| 释义 |
▪ I. drum, n.1|drʌm|
Forms: 6 drome, droome, 6–7 dromme, drumm(e, drumb(e, 6– drum.
[Evidenced c 1540, but not common before 1575: app. preceded in use by drombyllsclad, drombeslade, drumslade, which was very common in 16th c. It is not certain whether drome, dromme, drumme was an Eng. shortening of that longer name, or an independent form corresp. to MDu. tromme, Du. trom, MHG. trumme, trumbe, LG. trumme, Da. tromme, Sw. trumma drum. Nor is it clear how the English forms, app. from the beginning, have dr-, while all the continental langs. have tr-. (The forms drumbe, drumme, occurring in late MHG., and dromm in mod.HG. dialects, have no historical contact with the English word.)
MHG. trumbe, trumme had orig. the sense ‘trumpet’, the only sense of OHG. trumba, trumpa, corresp. to It. tromba, Sp. trompa, F. trompe trumpet (see trump); so that the more general German sense would appear to have been ‘loud-sounding or booming instrument’. Mod.G. uses for ‘drum’ a derivative form trommel, MHG. trumbel, trumel, Du. trommel (beside trom).]
I.
1. a. A musical instrument of the percussive class, consisting of a hollow cylindrical or hemispherical frame of wood or metal, with a ‘head’ of tightly stretched membrane at one or both ends, by the striking of which and the resonance of the cavity the sound is produced.
1541Nottingham Rec. III. 384 For pleying of hys drome afore Master Mayre..vjd. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII (1809) 678 And sodainly strake up a Dromme or Drounslade. a1553Udall Royster D. iv. vii. (Arb.) 74 Now sainct George to borow, Drum dubbe a dubbe afore. 1579Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 977/2 Drommes made of their skinnes. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. ix. 41 At sound of morning droome. 1599Shakes. Much Ado ii. iii. 15, I haue known when there was no musicke with him but the drum and the fife. a1617Bayne On Eph. (1658) 13 We hear not the Drumb. 1691Ray Creation ii. (1701) 271 A membrane..stretched like the head of a drum. 1778Johnson in Mad. D'Arblay's Diary Nov., How should a woman who is as empty as a drum, talk upon any other subject? 1817C. Wolfe Burial Sir J. Moore i, Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his corpse to the rampart we hurried. 1838Longfellow Ps. of Life iv, Our hearts..Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 307 He entered on the following morning..with drums beating, and colours flying.
b. With various qualifications, as bass drum, big drum, great drum, little drum, long drum, tenor drum; also kettle-, snare-drum, q.v. double-drum (see quot. 1874). See also side-drum s.v. side n.1 27, and sense 1 d below.
1789Wolcott (P. Pindar) Subj. Paint. Wks. 1812 II. 154, I scarcely know The Oboe from the Double Drum. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxv, [He] plays the great drum to admiration. 1804, etc. [see bass a. 3 b]. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 757/1 The large drum, beaten at both ends, is called a double-drum. Those hanging by the side of the drummer are called side-drums. 1879Grove Dict. Mus. I. 466/2 The Tenor-drum is similar to the side-drum, only larger, and has no snares. 1880Grove's Dict. Mus. s.v., When musicians talk of ‘drums’ they mean kettledrums, in contradistinction to the side drum or bass drum. Ibid., The Bass-drum..used to be called the long-drum. 1888tr. Riemann's Catechism Mus. Instr. v. 100 The tenor-drum used for rolls (tamburo rullante) has likewise no snares (strings of catgut) and sounds therefore dull and gloomy (though much higher than the big-drum). 1889Brit. Bandsman Sept. 280/1 The big drum..was strapped to a tent pole. 1893F. C. Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 59 They would beat their war drums. 1894Kipling Seven Seas (1896) 200 Oh, 'ark to the big drum callin'. 1923J. M. Murry Pencillings 239 One of those multi-musical Italian wanderers, with a big drum on their shoulders. 1940G. Jacob Orchestral Technique (ed. 2) vii. 72 Such things as the tenor drum..need not be spoken of in detail.
c. Phrases: † by the drum: by public announcement, publicly.
1574Hellowes Guevara's Fam. Ep. 375 Unto him yt offered most silver..the priesthoode was given, as when a garment is sold by the drumbe. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 465 That..their Slaves should be openly sold by the Drum. 1601F. Godwin Bps. of Eng. 32 He..was woont to sell all other ecclesiastical promotions as it were by the drum. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. ix. liii. (1612) 239 Saintish, not in Deede, but by the Dromme.
d. fig. and transf. to beat or thump the (big) drum(s): to make loud or ostentatious advertisement, protest, or the like.
