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duke, n.|djuːk|
Forms: 2–6 duc, (3 dux), 3–4 duk, 4– duke. (Also 3–5 duyk, 3–6 duck, -e, 4 douk, -e, douc, deuk, 5 dukke, dwk, -e, doke, doyk, duche, 5–6 dewke, duque, duce, Sc. duik.)
[ME. duc, duk, a. F. duc, in OF. nom. dux, ducs, dus (11–12th c. in Littré), early ad. L. dux, duc-em, leader, commander, general. (If the Latin word had come down in OF., its form would have been dois, doix: cf. croix, noix, OF. crois, nois:—L. crucem, nucem.)]
†1.
a. A leader; a leader of an army, a captain or general; a chief, ruler. Obs.
c1205Lay. 264 Þe ȝet leouede Asscani, þe on þan londe was duc. Ibid. 268 Þa sende Asscani, þe wes lauerd and dux. a1300Cursor M. 17979 Sathan..duke of deeþ & prynce of helle. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. I. 340 A duk þat shal reule my folk of Israel. Ibid. III. 137 Jesus Crist duke of our batel. 1382― Ps. lxxix. 10 [lxxx. 9] Duke of the weie thou were in his siȝt. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. iii. (1495) 749 The ramme that is duke and defender of other shepe. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas vii. ix. (1554) 173 a, Duke Moses, by god was made their gyde. c1449Pecock Repr. iv. vii. 460 Dukis and reulers of the chirche. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. 237 The Comones risen ageyn the kyng and the lordes..Her duke was Wat Tyler, a proude knave and malapert. 1533Bellenden Livy iv. (1822) 339 Na man may be callit duke, bot he alanerlie be quhias avise the army is led. 1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. i. 346 The great Duke, that (in dreadful aw) Upon Mount Horeb learn'd th' eternall Law. [1869Daily News 26 Jan., Now-a-days Dukes do not lead. Dux a non ducendo is the true political etymology of the title.]
b. Rendering L. dux, a provincial military commander, under the later emperors.
1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 234 The Counts or Dukes of the Midland parts and the Count of the Sea-Coast or Saxon Shore, had distinct charges. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xvii. II. 44 Under their orders thirty-five military commanders were stationed in the provinces..All these provincial generals were therefore dukes; but no more than ten among them were dignified with the rank of counts or companions, a title of honour, or rather of favour, which had been recently invented in the court of Constantine. 1836Penny Cycl. V. 445/2 Three other principal officers are mentioned—the Comes littoris Saxonici per Britanniam..the Comes Britanniarum (Count of Britain), and the Dux Britanniarum (Duke of Britain). We have translated the words Comes and Dux, by Count and Duke, after Horsley.
c. In O.T. rendering dux of the Vulgate, ἡγεµών of LXX, in sense ‘chief or leader of a tribe’.
1382Wyclif Gen. xxxvi. 40 Thes thanne the names of the dukis [1388 duykis] of Esau..the duke [v.r. duyk] Thanna, the duke Alua, the duke Jezeth [etc.]..thes the dukys [v.r. duykis] of Edom, the dwellers in the loond of his empire. [So 1611and R.V. 1885; Coverd. has ‘prynce, prynces’.]
2. a. In some European countries: A sovereign prince, the ruler of a small state called a duchy.
Five dukes (with six grand-dukes) ruled states included in the German Empire after 1870. Two Italian dukes (and one grand-duke) remained as rulers of independent states down to 1860.
(In this sense, the name is partly derived from the late Roman use of dux (1 b), partly the English rendering (through med.L. dux, F. duc, It. duca) of Ger. herzog, OHG. herizogo, OE. heretoga, lit. ‘leader of warlike host’. Throughout the Frankish empire, the Merovingian kings appointed duces to superintend several frontier comitatus (the dux being superior to the comes). These duces of Aquitaine, Allemania, etc. were purely official. But in the half of Germany not under the Franks there still existed ‘dukes’ of another kind. The Teutonic herizogo was originally the temporary war-chief of a tribe, as opposed to the civil chief or king. He occasionally made himself permanent head of the volksstam, while still retaining his title (e.g. in Bavaria). In Germany, this class of ‘duke’ came to an end when Charlemagne destroyed the last independent German states. Under the Carolingians, the dux was, east and west of the Rhine alike, an official ruling a province. But, in the decay of this dynasty, the dukes everywhere became hereditary and practically independent. Hence came, in the West, the dukes of Aquitaine, Burgundy, Normandy, etc.; in the East, those of Franconia, Saxony, Suabia, etc. In France, however, the monarchy gradually reabsorbed the duchies, which by 1500 were all amalgamated with the crown, the title of ‘duke’ having become merely that of the highest rank of nobility, with no sovereign rights. (See sense 3.) In Germany, on the other hand, the Duke of Bavaria or of Saxony was practically independent, the emperor having little or no power over him. The early Italian duca came direct from the Old Teutonic herizogo, the dukes of Benevento and Spoleto having been chiefs of Lombard war-bands who carved new states out of Roman Italy. In England, before the Norman Conquest, dux was an ordinary translation of ealdorman in L. charters; but did not become vernacular. From the Conquest till Edward III, ealdorman or eorl was rendered by comes, and dux, duc, duk, was known only as a foreign title; even William and Robert are known to the Old English Chronicle only as ‘earls’ of Normandy.)
