释义 |
▪ I. exchange, n.|ɛksˈtʃeɪndʒ| Forms: 4–6 eschaunge, (6 eschange), 5–6 exchaunge, (6 exchaunce), 6– exchange. [ME. eschaunge, a. AF. eschaunge, OF. eschange (F. échange):—late L. excambium, f. excambiāre: see exchange v. In 16th c. the prefix es- was, as in some other words, altered to ex- after L. analogies.] I. The action or process of exchanging. 1. The action, or an act, of reciprocal giving and receiving: a. of things in general. Proverb, exchange is no robbery.
c1384Chaucer H. Fame ii. 189 Of loues moo eschaunges Then euer cornes were in graunges. c1400Test. Love i. (1560) 275/2 My moeble is insuffisaunte to countervayle the price of this jewell, or els to make the eschaunge. 1552Act 5–6 Edw. VI, c. 19. §1 To exchange gold for silver..so that no man..did take no profit for making such exchange. 1599Shakes. Much Ado ii. i. 320, I giue away my selfe for you, and doat vpon the exchange. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. i. v. §11 In lieu of what he left behind him, Exchange is no Robbery, he carried along with him some of St. Alban's Dust. a1719Addison (J.), They lend their Corn, they make Exchanges. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxv. 182 The due exchange of loads having been made, we advanced upon the glacier. 1863Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 196 Let us make an exchange of child stories. b. of goods, merchandize; = barter; in political economy often with wider sense of ‘commerce’.
1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 8 Salomans factours for exchaunge of other marchaundyse. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 446 If it be a commutation of goods for goods, it is more properly an exchange; but, if it be a transferring of goods for money, it is called a sale: which is a method of exchange introduced, etc. 1863Rogers Pol. Econ. xvii. (1876) 224 No one questions the natural rights of free exchange. c. of prisoners of war.
c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 130 Yf þey wolde graunte..Theschaunge of her. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxxiii. 267 Meanys was made..for delyuerie and exchaunge of y⊇ prysoners. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. (1632) 479 These two Chief-taines wearied with irksomnesse of Irons made exchange the one for the other. 1698Ludlow Mem. I. 109 Procuring my exchange for his two Sons. 1780B. Lincoln in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1883) III. 96 An exchange, when made a prisoner, is one of the rights of a soldier. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Exchange, a mutual agreement between contending powers for exchange of prisoners. d. of blows, passes, strokes (in fencing, games, etc.), salutations.
1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 280 If Hamlet give the first or second hit, Or quit in answer of the third exchange. a1687Waller Bat. Summer-Islands 111, Thus they parted, with exchange of harms. 1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xiii. 258 We hear the exchange of salutations between the reapers and their master. 1882Daily Tel. 18 July 2 This [game at tennis] fell to E. Renshaw after some good exchanges. e. of military or naval commissions, etc. (see quot.). Also attrib., as in exchange system.
1823Crabb Technol. Dict., Exchange between officers, who remove from one regiment to another, or from full pay to half pay, for which a consideration is usually given, called the Difference. 1833Marryat P. Simple xxxi, Captain Falcon..received his commission that evening, and the next day the exchanges were made. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Exchange, the removal of officers from one ship to another. 1875Act 38 Vict. c. 16 Her Majesty may..authorise exchanges to be made from one regiment..to another regiment. 1875D. Wolff Sp. Ho. Com. 22 Feb., In the Artillery, Engineers, and Marines, they had from time immemorial had the Exchange system, yet they had never adopted the Purchase system. f. in Chess, of pieces captured. to force the exchange: to play so as to compel your opponent to take one piece for another. to gain, win, lose the exchange: to take or lose a superior piece in exchange for an inferior.