1611Middleton & Dekker Roaring Girl iii. ii, What need you, sir, To beate the drumme of my wife's infamy. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 11 And, Pulpit, Drum Ecclesiastick, Was beat with Fist, instead of a Stick. 1690Locke Govt. i. Pref. Wks. 1727 II. 101 So at last all Times might not have Reason to complain of the Drum Ecclesiastic. 1907[see thump v. 1 a]. 1930Church Times 4 July 3 Even the Bishop of London hesitates when the Protestant drum is loudly beaten. 1930J. A. Williamson Short Hist. Brit. Expansion (ed. 2) II. vi. v. 255 The Conference of 1911 met under the shadow of war, and there is no doubt that this was realized by its members. The effect was not a public beating of the drum, but the exact contrary. 1961Lebende Sprachen VI. 100/1 His old woman really beat the drum [= scolded him]. 1967Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. 1. 30/3 The second big objection to the Weston proposal is that it involves a flagrant violation of the home rule principle for which the reform element has beaten the drums so loudly in recent years.
e. Applied to the body of a banjo, being like a drumhead and of parchment.
1889Pall Mall G. 24 Jan. 7/1 The best length is twenty-seven inches from nut to drum..Fixing a skin upon a drum is a delicate operation requiring considerable patience.
f. Zool. A natural organ by which an animal produces a loud or bass sound; spec. the hollow hyoid bone of the howling monkey.
1817[see drum-cover in 13]. 1840Penny Cycl. XVI. 37/1 (Mycetes) To afford room for the bony drum formed by the convexity of the os hyoides. 1847Carpenter Zool. §159 The howling Monkeys are distinguished..by the dilatation of the os hyoides into a hollow drum, which communicates with the larynx, and gives great additional resonance to the voice.
g. Austral. slang. A warning, a piece of information, esp. a racing tip; freq. the drum, the facts; true or reliable information.
1941Baker Dict. Austral. Slang 25 Drum,..a racecourse tip. e.g., ‘get (give) the drum’ about a horse. 1944L. Glassop We were Rats xvi. 88 I've got the drum from a friend in the Seventh Div. Headquarters in Melbourne. We're going to Bombay. Ibid. xxxiv. 193 I'm givin' ya the drum now. 1960S. H. Courtier Gently dust Corpse viii. 116 Ready to give me the drum about Cullerman yet? 1961H. R. F. Keating Rush on Ultimate i. 13, I know now all right..but I didn't a week ago. Not until Humphrey gave me the drum. 1968D. O'Grady Bottle of Sandwiches 7 Gave us the drum on where to get hold of the particular rifles we had our eyes on.
2. The sound of the instrument; also transf., a noise resembling that of a drum.
1646F. Hawkins Youth's Behaviour (1663) 2 Strike not up a Drum with thy fingers, or thy feet. 1810Scott Lady of L. i. xxxi, And the bittern sound his drum, Booming from the sedgy shallow. 1891Blackw. Mag. Nov. 649 The drum of his wings as he trees.
3. a. Mil. One who plays the drum; a drummer (cf. bayonet, trumpet, etc.). † Also, a small party (sometimes the drummer alone) sent with a drum to parley with the enemy or to carry a message (obs.).
1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 1192/1 The lord lieutenant..sent a drum vnto Monsieur Doisell to signifie to him that his soldiours had gone further without their bounds than they might doo. 1599Minsheu Sp. Dial. 62/3 Tell the drum that he sound to set the watch. 1691Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 226 Our men..took prisoners..150 private soldiers, among whom were 6 sergeants..1 surgeon, and 3 drumms. 1711Addison Spect. No. 165 ⁋5 The Day after a Drum arrived at our Camp, with a Message. 1753Scots Mag. Oct. 525/2 He was appointed Houshold Drum to K. William. 1835J. Wilson Autobiog. 95 note, Amongst them [horses]..was a grey one belonging to one of the drums.
†b. Jack, John, or Tom Drum's entertainment: a rough reception, turning an unwelcome guest out of doors. Obs.
1577–87Holinshed Hist. Irel. B ij/1 (N.) Tom Drum's entertainment, which is, to bale a man in by the head, and thrust him out by both the shoulders. 1579Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 22 Plato..gaue them all Drummes entertainment, not suffering them once to shew their faces in a reformed common wealth. 1601Shakes. All's Well iii. vi. 41 If you giue him not Iohn drummes entertainement. 1603H. Crosse Vertues Commw. (1878) 79 If his backe be poore..and hath neither money nor friends, he shall haue Tom Drums entertainment. 1613J. Taylor in Coryat's Crudities (1776) III. Cc iij, Not like the entertainment of Iacke Drum, Who was best welcome when he went his way.
II. Something resembling a drum or cylinder in shape or structure.
4. The hollow part of the middle ear; the tympanum; chiefly in phrase, drum of the ear.
1615Crooke Body of Man 611 The outwarde Aire affected with the quality of the sounde runneth vpon the Membrane or Head of the Drumme. 1713Berkeley Hylas & P. i. Wks. 1871 I. 272 Motion in the external air..striking on the drum of the ear, it causeth a vibration. 1757Beattie Wolf & Shepherds 31 A Beau..with loud and everlasting clack, [Will] beat your auditory drum. 1879Calderwood Mind & Br. 71 A distinct chamber known as the Drum (tympanum) or middle ear.
