; esp. those that have just been mentioned.
a. things: plural of this B. I. 1 a.
c893[see A. β]. c1205Lay. 26044 ær þe king hæfde þæs ful isæide. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 11112 Þese are þo yche twey verse Þat to holynes are reuers. 1340Ayenb. 97 Þise byeþ þe seve ruieles of holy lyf þet þe soþe salomon tekþ to his children. a1425Cursor M. 10115 (Trin.) Lecchory and gloteny, Þourȝe þese am I doun dryuen. 1474Coventry Leet Bk. 397 If he do the contrary to any of thies his fyne is at euery tyme xl d. 1581Campion in Allen Martyrd. (1908) 2 These are the wordes of S. Paule. 1624Wotton Archit. in Reliq. (1651) 211 Such conceipts as these seem somewhat too fine among this Rubbage. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 56 For want of these, they have seen the medicine of the state corrupted into its poison. 1862Ruskin Unto this Last iv. §78 (1901) 158 His [man's] race has its bounds also; but these have not yet been reached.
b. persons.
Still used without the restriction to which the singular this is now subject: see this B. I. 1 b.
c825[see A. β]. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 547 Þes were as þre kinges. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13395 Bifore Arthur schuld þeos alle wende. 1382Wyclif Rev. vii. 13, 14 Who ben thes..and of whennus camen thei?.. Thes ben thei, that camen fro greet tribulacioun. c1400Destr. Troy 14022 (heading) Thez Paris slogh in the ffeld. c1440Gesta Rom. lxiii. 274 (Harl. MS.) Þees ben þei, that sleith hire soulis. 1526Tindale John xxi. 15 Lovest thou me more then these? 1610Shakes. Temp. ii. ii. 91 These are diuels; O defend me. a1715Burnet Own Time (1823) I. 342 One of these being taken, and apprehending he was in danger. 1869Tennyson Coming of Arthur 52 He..rode a simple knight among his knights, And many of these in richer arms than he.
c. Referring to things mentioned or enumerated immediately after: pl. of this B. I. 1 d; cf. II. 1 b.
a1225Ancr. R. 36 Þe vreisuns beoð þeos. ‘Deus qui sanctam crucem’ [etc.]. c1380Lay Folks Catech. 349 These ben also þy fyue Inwyttys, Wyl, Resoun, Mynd, ymaginacioun, and thogth. c1400tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 68 Þes er þe tokenys of a good stomak—lightnes of body, clernes of vnderstondynge, stiryng appetyt. 1526Tindale Gal. v. 19 The dedes of the flesshe are manyfest, whiche are these, advoutrie, fornicacion [etc.]. 1678Bunyan Pilgr. i. 190 Such sayings as these: All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags [etc.]. 1847Tennyson Princess ii. 55 Then an officer Rose up, and read the statutes, such as these: Not for three years to correspond with home [etc.].
2. In opposition to † tho, those (of things or persons); sometimes spec. = ‘the latter’: plural of this B. I. 3, 3 b. Also † these..they = some..others (quot. c 1450).
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. xi, ᵹeþence þonne þara tida and nu þissa. c1450in Aungier Syon (1840) 266 Other sustres..nowe these, now thei, owe of pyte..to visitte suche prysoners. 1611Bible Ezek. i. 21 When the liuing creatures were lift vp from the earth, the wheels were lift up... When those went, these went, and when those stood, these stood. 1674tr. Scheffer's Lapland 15 The Russians are generally tall, the Laplanders..very short; those are fat and corpulent, these lean and slender. 1734Pope Ess. Man iv. 22 Some place the bliss in action, some in ease, Those call it Pleasure, and Contentment these. 1902Westm. Gaz. 20 Feb. 2/1, I left the skaters flitting to and fro, these with their hockey sticks, those with their sledges.
II. Demonstrative adjective.
1. Indicating things or persons present or near (actually, or in thought, esp. as having just been mentioned): plural of this B. II. 1.
c888, etc. [see A. β]. c1175Lamb. Hom. 107 Hu þes halie mihten ouercumað þa sunnan. c1205Lay. 29786 Þæs [c 1275 þeos] tiðende come to Austine sone. c1290Beket 308 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 115 Þis wise men þat weren is Messagers. 1340Ayenb. 7 Þise þri hestes diȝteþ ous to gode specialliche. 1390Gower Conf. I. 34 Yet these clerkes alday preche And sein, good dede may non be. 1411Rolls of Parlt. III. 650/2, I..dyd assemble thise persones that here been. c1440Alphabet of Tales 42 Nowder of þies two did itt; I did it my selfe. 1526Tindale Matt. xx. 21 These my two sonnes. 1557North Gueuara's Diall Pr. 50 This daungerous and perillous warres. 1653Walton Angler ii. 69 I'l give you another dish of fish one of these dayes. 1869Lowell Yussouf ii, His who buildeth over these Our tents His glorious roof of night and day. 1872Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 798 Well that ye came, or else these caitiff rogues Had wreak'd themselves on me.