1823Crabb Technol. Dict. s.v. Chess, Exchanges..often give the adversary an advantage. 1848H. Staunton Chess-Players Handbk. (ed. 2) 21 When a player gains a Rook for a Bishop or a Knight, it is termed winning the exchange. 1865Househ. Chess Mag. 34 This move loses, at least, the ‘exchange’. 1878H. E. Bird Chess Openings 105 Black gains the exchange, and should win. g. (to give, have, take, etc.) † by, in exchange † of, for (something else).
c1400Destr. Troy 3182 Priam..may prestly suppose His suster to sese, sent by eschaunge. 1598Shakes. Merry W. ii. ii. 243 There is money..spend all I haue, onely giue me so much of your time in exchange of it. 1611Bible Matt. xvi. 26 Or what shall a man giue in exchange for his soule? 1663Gerbier Counsel 109 A very gainfull returne of Amber Greese and vendible commodities in exchange of Iron Tools. 1665Dryden Ind. Emperor (J.), O spare her life, and in exchange take mine. 1778T. Jones Hoyle's Games Impr. 147 You can get two Pieces in Exchange for your Queen. 1837W. Irving Capt. Bonneville III. 193 Giving horses in exchange for the articles of which they stand in need. 2. Law. ‘A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of the other’ (Blackstone Comm. (1767) II. 323).
1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 13 b, In exchange it behoveth, that the estates that bothe parties have in the landes so exchaunged be equal. 1642Perkins Prof. Bk. iv. §284. 126 Now is to shew in what time the estates of exchanges ought to be executed. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 203 A husband and wife joined in exchanging lands, which were the estate of the wife, with a stranger, for other lands; and the exchange was executed. 1876Digby Real Prop. x. §i. 378 Conveyances by way of exchange. 3. a. The action of giving or receiving coin in return for coin of equivalent value either of the same or a foreign country, for bullion, or for notes or bills; a bargain respecting this; the trade of a money-changer. † bank of exchange: the office of a money-changer or banker.
[1335Act 9 Edw. III, stat. 2 c. 7 Et que table deschange soit a Dovorri & aillours, ou & qant il semblera a nos & a notre consail per faire eschange.] 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 249 Eschaunges and cheuesances with suche chaffare I dele. c1386Chaucer Prol. 278 Wel couthe he in eschaunge scheeldes [i.e. Fr. écus] selle. 1526Pilgr. Perf. ii. iv. 43 b, He maketh his banke and exchange with some ryche marchaunt. 1552Huloet, Exchaunge, wher as gayne or lucre is gotten at the second hande, promercium. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent 127 Not without good cause..hath Douer..beene..assigned by lawes of Parleament as a speciall place for passage and eschaunge. 1580Baret Alv. E 428 The losse and decay for the exchange of some peece of gold or siluer, collybus. 1611Cotgr. s.v. Change, Banke of Exchange, or place wherein money is exchanged, and commodities bartered for. Mod. I lost a good deal by the exchange of some 20-mark pieces that I brought home. †b. The profit obtained by a money-changer or money-lender. Obs.