5. Machinery. A cylinder or ‘barrel’ round which a belt passes or a rope is wound.
1776G. Semple Building in Water 36 The Spring that locks the Drum to the Shaft. 1858Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil., Hydrost. 111 [The rope] is carried two or three times round a large vertical drum erected near the well. 1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 96 The barrel on which the driving cord in turret clocks is wound also answers to the name of drum. 1887Hoffman Tips f. Tricycl. 8 Abandoning this form of brake for the second form—the band and drum on the centre of the axle.
6. Applied to drum-shaped parts of many machines. Such are the following:
a. Paper-making. A framework covered with wire gauze, having in its interior two suction-tubes by which the water, after circulating through the rags, is carried away in a constant stream.
b. Calico-printing. The hollow cylinder or cask in which steam is applied to printed fabrics in order to fix the colours.
c. A cylindrical chamber used in stoves, flues and heating apparatus.
d. The cylindrical case which holds the coiled spring of a car-brake.
e. A doffer in a carding-machine.
f. The cylindrical beater of a thrashing-machine.
g. The cartridge-holding receptacle of a machine-gun; also, the contents of one of these. See also quotations.
1747Gentl. Mag. XVI. 526/2 A rotatory axis furnish'd with fans for making a wind, by turning in a drum. 1805R. Somerville Agric. Surv. East Lothian 74 (Jam.) The sheaves were carried between an indented drum and a number of rollers of the same description ranged round the drum. 1846Greener Sc. Gunnery 305 Then polishing the whole in a machine termed a drum. 1853Catal. Roy. Agric. Soc. Show Gloucester 30 Four-horse portable thrashing machine..The drum is of iron with six beaters. 1861Smiles Engineers II. 110. 1888 Pall Mall G. 10 July 13/2 A joint, a pair of chickens, a piece of salmon, with vegetables, each in their separate dishes, were packed one above the other in what is called the cooking drum. 1888Century Mag. XXXVI. 887/1 The drum of [a Gatling gun] contains 102 cartridges. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 29 To the breech is fixed a drum with 104 bullets. 1916‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 198 Can you fill the cartridges into these drums while I shoot? 1928Daily Tel. 24 Apr. 12/6, I gave him a drum and he went down underneath me.
7. Archit.
a. The solid part or ‘vase’ of the Corinthian and Composite capitals.
b. The block of stone composing one section of the shaft of a column (Gwilt).
c. The upright part under or above a cupola.
d. See quot. 1883.
1727–52Chambers Cycl., Vase..the body of the Corinthian and Composite capital; called also the tambour, or drum. 1837Penny Cycl. IX. 70/1 The height of the drum [of the Dome of S. Paul's] is 62 feet. 1861E. A. Beaufort Egypt. Sepulch. & Syr. Shrines II. xxiv. 320 Forty of these columns are still standing..and the ground is strewed with their fallen drums. 1883Glasgow Weekly Her. 19 May 1/6 The console or drum, as our English clockmakers call the projection from the tower [to hold a clock face].
8. Various technical applications:
a. A sieve (see quot. 1706).
b. A cylinder of canvas used together with a cone as a storm-signal.
c. The cylindrical or nearly cylindrical part of an urn or other vessel.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Drum..also a fine Sieve, made use of by Confectioners, to sift powder'd Sugar, etc. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Sieve, A finer Sieve call'd a Drum. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v. Storm Signal, Fitzroy's drum and cone which show the direction of the expected gale. 1875Chamb. Jrnl. No. 133. 8 A drum, as well as a cone, is considered to denote a very heavy gale approaching from the direction indicated by the cone.
d. Computing. = magnetic drum s.v. magnetic a. 5.
1948Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation III. 214 The latest memory device used in this machine is a rotating drum on which magnetic impulses representing the data are impressed. 1950[see magnetic drum s.v. magnetic a. 5]. 1960M. G. Say et al. Analogue & Digital Computers viii. 249 When the access time is of prime importance, a relatively small number of digits is stored on each track, the diameter is small and the drum rotates at high speed. 1979J. E. Rowley Mechanised In-House Information Syst. i. 64 Drums tend to be found only occasionally in information science applications..as they have a small capacity and are expensive as stores. 1980C. S. French Computer Sci. vii. 29 Typically the drum stores between 100,000 and 8,000,000 characters.
9. A cylindrical box or receptacle.
a. A box in which figs or other dried fruit are packed, weighing from 1/8 to 1/4 of a cwt.
b. A large flat tub in which cod are packed.
c. An iron or tin case for oil or spirits.
1812J. Smyth Pract. Customs 46 Bristles in drums. Ibid. 75 Figs, 4 drums. 1854Wynter Curios. Civiliz. vi. 215 Squeezed into hurdles like figs into a drum. 1858Simmonds Trade Dict. s.v., The large flat tubs in which fish are packed in New Brunswick for the Brazil markets are called drums; each drum contains exactly 128 lbs. of pressed codfish, that being the Portuguese quintal. 1881Price List, Burning oils are supplied in Casks about 40 gallons each and in Iron Drums of about 10 gallons each.