[1066O.E. Chron., Wyllelm eorl of Normandiȝe. 1124Ibid. Þes eorles sunu Rotbert of Normandi.] 1129O.E. Chron., Mid him helden ða of Rome . and se duc of Sicilie. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7498 Þys noble duc Willam hym let crouny kyng At Londone amidewinter day. 13..Guy W. (A.) 2372 Þe douke wers bifallen is, For miche of his folk he les. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxii. 477 Wenynge that reynawd had not durst hange the duche richarde. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 1 William the Conquerour, Duke of Normandie..began his dominion over this Realme. 1610Shakes. Temp. i. ii. 58 Thy father was the Duke of Millaine and A Prince of power. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 217 The emperor Leopold I. and John III. king of Poland, met..attended by a great number of electors, dukes, princes, and nobles, to congratulate each other after they had successfully raised the siege of Vienna. 1839Penny Cycl. XV. 295/1 The government of Modena is the most absolute in Italy..the present duke, Francis IV. of Este, is..the last descendant of the houses both of Este and Cibo. Mod. H.R.H. Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, and Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
†b. Used to render the Venetian doge. Obs.
1547Boorde Introd. Knowl. xxiv. (1870) 183 The Duke of Venys is chosen for terme of hys lyfe. 1604Shakes. Oth. iv. i. 230 The Duke, and the Senators of Venice greet you. 1643Herle Answ. Ferne 45 What better is His Majesty then a Duke of Venice? 1820Byron Mar. Fal. i. ii, 'Tis not well in Venice' Duke to say so.
c. Loosely used as the translation of the Russian knyaz, prince: see F. duc. See also Grand Duke.
1614Selden Titles Hon. 208 Remember what is in the first booke of the Duke of Muscouie, for a Duke vncrowned, yet supreme Prince. 1618Fletcher Loyal Subj. Dram. Pers., Great Duke of Moscovia. Ibid. passim.
3. a. In Great Britain and some other countries: A hereditary title of nobility, ranking next below that of prince.
royal duke, a duke who is a member of the royal family, taking precedence of the other dukes.
(After the great feudatory dukes of France, or most of them, had come to be merely the greatest nobles of the country, the title was imitated in England and other countries. In England it was introduced by Edward III, who in 1337 created the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and in 1351 the king's cousin Henry, Duke of Lancaster, which title at his death in 1361 was conferred on his son-in-law, John of Gaunt, the king's third surviving son, the title of Duke of Clarence being at the same time conferred upon the second son Lionel. Under Richard II and in subsequent reigns, the dignity was gradually extended outside the Royal Family, this being especially the case after the death of Queen Elizabeth, under whom the rank had been for some time extinguished.)
[1337Rot. Cart. 11 Edw. III, No. 60 in Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 743 Pro Edwardo duce Cornubie. Ibid., Eidem filio nostro nomen & honorem ducis Cornubie de communi assensu & consilio..dedimus. 1352Patent Roll 25 Edw. III, i. m. 18 ibid. 748 Pro Henrico duce Lancastrie. Ibid., Prefato Henrico nomen ducis Lancastrie inponimus et ipsum de nomine ducis dicti loci..investimus. 1351–2Act 25 Edw. III, stat. v. Preamb., Nostre Seignur le Roi del assent des Prelatz, Ducs, Countes, Barons, & de tout le comunalte de son Roialme dEngleterre [etc.]. ]1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 23 Duckes, Erles, Barouns, and Bachelers of ye londe. 1399Rolls of Parlt. III. 452/1 The Lordes..ajuggen..that the Dukes of Aumarle Surrey and Excestre..lese and forgo fro hem and her heirs thes names that thei have now as Dukes. 1472J. Paston in P. Lett. No. 715 III. 75 To the right hyghe and myghty Prince..my Lord the Dwke of Norffolk. 1556Aurelio & Isab. (1608) L iij, The Quene and manney Duques, earles, and grete lordes besoughte him. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 7 Thys yere sir Edmonde Langle and sir Thomas Wodstoke ware made duckes. Ibid. 52 The dewke of Norffoke and the yerle of Sorré hys sonne ware comyttyd unto the tower of London. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, i. i. 124 For Suffolkes Duke, may he be suffocate, That dims the Honor of this Warlike Isle. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. xii. 397. 1850 Fonblanque in Life & Labours i. (1874) 106 The Duke of Wellington, the ‘Iron Duke’, the ‘hero of a hundred fights’. 1852Tennyson Ode Wellington, Bury the Great Duke With an empire's lamentation.