1552Huloet, Banqueter or he that kepeth a banck of mony, of whome people doo borowe money vpon gayne, called exchaunge. 1751Chambers Cycl., Exchange is also used for the profit, which a merchant..or broker makes of a sum of money received..Sometimes also used for the..profit allowed for the moneys advanced in any one's behalf. 4. a. ‘That species of mercantile transactions by which the debts of individuals residing at a distance from their creditors are cancelled without the transmission of money’ (McCulloch), by the use of ‘bills of exchange’. The simplest case of such a transaction is when two merchants in one place are respectively debtor and creditor for equal amounts to two merchants in a distant place. The two debts may be settled by the two creditors exchanging their claims; the process being that one of the creditors draws a ‘bill of exchange’ on his distant debtor, and sells it to his neighbour for its value in present money; the latter sends it as payment of his debt to his creditor, who thus obtains a claim upon a neighbour in exchange for his claim on a person at a distance. In practice the matter is much more complicated, and the term Bill of Exchange has acquired an extended signification from which the etymological notion has almost disappeared (see bill n.3 9). By writers on the theory of finance exchange is used for the whole system of transactions effected by ‘bills of exchange’, and is formally divided into Inland and Foreign Exchange. But in practice (exc. in the term bill of exchange itself) the word now almost exclusively means foreign exchange, and in this use has a mixed notion of sense 3; the price at which a bill drawn on a foreign country for a given amount may be bought being subject to variations, depending (1) on the varying relation in intrinsic value between the coins of the two countries; (2) on the varying demand for bills; and (3) on the length of time for which the bill has to run. par of exchange: the recognized standard value of the coinage of one country in terms of the coinage of another; e.g. (in 1894) {pstlg}1 sterling at par = 25.22½ francs French money. rate or course of exchange (also simply exchange): (a) the price at which bills drawn in the currency of a foreign country may be purchased; (b) sometimes, the percentage by which this differs from par; e.g. ‘the (rate of) exchange has risen from 9½ to 10 p.c.’ arbitration of exchange: see arbitration. Economic writers distinguish between the real par of exchange, which is the relation in intrinsic value existing between the coins of two nations, and the nominal or conventional par, which may for convenience be maintained at a fixed level. When the price that must be paid for a foreign bill exceeds par, the exchange is said to be against, or unfavourable to, the country in which the bill is drawn; when the price is below par, the exchange is in favour of that country.
1485[see 5]. 1560in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 478 By this reformation of base monies..the accoumpte, which, by merchauntes, is called the Eschaunge, shall..aryse in estimation of the monies of Englande. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iv. ii. 89, I haue bils for monie by exchange From Florence, and must heere [at Padua] deliuer them. a1627Hayward Edw. VI (1630) 9 Hee was skilful in the exchange beyond the seas. 1691Locke Lower. Interest Wks. 1727 II. 57 Within a Month a Million must be return'd into Holland, this presently raises the Exchange. Ibid. II. 72 Foreign Exchange is the Paying of money in one Country, to receive it in another. 1694Child Disc. Trade (ed. 4) 174 The course of the Exchange..being generally above the intrinsick value or par of the coins of foreign Countries, we..lose by such Exchange. 1724Swift Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 II. ii. 44 The difference is almost 25 per cent. which is double to the highest exchange of money. 1776Adam Smith W.N. iv. iii. (1869) II. 49 The ordinary course of exchange should be allowed to be a sufficient indication of the ordinary state of debt and credit between any two places. 1788T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 468 In this paper, you will see the exchange of yesterday. 1861Goschen For. Exch. 48 The limits within which the exchanges may vary..are on the one extreme, the par value, plus the cost of the transmission of bullion; on the other extreme, the par value, minus this identical sum. Ibid. (1864) 75 The natural value of the rouble..would have been..5 per cent. below the nominal par of exchange. 1868E. Seyd Bullion & For. Exch. 394 The actual Mintage Par of Exchange between London and Paris is {pstlg}1 = fcs. 25·2215..For all practicable purposes, however, we may call the Par of Exchange fcs. 25·22½ centimes. †b. dry exchange (= It. cambio secco, Fr. change sec): a method of evading the laws against usury by means of fictitious bills of exchange. Obs. The expression (trockner Wechsel) still survives in German in the sense of a promissory note, i.e. a bill drawn by a person upon himself.
1485–6Act 3 Hen. VII, c. 5 Eny bargayne..by the name of drye exchaunge..be utterly voide. 1572T. Wilson Disc. Usury (1584) 117 b, The second kind [of exchange by bills]..called sicke and drie exchange..is practised when one doth borrowe money by exchange for a strange region, at longer or shorter distance of time, to serue his turne the rather thereby, not minding to make anie reall paiment abroad; but compoundeth with the exchanger to haue it returned backe againe, according as the exchange shall passe from thence to London, for such distance of time as they were agreed vpon. 1682J. Scarlett Exchanges 266 Dry Exchanges consist in a giving of Monyes..but the repayment is to be made after a certain time in the same place where the Monyes was given, and such a sum certain over and above, as the giver of Monyes can get and agree for. c. Arith. (See quot.)