†d. A street. Obs. slang.
c1789? G. Parker Sandman's Wedding in J. S. Farmer Musa Pedestris (1896) 64 Just as he turned the corner of the drum, His dear lov'd Bess, the bunter, chanc'd to come. 1851Mayhew London Lab. I. 217/2 We..slink into the crib (house) in the back drum (street). 1889Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang I. 332/1 Drum means also a street, a road... It may have come directly from the English gypsy drum (old form drom), which is, truly, from the Greek δροµός, a road.
e. slang. A house, lodging-place, or other building; esp. (a) U.S. a drinking-place, saloon, night-club; (b) a brothel, low dive; (c) a room or flat.
1846Swell's Night Guide p. iii, The..cracksman, who would screw a drum. 1851Mayhew London Lab. I. 418/1 Suppose I want to ask a pal to..have a game at cards with some blokes at home with me, I should say..‘Splodger, will you..have a touch of the broads with me and the other heaps of coke at my drum.’ 1859G. W. Matsell Vocabulum 28 Drum, a drinking-place. 1867J. Greenwood Unsentimental Journeys xxvi. 204 ‘Come along; I shall be a pot to your pot.’ ‘Where shall we go?’ ‘Oh! to the old drum, I suppose.’ 1872G. P. Burnham Mem. U.S. Secret Service p. v, Drum, a bad house, boarding-place, or small tavern. 1899R. Whiteing No. 5 John St. i. ii. 15 ‘That's my drum two doors beyond.’ His drum was better to look at. 1903A. H. Lewis Boss 32 He said the Dead Rabbit was a drum for crooks! 1908K. McGaffey Sorrows of Show Girl 234 We came to a door which the gee threw open and said, ‘This is your stateroom.’ Honest, I never saw such a drum. 1938D. Runyon Furthermore xii. 231 The bar in Good Time Charley's little drum in West Forty-ninth Street. 1966L. Southworth Felon in Disguise iii. 53 They probably checked at the Probation Office as soon as they left my drum. 1967K. Giles Death in Diamonds vi. 118 ‘You get that way running a drum,’ grunted Crook... ‘A drum?’ ‘The house that ain't a home,’ said Harry.
f. = swag n. 10; to hump one's drum: see hump v. 2. Austral. and N.Z. slang.
1866W. Stamer Recoll. Life Adventure I. 304 Our ci-devant millionaire..‘humping his drum’, [would] start off for the diggings to seek more gold. 1872C. H. Eden My Wife & I in Queensland i. 17 They all chaffed us about our swags, or donkeys, or drums, as a bundle of things wrapped in a blanket is indifferently called. 1889M. Ross Compl. Guide Lakes Central Otago 44 ‘Time's up!’ is called, the ‘drum’ (the local for swag) hoisted on, and the final ascent begins. 1933Bulletin (Sydney) 18 Jan. 20, I sees a bloke comin' along the road from Winton with 'is drum up.
g. slang. A tin or can in which tea, etc., is made; so drum-up, a making of tea; the preparation of a meal.
1919Athenæum 8 Aug. 728/1 I've some sugar. If you get some tea and hot water we'll have a drum up. 1931F. Gray Tramp ix. 104 He will bring his ‘billy-can’ or ‘drum’ to the door of a cottage or mansion and beg a little hot water to make his tea. Ibid., A ‘drum’ is an old tin, say a half-pound coffee tin; two holes are made at the lip so that the string may be threaded to carry and control it. 1970F. McKenna Gloss. Railwaymen's Talk 35 Drum, a tea-can.
III. 10. An assembly of fashionable people at a private house, held in the evening: much in vogue during the latter half of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century; a rout. (See quots.) Later, An afternoon tea-party, formerly sometimes followed by the larger assembly. Cf. kettledrum. Now Obs.
1745Eliza Heywood Female Spectator (1748) II. 269 She told me, that, when the number of company for play exceeded ten tables, it was called a racquet; if under, it was only a rout; and if no more than one or two, it was only a drum. 1745Mrs. Montagu Lett. (1813) III. 37, I wish we had..our vanities, as last year; that by the word Drum we understood a polite assembly, and by a Rout, only an engagement of hoop-petticoats. 1746Smollett Advice 30 note, This is a riotous assembly of fashionable people, of both sexes, at a private house, consisting of some hundreds; not unaptly stiled a drum, from the noise and emptiness of the entertainment. 1749Fielding Tom Jones xvii. vi, A drum then, is an assembly of well dressed persons of both sexes, most of whom play at cards, and the rest do nothing at all. 1779Mrs. Barbauld Wks. (1825) II. 22 Do you know the different terms? There is a squeeze, a fuss, a drum, a rout, and lastly a hurricane, when the whole house is full from top to bottom. 1805[see hurricane n. 2 b]. 1824Lady Granville Lett. 5 Dec. (1894) I. 317 We went last night to a drum at Rothschild's. 1866Browning in Mrs. Orr Life 273, I met him at a large party..also Carlyle, whom I never met at a ‘drum’ before. 1883L. Troubridge Jrnl. May in J. Hope-Nicholson Life amongst Troubridges (1966) 163 A dinner-party and after a ‘drum’—lots of people we knew.
IV.