b. Referring to something immediately following: plural of this B. II. 1 b.
a1225Ancr. R. 16 Efter þis ualleð acneon..mid teos vif gretunges. ‘Adoramus te Christe [etc.]’. c1275Lay. 688 And þeos [c 1205 þas] word seide: Brutus þe sele, Niþinc þou art dead. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. Prol. 184 A mous..to þe route of ratones reherced þese wordes: ‘Thouȝ we culled þe catte [etc.]’. c1420Chron. Vilod. 2454 And þuse wordus to hym dude say. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. iv. (Arb.) 159 Also ye finde these words, penetrate, penetrable, indignitie. 1678Bunyan Pilgr. i. 80 Then was he glad, and that for these reasons: First [etc.]. 1737Gentl. Mag. VII. 182/2 Under the Inscription are these Words, in Greek Letters, Kairos ‘o Pandamatôr.
c. Referring to things or persons familiarly known, esp. to the whole class of such things or persons: plural of this B. II. 1 d.
c1325Poem Times Edw. II 49 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 326 Thise ersedeknes that ben set to visite holi churche. c1386Chaucer Frankl. Prol. 1 Thise olde gentil Britons. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, i. ii. 123 These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues. 1602― Ham. ii. ii. 223 These tedious old fooles. a1704T. Brown Misc., Match for Devil Wks. 1711 IV. 149 These Husbands are such very Drones. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. iv, These rufflings, and pinkings, and patchings, will only make us hated. 1820Byron Mar. Fal. iv. ii. 17 These city slaves have all their private bias. Mod. Do you approve of these old age pensions? Who are these Manchu's in China?
d. Used instead of this with a sing. noun of multitude (formerly with company, number; now only with collectives in pl. sense, as vermin); or esp. with kind, sort († form, † manner) followed by of with pl. n. (cf. kind n. 14 b, those II. 2 c).
a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. Let. xii. (1535) Oo ij b, As I say of these smalle nombre, I myght say of many other. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. i. (1879) 147 Then, marche these heathen company towards the Church. a1643J. Shute Judgem. & Mercy (1645) 108 All the land was covered with these vermin. 1796Southey Lett. fr. Spain (1799) 328 A faithful picture of these vermin.
e. With a numeral (definite or indefinite) in expressions of time referring to a period immediately past or immediately future.
c1386Chaucer Merch. Prol. 22, I haue ywedded bee Thise Monthes two. 1552R. Ascham in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 11 Any thing that hapt vnto me, thies many years. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iv. i. 180 For these two houres Rosalinde, I wil leaue thee. 1641R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) I. 313 These three or four years bygone. 1655Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 209 Att the French Court they expect not the conclusion these 4 monthes. 1738Swift Pol. Conversat. 44 Where has the Wench been these Three Hours? 1764Foote Patron iii. Wks. 1799 I. 357, I warrant he won't shew his head for these six months. 1782Cowper Gilpin ii, Though wedded we have been These twice ten tedious years. 1852Thackeray Esmond ii. x, Dan Chaucer's, who's dead these ever so many hundred years. 1865Whewell in Life (1881) 549 As I have done any time these twenty years and more.
f. these days advb. phr., nowadays, at present.
1936R. Lehmann Weather in Streets i. v. 97 An estate like this must be a terrible problem these days. 1948M. Dickens Joy & Josephine i. iv. 132 ‘Play golf?’ Mr. Gray asked George, who answered: ‘Not these days,’ as if he ever had. 1960S. Barstow Kind of Loving ii. iii. 181 He looks as though he's walked out of an American picture. It's all Yankeeland these days. 1981Woman 5 Dec. 5/1 These days women are educated to expect some choice in how they spend their lives.
2. In opposition to those: pl. of this B. II. 2.
1641Hinde J. Bruen xxxiii. 104 O how great is the difference betwixt those holy exercises of Religion..and these prophane exercises of corruption and lust! 1660Barrow Euclid v. xv, The number of these parts is equal to the number of those. 1810Crabbe Borough iv. 54 And these fair acres, rented and enjoy'd, May those excel by Solway-moss destroy'd. Mod. Do you think these scissors sharper than those you had yesterday?
III. Comb. these-like a., like these, such as these: cf. this-like s.v. this B. III.
1644Milton Areop. (Arb.) 57 Every acute reader upon the first sight of a pedantick licence, will be ready with these like words to ding the book a coits distance from him, I hate a pupil teacher [etc.]. 1819Keats Hyperion i. 50 Some mourning words, which in our feeble tongue Would come in these like accents. |