1849Freese Comm. Class-bk. ii. 69. 1859 Barn. Smith Arith. & Algebra (ed. 6) 513 Exchange is the Rule by which we find how much money of one country is equivalent to a given sum of another country, according to a given course of Exchange. 5. = Bill of Exchange (see bill n.3 9). Still occas. used in commercial correspondence. Also ellipt. in first, second, or third of exchange (= Fr. première, etc. de change).
1485Caxton Paris & V. (1868) 55 He had receued the eschaunge that Vyenne had sent hym. Ibid. 57 She sendeth to you an eschaunge of thre thousand floryns. Mod. (Form of Foreign Bill.) Sixty days after sight of this Second of Exchange (First and Third unpaid) pay to the order of, etc. ¶6. In senses more correctly expressed by change: a. Substitution of one person or thing for another. †b. Variation of conduct, etc. †c. Transmutation; mutation, alteration.
1393Gower Conf. III. 351, I se the world stond ever upon eschaunge. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 236 Preve eke the unpreved grene afore eschaunge. c1430Lydg. Dispraise of Women xii, These women..Most loue eschaunge and doublenes. 1548Gest Pr. Masse B vij b No more can thee bread be christes body wythoute the exchaunge of the matter therof unto the sayd body. 1572R. H. tr. Lauaterus' Ghostes (1596) 165 The exchange of Empires, and of other things, are in his power. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. ii. 43 Th' allusion holds in the Exchange. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xv. (Arb.) 182 Your figures that worke auricularly by exchange..vsing one case for another, or tense, or person. 1859Reeve Brittany 235 At the only inn..everything was in comfortless confusion, arising from an exchange of tenants. II. 7. a. A person or thing that is offered or given in exchange or substitution for another.
1490Plumpton Corr. 100 They will take yt in ferme, or els make yt exchaunce with you of lands lyeing in Yorkshire. 1605Shakes. Lear iv. vi. 280 A plot vpon her vertuous Husbands life, and the exchange my brother. Ibid. v. iii. 97 There's my exchange [a glove]. 1654–66Earl of Orrery Parthen. vi. (1676) 734 Having avowedly in his power a sufficient exchange for him. a1700Dryden (J.), The respect and love which was paid you..was a wise exchange for the honours of the Court. b. A newspaper sent to the office of another newspaper in exchange for the latter. Also attrib.
1798Deb. Congress U.S. 27 Mar. II. 1318/2 The great number of exchange papers which pass between the printers of newspapers. 1837in Canadian Hist. Rev. (1938) XIX. 15 Nineteen-twentieths of our exchanges are printed on a fairer quality [paper]. 1848Yale Lit. Mag. XIV. 47 (Th.), Our exchanges. 1886Chr. Life 23 Jan. 37/3 ‘The pulpit and the people are rising out of the superstitions into the real religion’—so remarks an exchange. III. A place of exchange. 8. King's Exchange or Queen's Exchange: see quot.
1601Queen Elizabeth Let. base Moneys in T. Stafford Pac. Hib. 149 We require you..to giue all attention of it..[by] bringing in all others according to the course of Our Exchange, which by Our Proclamation you may perceiue that wee haue instituted. [a1623see exchange v. 1 b.] 1706Phillips, The Queen's Exchange. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v., The King's Exchange or the place appointed by the king for exchange of plate, or bullion for the king's coin. †9. A money-changer's establishment or office.
a1569A. Kingsmill Comf. Afflict. (1585) A iij, To lay it [a talent] with you in exchange and banke. 1575Fenton tr. Gueuara's Gold. Epist. (1582) 75 Hee whipped out the Usurers, reuersed their exchaunges, and dispearsed their treasures. 10. a. A building in which the merchants of a town assemble for the transaction of business. Cf. burse 3 b, change n. 3. The ‘Burse’ or Exchange built in London by Sir T. Gresham in 1566 received from Queen Elizabeth the name of Royal Exchange, which is retained by the present building. Gresham's building is in 17th c. sometimes called the Old Exchange, to distinguish it from the New Exchange, i.e. ‘Britain's Burse’.