11. More fully drum-fish: A name of various American sciænoid fishes which have the power of making a drumming noise.
Among these are the ‘salt-water drum’ (Pogonias chromis) found on the Atlantic coast; the ‘fresh-water drum’ (Haplodinotus grunniens) of the Mississippi, and lakes of the St. Lawrence; the ‘branded drum’, ‘organ-fish’, ‘red-fish’, ‘sea-boss’ (Sciæna ocellata) of the Gulf States.
1676T. Glover in Phil. Trans. XI. 624 There is another sort which the English call a Drum; many of which are two foot and a half or three foot long. 1683–4Robinson Ibid. XXIX. 480 Many Tamburo's or Drum-Fishes. 1775Romans Hist. Florida 187 The principal fish here..is the red drum, called in East Florida a bass, and in West Florida carp. Ibid. 188 The roes of mullets and black drum. 1863Russell Diary North & South I. 210. 1891 W. K. Brooks Oyster 106 The drawback to East River oyster-planting..is the abundance of enemies with which the beds are infested. These consist of drum fish, skates, [etc.].
V. attrib. and Comb.
12. General comb.:
a. Simple attrib., as drum-beat, drum-call, drum-cover, drum-dance, drum-kit, drum memory, drum-polka, drum-roll, drum set, drum-skin, drum-tap, etc.
b. Like, or of the shape of, a drum, or having a part so shaped, as drum-capstan, drum-clock, drum-net, drum-pulley, drum-salt, drum-shaft, drum-tower, etc.
c. Objective and similative, as drum-beating, drum-maker, drum-player; drum-like, drum-shaped adjs.
1855Longfellow My Lost Youth iv, I remember..the *drum⁓beat repeated o'er and o'er, and the bugle wild and shrill.
1893Athenæum 18 Nov. 697/3 It is time the *drum-beating about the deadly peril of the exploit is estimated at that true value my brother..assigned to it.
1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 151 He [Sir S. Morland] invented the *drum-capstands for weighing heavy anchors.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 96 The escapement used in French *Drum Clocks is a continual source of trouble to English clock jobbers.
1817Kirby & Sp. Entomol. II. xxiv. 405 The *drum-covers or opercula [of the cicada] from beneath which the sound issues.
1934I. W. Hutchison North to Rime-ringed Sun ix. 93 The strange ‘*drum-dance’. 1936Discovery June 186/2 A drum-dance is held [in one Kenya tribe] at which the possessed victim is danced to exhaustion.
1934E. Little Mod. Rhythmic Drumming (Advt. on back cover), ‘Ajax’ *drum kit. 1965G. Melly Owning-Up v. 47 There were always a great many very steep steps to drag the drum kit up.
1690Lond. Gaz. No. 2582/4 William Grining, *Drum-maker to the Office of the Ordnance.
1954Jrnl. Assoc. Computing Machinery I. 196 The 10,000-word *drum-memory electronic data handler..passed its acceptance tests..in April. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing x. 145 Nowadays, the drum memory is normally a secondary memory.
1814Southey in Q. Rev. XII. 185 Daffodils or any bright yellow flowers will decoy perch into a *drum-net.
1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Tabourineur, a *drumplaier.
1849Theatrical Programme 11 June 23 The Celebrated *Drum Polka, with Solos by Mess. Kœnig, Collinet, etc. 1909T. Hardy in English Rev. Apr. 4 Who now recalls those crowded rooms..Where to the deep Drum-polka's booms We hopped in boisterous style?
1875Ure's Dict. Arts I. 982 Upon the main shaft is mounted a cylindrical hollow box or *drum pulley.
1887Pall Mall G. 22 Nov. 3/2 You will see war..without music, without the *drum-roll [etc.].
1688in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 114 One Silver *drum Salt with the Colledge Arms on it.
1933Melody Maker 2 Dec. 22/4 (Advt.), *Drum set, {pstlg}5 10s., includes 28 × 18 Ludwig D.T. bass drum [etc.]. 1959W. Balliett Sound of Surprise (1960) iv. 235 The total effect, which is nearly the direct opposite of the earlier drum sets, is falsetto. 1983New Oxf. Compan. Mus. I. 582/1 The precursor of the drum set is the ‘trap’ drummer's equipment of the music hall.
1893E. H. Barker Wand. by S. Waters 125 Near to this, under a mediæval *drum-tower, is the gateway of the ‘City of Happiness’.
1880Athenæum 20 Nov. 678/3 Musical instruments..are yet readily reducible under three distinct types: 1. The *drum type; 2. The pipe type; 3. The lyre type.