b. slang. A man of showy demeanour or appearance.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Rum-duke, a jolly handsom Man. 1763Brit. Mag. IV. 372, I..soon acquired the appellations of a rum duke, a queer dog, and a choice spirit. 1785in Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue.
c. Phr. Duke of Exeter's daughter: see daughter 6 c. to dine with Duke Humphrey: see dine v. 1 b.
†4. The castle or rook at chess. Obs.
1624Middleton Game at Chess Induct. 54 Dukes? they're called Rooks by some. 1656Beale Chess 7 The Rocks, Rookes, or Dukes walk forward, backward, and side-wayes.
†5. The great eagle-owl (Bubo maximus). Obs.
1656W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Unl. §137. 41 The boading Owl, the Horn-Owl, or Duke, the mournful Howlet, the sad Scrietch-Owl.
6. Name of a kind of cherry.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1669) 64 June..Cherries..Duke, Flanders, Heart (Black, Red, White). 1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Cherry, The Duke and archduke on a good wall are most years ripe before the end of the month. 1883G. Allen in Colin Clout's Cal. 117 The common dwarf cherry..is the ancestor of morellos, dukes, and the Kentish kind.
7. slang. The hand or fist. Usu. pl. Also dook.
1874Hotten Slang Dict. 153 ‘Put up your dooks’ is a kind invitation to fight. 1879Macm. Mag. XL. 501 (Farmer), I said I would not go at all if he put his dukes (hands) on me. 1894Sir J. D. Astley 50 Y. my Life I. 142 There were many officers in the Guards well known to be fairly clever with their ‘dukes’. 1898J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes i. 3 'E could 'andle 'is dooks, an' no error: the way 'e set abaht Bill was a fair treat. 1952Partridge From Sanskrit to Brazil 4 He can handle his fives or dooks..or hands, i.e. he can box well. 1963J. Mitford Amer. Way Death vi. 191 The funeral men are always ready with dukes up to go to the offensive.
Hence duke v. trans. (nonce-wd.), to make a duke or leader of; intr. (also to duke it), to play the part of a duke, act as a duke; to court dukes.
c1450Golagros & Gaw. 1072 Thow salbe..dukit in our duchery. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. ii. 100 Lord Angelo Dukes it well in his absence. 1605Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. Captaines 1 Just-Duked Josuah cheers the Abramides To Canaan's Conquest. 1690Crowne Eng. Friar iii. Dram. Wks. 1874 IV. 70 Ay, sister, as young maids go a-maying we'll go a-squiring, a-knighting, a-lording, a-duking. 1894Wolseley Marlborough I. 293 During his [Monmouth's] previous visit to the West, during what was locally known as ‘The Dukeing Days’.
Add:[7.] Also in Boxing, to get (have, etc.) the duke [f. the practice of raising the victor's arm], to be awarded the verdict; conversely, to lose the duke.
1934D. Runyon in Collier's 24 Nov. 8/3 Ledoux gets the duke by unanimous vote of the officials. 1936J. Tully Bruiser 22 Well, even if I lose the duke I got forty percent of five hundred, ain't I? 1986Ring Aug. 58/2 Nilo Alamag, 131{oneon4}, won a unanimous duke over Albert Saxon 131{oneon4}, 10.
Add:2. trans. To shake hands with. slang.
1865Leaves from Diary Celebr. Burglar 134 Amongst the foremost to ‘duke’ me upon entering was Squib Dixon. 1911G. Bronson-Howard Enemy to Society xi. 342 Morgenstein..held out his hand. ‘Duke me, Steve!’ he said huskily. ‘You're a regular fella!’ 1929D. Runyon in Hearst's Internat. Cosmopolitan Oct. 65/1 The old judge does himself proud, what with kissing Madame La Gimp's baby plenty, and duking the proud old Spanish nobleman. |