1589Nash Pasquil's Ret. 1, I little thought to meete thee so suddainly upon the Exchange. 1593Norden Spec. Brit., M'sex i. 35 Sir Thomas Gresham..named it the Burse, whereunto afterward Queene Elizabeth gave the name of Royall Exchange. a1610Healey Epictetus' Man (1636) 39 You cannot builde it a schoole, an Exchange, or a bathe. 1611Coryat Crudities 23 As for their Exchang[e] where they sell many fine and curious things, there are two or three prety walks in it. 1632Massinger City Madam i. i, Being forced to fetch these from the Old Exchange, These from the Tower, and these from Westminster. 1710Lond. Gaz. No. 4708/4 Inquire at the..Royal Exchange East Country-Walk in Exchange Time. 1716–8Lady M. W. Montague Lett. I. xxxviii. 154 Behind the mosque is an exchange, full of shops. 1790J. Willock Voy. diverse parts ix. 298 The exchange [Königsberg] is a beautiful edifice. 1848Dickens Dombey iv, The Royal Exchange was close at hand. fig.1628Earle Microcosm. lii. (Arb.) 73 It [Pauls Walke] is the great Exchange of all discourse. 1643Denham Cooper's Hill 188 His [Thames'] fair bosom is the world's exchange. 1793Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 196 Sir Gilbert Elliot is not found in a common shop of the diplomatic exchange. 1886D. C. Murray Cynic Fortune vi, Fairy banknotes which are only valuable at the Exchange of Fancy. b. Preceded by some defining word that indicates a special branch of business: as coal-exchange, corn-exchange, hop-exchange, stock-exchange, wool-exchange, for which see those words. c. = telephone exchange (telephone n. 3).
1887J. M. W. Yerrington Trial H.K. Goodwin 11 Mr. Swan..became engaged in the telephone business..having charge of the Lawrence Exchange. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 133/2 In a large town it is neither practicable nor desirable to connect each subscriber directly with all the other subscribers, hence a system of ‘exchanges’ has been adopted. 1938D. du Maurier Rebecca xxv, Something was buzzing in the telephone. I heard Beatrice shouting, ‘Hullo, hullo, don't cut us off, exchange,’ and then there was a click, and silence. 11. U.S. A dram-shop.
1882Sala Amer. Revis. II. ii. 13 Here [in New Orleans] the dram shops are called ‘exchanges’. 12. a. attrib. and Comb. (sense 6) exchange-time; (senses 3, 4) exchange-bank, exchange-broker, exchange-office, exchange-shop; also exchange-cap (see quot.); exchange clearing, a method of bilateral payment through central banks; exchange control, governmental control of purchases of foreign currency and of transfer of currency to foreign countries; exchange force Physics, an assumed force between atomic particles responsible for the exchange of charges or other co-ordinates; † exchange-man, (a) a merchant on Change; (b) a shopkeeper at the ‘New Exchange’; exchange paper (see sense 7 b above); exchange rate = rate n.1 5 b (cf. rate of exchange under exchange n. 4 a); exchange transfusion, the removal of some of a person's blood with the simultaneous transfusion of other (normal) blood; exchange-value = exchangeable value; † exchange-wench, -woman, a shopwoman at the ‘New Exchange’.
1535Coverdale Luke xix. 23 Wherfore than hast thou not delyuered my money to the *exchaunge banke.
1704Cocker App., *Exchange Brokers, men that tell how the Exchange of Money goes, and finds those that will Exchange.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 815/1 *Exchange-cap, a fine quality of paper..used for printing bills of exchange, etc.