13. Special comb.: drum-armature, a dynamo-armature in form of a rotating hollow cylinder; drum-boy, -man, the drummer in a band; drum brake, a type of brake in which brake-shoes fixed to the vehicle are pressed against a brake-drum fixed to the wheel; drum camera, a camera in which the film is mounted on a drum or cylinder which rotates during exposure (recording the motion of an object as a trace on the film); drum-curb, a cylindrical curb of iron or wood to support the brickwork of a shaft; drum-drying, an industrial drying process involving drum-shaped containers; drum-fire (see quot. 1918); also transf. and fig.; drum-fish: see 11; v. intr. (U.S.), to fish for drum-fish; so drum-fishing; drum-hole, the sound-hole in the side of a drum with two heads; drum-line, a line used for catching drum-fish; also drum-fish line; drum-ring, the annular margin of the tympanum of the ear; † drum-room, the room in which a ‘drum’ or rout is held; drum-saw, a cylinder- or barrel-saw for sawing curved material; drum-sieve, a sieve enclosed in a drum-like box, for sifting fine substances without loss or dust: cf. 8 a; † drum-staff, a drumstick; drum-wheel, (a) a barrel or cylinder round which a rope is coiled; (b) a water-raising current-wheel made in the form of a drum, a tympanum; drum winding, an armature winding in which the conductor is wound from end to end on or in the surface of a cylindrical core; so drum-wound a.; † drum-wine, ? wine sold ‘by the drum’: see 1 c. Also drum-head, -major, -majorette.
1890Wormell Electr. in Serv. Man 269 The *drum armature usually consists of a hollow cylinder, which rotates with the shaft, and round which the wires are wound parallel with the axis of rotation.
1783Sir M. Hunter Jrnl. (1894) 54 A *drumboy of ours got upon the coop with him.
[1949Frazee & Bedell Automotive Fundamentals ii. vi. 355 The similarity of the band clutch to certain types of brakes has led to its being called a ‘drum brake’ by some designers, although this name is not entirely accurate.] 1950Newton & Steeds Motor Vehicle (ed. 4) xxvii. 470 The vast majority of brakes are friction brakes and these may be sub-divided into: (1) *Drum brakes and (2) Disc brakes. 1959Motor Manual (ed. 36) v. 132 The internal-expanding drum brake has been practically universal on cars. 1962Which? (Car Suppl.) Apr. 49/2 With drum brakes, the brake shoes are pressed outwards against a drum on the wheel hub.
1934Photographic Jrnl. LXXIV. 389/1 (heading) High-speed *drum camera. 1951W. D. Chesterman Photogr. Study Rapid Events vi. 80 Drum cameras are of two kinds. In the type which are more generally constructed, the film is attached to the outside or the inside surface of a rapidly rotating cylindrical drum, and the images are formed successively on the film by a variety of optical and mechanical means. In another type..the film is wound on a stationary drum, and the optical images are formed in rapid succession on the film surface by rotating optical parts.
1946Nature 10 Aug. 194/1 Spray-drying, flash-drying and *drum-drying have been developed with considerable success.
1917Times 20 Aug. 6/4 The artillery duel increased to *drumfire. 1918E. S. Farrow Dict. Mil. Terms, Drum fire, a common name given to the artillery barrage or curtain of fire. Continuous bombardment, like the rolling of drums. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Mar. 98/3 We expose ourselves quite unnecessarily to a drumfire of criticism.
1818in J. R. Commons et al. Doc. Hist. Amer. Industrial Soc. (1910) I. 203 Sent the boat a *Drum fishing and caught 5 Drum. 1855Knickerbocker XLVI. 499 So highly enjoyed is drum-fishing among our bail-fishers. 1904Booklovers Mag. III. 625/2 Senator Quay..was discovered..knee-deep in the surf at Atlantic City, drum-fishing.
1626Bacon Sylva §142 In Drums, the Closenesse round about..maketh the Noise come forth at the *Drum-hole, far more loud, and strong, than if you should strike upon the like Skin, extended in the Open Aire.
1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 64 *Drum-lines, for drums, have 16 threads. Drum-fish-line has 9 threads. 1867Athenæum No. 2085. 458/2 A tie of triple drum line.
1811Self Instructor 578 The drum-major has the command of all the *drum-men.
1877Burnett Ear 42 The inner and major portion of the entire auditory passage, is developed from the so-called *drum-ring, annulus tympanicus.
1749Fielding Tom Jones xi. ix, The bonny house-maid begins to repair the disordered *drum-room.
1581Marbeck Bk. of Notes 736 The Priests wold make such a noise with *drumstaves, Timbrells, and Tabrets.
1893Hawkins & Wallis Dynamo vii. 117 One loop of the *drum winding is the exact equivalent of the two loops of the ring winding. 1952K. C. Graham Small Commutator Motors ii. 32 A drum winding..is the general type of armature winding used in modern armatures.
1632Massinger City Madam iii. i, Yet not find a chapman That in courtesy will bid a chop of mutton, Or a pint of *drum-wine for me.
1893W. P. Maycock Electric Lighting ii. vii. 196 The armature is *drum wound. 1904R. M. Walmsley Electricity in Service of Man ii. i. 756 A method of arranging the connections of drum-wound armatures..consists in winding and insulating the coils separately before placing them on the core.
14. drum-and-trumpet history: see history n. 2.
Sense 1 g in Dict. becomes 1 h. Add: [I.] [1.] g. pl. A set of percussion instruments (including drums) used in jazz and other popular music; a drum-kit.