1934P. Einzig Exchange Control xiii. 138 It is difficult even to get an adequate answer to the question as to what *Exchange Clearing really is. Some people simply class it with exchange restrictions. Technically, they are right, for the act of compelling importers to pay the purchase price to the Central Bank instead of..to their creditors undoubtedly interferes with..exchange operations.
1931Times 5 Dec. 16/3 The Financial Committee and the Economic Committee of the League of Nations have placed the question of foreign *exchange control on their agenda. 1932Times 1 Apr. 12/4 Concern is expressed..over the consequences of the exchange control measures and counter-measures in and around Austria. 1934L. Robbins Gt. Depression viii. 179 A régime of this sort must necessitate the most extensive measures of exchange control.
1934Nature 30 June 981/1 The possibility of deducing the *exchange forces between neutrons and protons. 1962Gloss. Terms Nuclear Sci. (B.S.I.) 44 Exchange force, a type of force, acting between two particles, the mathematical expression of which involves an interchange of their coordinates. Such forces are thought to act between nucleons.
1631Donne Polydoron 108 There are three sorts of honest men: viz. your *Exchangeman for the bearing up of his credit, etc. 1783Ainsworth Lat. Dict. (Morell) ii. Nūgĭvendus..an exchange-man, or milliner.
1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. iii. ix. 416 A person wishing to exchange money for French money goes to an *exchange office in London.
1896R. Barclay Disturb. Stand. Value (ed. 2) v. 134 The silver equivalents of the gold prices..would fall in view of the difference in *exchange rates. 1928Britain's Industrial Future (Lib. Ind. Inq.) v. xxviii. 413 Stable foreign exchange-rates are not enough.
1631T. Powell Tom All Trades 48 A pretty way of breeding young Maides in an *Exchange shop, or St. Martins le grand.
1710Lond. Gaz. No. 4708/4 In *Exchange Time.
1946Jrnl. Laboratory & Clinical Med. XXXI. 1017 The main obstacle to the successful performance of an *exchange transfusion in infants is not the injection but the process of withdrawal, which is hampered by the coagulation of the infant's blood. 1963Lancet 12 Jan. 86/1 For some years the umbilical vein in the umbilical cord has been used for exchange transfusions. 1970Glasgow Herald 19 Nov. 1/7 Because of the deterioration of the sugar in the blood it was decided, after consultation, to carry out an exchange blood transfusion.
1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. i. (1876) 7 *Exchange value is the characteristic which stamps a commodity with the attribute of wealth.
1683England's Vanity 32 Every *Exchange-Wench is usher'd in by them [Pearles] into her stalls. 1707Cibber Double Gallant iv, To treat a Woman of Quality like an Exchange-Wench.
1697― Woman's Wit 111, Your Ladyship's being out of Humour with the *Exchange Woman, for shaping your Ruffles so odiously, made you a little too reserv'd. b. spec. used attrib. to denote a reciprocal arrangement whereby two teachers, students, etc., occupy each other's position for a limited period of time; also designating one of the two parties in such an arrangement.
1912Nation 6 June 555 The system of ‘exchange professors’ between France and the United States. 1934H. Miller Tropic of Cancer 265, I had been offered a trivial post as exchange professor of English, one of those Franco-American amity arrangements. 1936L. C. Douglas White Banners viii. 164 Springer of Cambridge..had just arrived as an exchange lecturer. 1953D. Parry Going Up—Going Down ii. 51, I might begin with an exchange-fellowship at Yale or Harvard. 1959Listener 26 Feb. 364/1 Nowadays, more emphasis is placed on teaching foreign languages phonetically and on trying to tie lessons in with exchange visits of pupils abroad. 1960Encounter Mar. 77/1 Young exchange students. 1966J. Caird Perturbing Spirit xxiii. 253 She'd got an exchange teaching job for a year to the U.S.A. 1967Guardian 29 May 8/5 British exchange teachers in the United States, and vice versa, are tax exempt.