1928Étude July 521/2 There is only one correct way of learning to play drums and, mind you, when the word drums is used it means the basic elements of the entire percussion section, tympani included. 1934M. Bacon Max on ‘Swing’ i. 4 Remember that your drums must be part of you and you must master them, just as you do when you ride a horse. 1959W. Balliett Sound of Surprise iv. 218 In the thirties, the average set of drums..included..four or five cymbals..and at least one cowbell. 1979Marsh & Swenson Rolling Stone Record Guide 463/2 The meeting with Monk is notable for the sublime interaction between drums and piano. 1988Jazz Jrnl. Feb. 35/2 The rhythm section is stiff, surprising considering Smith's presence on the drums.
[V.] [13.] drum machine, an electronic device for producing and programming in a sequenced pattern a variety of drum-beats and other percussion sounds as backing for popular music, rapping, etc.
1979Melody Maker 14 Apr. 37/4 Locking the drum machine on automatic pilot, with the synthesizers weaving pretty patterns. 1986Your Computer Oct. 29/3 As with other micro-based drum machines on the market..the ComDrum holds a kit of eight percussive sounds simultaneously in the micro memory.
▸ drum trigger n. Music a sensor pad, usually one attached to a drum skin, which enables a percussionist to interface with electronic (esp. MIDI) equipment while playing; cf. trigger n.1
1989Rhythm Dec. 8/1 Leading the way is their rather cannily designed new *drum trigger system, their first real foray into the field of electronic percussion. 1996Guitar Player (Nexis) July 42, I just feel that analog equipment brings my character out. If I used digital effects and drum triggers, it wouldn't sound like me.
▪ II. drum, n.2
[a. Gael. and Ir. druim back, ridge.]
A ridge or ‘rigg’, a long narrow hill often separating two parallel valleys: a frequent element in Scottish and Irish geographical proper names. Hence Geol. A term for a long narrow ridge of ‘drift’ or diluvial formation, usually ascribed to glacial action.
1725R. Innes Lett. to Bp. Nicolson 2 June 24 The lowland of Magilligan is divided into ridges (or, as we call them, dryms) of sand. 1797Statist. Acc. Scot. XIX. 342 These singular ridges of Nature called here drums. 1833Jrnl. Roy. Geol. Soc. Dublin I. 37 The names Drum and Drumlin (Dorsum) have been applied to such hills. 1873J. Geikie Gt. Ice Age ii. 17 The long parallel ridges, or ‘sowbacks’ and ‘drums’, as they are termed..invariably coincide in direction with the valleys or straths in which they lie. 1882Geikie Text-bk. Geol. vi. v. §1. 889 Round the mountainous centres of dispersion it [drift] is apt to occur in long ridges or ‘drums’ which run in the general direction of the rock-striation.
▪ III. drum, v.
[f. drum n.1 Cf. the analogous Du. trommen, Da. tromme, Sw. trumma, G. trommeln.]
I. intr.
1. a. To beat or play on a drum.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. iv. 86 Then anon [she] drums in his eares, at which he startes, and wakes. 1601― All's Well iv. iii. 331 Ile no more drumming, a plague of drummes. 1872C. Gibbon For the King i, He drummed with enthusiasm. 1882Besant Revolt of Man xiv. (1883) 324 [They] found..a cart containing drums. They seized them and began drumming with all their might.
†b. To announce by beat of drum. Obs.
1578Chr. Prayers in Priv. Prayers (1851) 516 We drum, that Doomsday, now at hand, Doth call all soldiers to death's band.
2. a. To beat as on a drum; to beat or thump upon anything with a more or less rhythmical or regular noise; e.g. to thump on a piano as distinguished from playing properly.
1583Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 87 Thee rocks sternelye facing with salt fluds spumye be drumming. 1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. 1883–4 V. 185 Brauely did he [an executioner] drum on this Cutwolfes bones. 1660tr. Amyraldus' Treat. conc. Relig. iii. ii. 336 Some of them drumming upon Kettles, sum upon Bucklers. 1778F. Burney Diary 23 Aug., She got a harpsichord..put herself in fine attitudes, and drummed. 1835W. Irving Tour Prairies 51 They..began a low nasal chant, drumming with their hands upon their breasts, by way of accompaniment. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xii. (1889) 111 They soon found themselves drumming at his oak, which was opened shortly. 1862Sala Seven Sons I. vii. 165 [Her] foot was drumming on the carpet.
b. Applied to the strong beating of the heart.
1593Shakes. Lucr. 435 His drumming heart cheares vp his burning eye. a1700Dryden (J.), Now, heart, Set ope thy sluices..Then take thy rest within the quiet cell; For thou shalt drum no more.
3. Of birds or insects: To make a loud hollow reverberating sound, as by the quivering of the wings.
a1813A. Wilson Foresters Wks. (1846) 232 Buried in depth of woods..Where pheasants drum. 1847Emerson Poems, Woodnotes i. Wks. (Bohn) I. 421 He saw the partridge drum in the woods. 1873J. E. Taylor Half-h. in Lanes 2 Flies and gnats drum around you.