Add:[I.] [1.] h. An alternation of statements or responses in the course of a conversation; an interlocution. Also (usu. in pl.), a conversation, dialogue, or argument.
[1862: see sense 1 d above.] 1939Wodehouse Uncle Fred in Springtime i. 16 Horace, who had been listening to these philosophical exchanges with some impatience, intervened. 1966B. Malamud Fixer iv. ii. 123 Marfa had listened intently to the exchange between the men. 1970D. Jacobson Rape of Tamar xii. 147 Perhaps the strangest thing about exchanges of this kind, which have become very common between them, is that they both mean what they say. 1981C. Priest Affirmation xiv. 125, I was aware..that Seri and Lareen were speaking to each other: polite exchanges and pleasantries, places for Seri to visit on the island, an hotel she might stay in. [II.] [7.] c. Med. An amount of a given foodstuff containing specified quantities of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, considered as a replacement for an equivalent quantity of another foodstuff which is excluded from the diet of a diabetic; also, the quantity of fat, protein, or carbohydrate specified.
1949Proc. Amer. Diabetic Assoc. IX. 403 Foods were arranged in the groups listed below and units or ‘exchanges’ in each group were assigned the food values shown in Table I. 1950Jrnl. Amer. Diabetic Assoc. XXVI. 576/1 The objectives..were to prepare a set of representative values suitable for use in dietary calculation and to develop a simplified method for planning the diet, including several ‘exchange lists’ of foods of similar food value. 1960A. Marble in R. H. Williams Diabetes xxxiii. 456 The physician directs the patient as to the number of exchanges to take from the various lists. 1984Balance Oct. 5/4 As a rough guide, each of the following contains one exchange or portion (ie 10 g of carbohydrate): two teaspoons of sugar or glucose, two boiled sweets, [etc.]. 1987C. Kilo et al. Diabetes xv. 158 One exchange of milk contains 12 grams of carbohydrate. [III.] [12.] [a.] Exchange Rate Mechanism, a method of stabilizing exchange rates within the European Monetary System, by which the currencies of some EC countries are linked to the ECU to limit excessive exchange-rate fluctuations; abbrev. ERM s.v. *E III. d.
1978Financial Times 6 Dec. 2/6 Following are the main points of the official communiqué issued by the European Council yesterday..announcing details of the planned European Monetary System (EMS)... The ECU will be used..as the denominator..for the *exchange rate mechanism. 1991Economist 29 June 27/1 Sterling's membership of the exchange-rate mechanism was acceptable at the current wide 6{pcnt} band because ‘it is in a way like anchoring something to the gold standard’. ▪ II. exchange, v.|ɛksˈtʃeɪndʒ| Forms: (? 4 schange), 5, 7 eschange, 6 exchaunge, 6– exchange. [a. OF. eschangier (mod.F. échanger):—late L. excambiāre, f. ex- (see ex- prefix1) + cambiāre: see change v.] 1. trans. To change away; to dispose of (commodities, possessions, etc.) by exchange or barter; to give, relinquish, or lose (something) whilst receiving something else in return. Also absol.
1484Caxton Curiall (1888) 13 They selle, bye or exchange somtyme theyr rentes or propre vestementis. 1545Act 37 Hen. VIII, c. 9 §5 The Wares..so bargained, sold, exchanged or shifted. 1611Bible Ezek. xlviii. 14 They shall not sell of it, neither exchange, nor alienate the first fruits of the land. 1808Hoyle's Game Chess 19 When you have two pawns on a front line neither should be pushed forward until the adversary proposes to exchange. Ibid. Strive to capture or exchange those men which would prevent it [a direct attack]. 1835I. Taylor Spir. Despot. ii. 30 Difficulties that may be exchanged sooner than avoided. b. With for († with) before the thing taken in exchange. In mod. use also with against (? after Fr. contre). Also absol.
1611Shakes. Cymb. i. v. 55 To shift his being, Is to exchange one misery with another. 1621Ainsworth Annot. Pentat. Gen. xxii. heading, Isaak is exchanged with a ram. a1623Camden (J.), The king called in the old money and erected exchanges where the weight of old money was exchanged for new. 1680Morden Geog. Rect., Tartary (1685) 77 The Commodities that the Turks exchange for with the Inhabitants are Slaves. a1704Locke (J.), Exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparkling pebble. 1786W. Thomson Watson's Philip III (1839) 243 He was impatient to exchange the luxury of a palace for the dangers and hardships of the field. 1833[see against 14]. 1868Rogers Pol. Econ. iii. (ed. 3) 22 Where dealings are transacted on a large scale, it is not difficult for commodities to be exchanged against commodities. 1874Green Short Hist. iii. 123 The vague expressions of the older charters were now exchanged for precise and elaborate provisions. †c. To obtain (something) in exchange for.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. i. 84 What, shalt thou exchange for ragges, roabes. 1596Spenser F.Q. vii. vi. 6 Ne shee the lawes of Nature onely brake, But eke of Justice..And death for life exchanged foolishlie. 2. To give and receive reciprocally; to make an exchange of; to interchange. Const. sing. or pl. obj. with (a person).
1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 340 Exchange forgiuenesse with me, Noble Hamlet. 1611― Wint. T. iv. iv. 284 She wold not exchange flesh with one that lou'd her. 1698Ludlow Mem. (1721) I. 47 The great Shot was exchanged on both sides for the space of an Hour. 1711Addison Spect. No. 12 ⁋2, I do not remember that we have exchanged a Word together these five Years. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian vii, Would we could exchange natures with him for a moment. 1832H. Martineau Each & All vi. 79 They exchanged smiles, and understood one another immediately. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 417 No engagements of allegiance or protection had ever been exchanged. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 5 Blows were exchanged. 3. Mil. and Naval. a. To give up a prisoner to the enemy in return for one taken by them.
1726Tindal Rapin's Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) I. 207/2 Matilda..consented he should be exchanged for the King. 1853Stocqueler Mil. Encycl., Prisoners of War are deprived of their liberty until regularly exchanged. 1860Woolsey Introd. Internat. Law §146. 336 Prisoners are generally exchanged within the same rank man for man. b. absol. To pass, by exchange with another officer, from or out of one regiment or ship into another. Cf. exchange n. 1 e.
1787Nelson 10 July in Nicolas Disp. (1845) I. 243 Lieutenant Hope wished to exchange out of the Pegasus into the Boreas. 1875Gathorne Hardy Sp. Ho. Com. 22 Feb., A poor man may find himself in positions where he could not exchange. 1875Trevelyan ibid., The officer above them who refuses to exchange out of the battalion. 4. intr. Chiefly of coin: To be received as an equivalent for.
1776Adam Smith W.N. i. xi. (1855) 89 In 1695..the value of the silver coin was not kept up by the gold coin; a guinea then commonly exchanging for thirty shillings of the worn and clipt silver. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. iii. iii. §2 Demand and supply always rush to an equilibrium, but the condition of stable equilibrium is when things exchange for each other according to their cost of production. 1890Sat. Rev. 3 May 531/2 An English sovereign exchanged a little while ago for thirteen rupees. 5. trans. = change v. 6. Also to exchange into = change v. 6 b. The first quot. may belong to change v.; schaungen appears among the forms of that word in 14th c.
a1300Cursor M. 479 (Gött.) Fra þan his [Lucifer's] name schangid was, Now es he cald foule sathanas. 1548Gest Pr. Masse 83 Can it be hys bodye, onles it be exchaunged into it? 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 144 But..as it much differeth..from the other, is also alike exchanged by title, that one tearmed..Friendship, and this other..Love. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cix, I returne againe, Just to the time, not with the time exchang'd. |