4. To sound like a drum; to resound.
1638R. Junius Sin Stigm. 38 (T.) A boiling stomach, rotten teeth, a stinking breath, a drumming ear. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §51 This indeed makes a noise, and drums in popular ears. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. iii. x, Seized with..what I can call a drumming in my ears.
5. ‘To go about, as a drummer does, to gather recruits, to secure partisans, customers, etc.; with for’ (Webster 1864). Also, to solicit orders; to canvass. U.S.
1839C. F. Briggs Adv. Harry Franco I. xiii. 90 Augustus..had drummed in Arkansas, and collected in the lithograph cities of the west. 1860Bartlett Dict. Americanisms, Drumming, in mercantile phrase, means the soliciting of customers. 1882Congress. Rec. 315/1 The merchants..have many thousands..drumming for business in every town. 1901Chambers's Jrnl. Dec. 827/1, I was ‘drumming’ for one of the two great houses which divided the wool and the hides of the Argentine.
II. trans.
6. a. To summon by or as by beat of drum; to call or beat up as by drumming. b. colloq. To obtain (custom, customers) by canvassing or solicitation; cf. drummer 2.
1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. i. iv. 29 Such time, That drummes him from his sport. 1656J. Bentham Two Treatises (1657) 46 As if none are so dead, but dancing will drumm up. 1849Gray Lett. (1893) 362, I will then drum up subscribers for Fendler. 1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. (ed. 4) 160 The fish are drummed up by striking two shells..together.
7. To expel or dismiss publicly by beat of drum, so as to heighten the disgrace, as to drum out of a regiment; to put down or silence by drumming. In more general use, to dismiss or expel someone in disgrace. Const. out.
1766T. Amory J. Buncle (1825) III. 254 They..ought to be drummed out of society. 1811Naval Chron. XXV. 28 You are to be drummed ashore. 1829Macaulay Misc. Writ. (1860) I. 317 Another is drummed out of a regiment. 1864Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. IV. 580 The voice of conscience drummed down by popular excitement. 1968A. Cooke Talk about Amer. xxxvi. 215 Shut your eyes and you can see Mark Twain running a newspaper only a few blocks away from Sutro till he was drummed out of town. 1970New Yorker 12 Sept. 47 Confound it, Moxley! Any more of that and I'll have you drummed out of the Sierra Club!
8. a. To din or drive (a person, etc. into a certain state) by persistent repetition of admonition, etc.; to drum (a lesson) into (a person), to drive it into the ears or mind by incessant repetition.
1820Shelley Œdipus i. 259, I have hummed her and drummed her From place to place, till at last I have dumbed her. 1847Bushnell Chr. Nurt. ii. vii. (1861) 368 Small children are likely to be worried and drummed into apathy by dogmatic catechisms. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. iii. xiii. §3 (1876) 331 This doctrine has..been tolerably effectually drummed into the public mind. 1865Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. iii. ii. (1868) 257 The soul..cannot drum itself to sleep in mere generalities of wrong.
b. Austral. slang. To inform or warn (a person); to give (someone) ‘the drum’ (see drum n.1 1 g). Also with up.
1919V. Marshall World of Living Dead 30 He impressed upon me the exact location of the maternal abode, and proceeded to ‘drum me up’ with the message. 1959Baker Drum (1960) vi. 49 Look, mate, let me drum you about something. 1969D. Niland Dead Men Running iii. 86 Jesus, don't bite me, son. I was only gonna drum you.
9. a. To beat or thump (anything) as in beating a drum. dial. To beat or thrash.
1879Jefferies Wild Life in S. Co. 8 It is amusing to see two of these animals drumming each other; they stand on their hind legs..and strike with the fore-pads as if boxing. 1890Gloucester Gloss., A drumming, a thrashing. 1894Cornh. Mag. Feb. 153 His fingers drum the dock ledge.
b. To ring or knock on the door of (a house) to ascertain whether it is unoccupied before attempting a robbery; hence, to reconnoitre, with a view to a robbery. Also intr., to steal from an unoccupied house, etc. slang.
1925N. E. Lucas Autobiogr. of Crook vii. 105 Crooks go ‘drumming’ in pairs, dressed as clerks or messengers... Should they find an office left unoccupied during the lunch hour they quickly and skilfully ‘turn it over’. 1933C. E. Leach On Top of Underworld x. 138 Drumming a place, ringing or knocking to see if occupants are at home. 1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid ii. 23 ‘My God, you got the gaff weighed up good.’ ‘Not half. A bloke drummed it for me and put me wide.’ 1962Observer 25 Feb. 21/2 They were both making a steady living at drumming (housebreaking). 1967J. Wainwright Talent for Murder 114 Peters was hanging around outside..the Wallaces' residence... He was..a police officer ‘keeping observations’ or a criminal ‘drumming the joint’. 1970‘B. Mather’ Break in Line vi. 77, I bet Chatterjee's been drumming every room in the joint.
10. To strike (the hands, feet, etc.) upon something, as if they were drumsticks.
1851D. Jerrold St. Giles xxxiv. 353 Shall I..drum my fingers upon the table? 1886Sims Ring o' Bells, etc. i. ii. 37 All the company waiting and drumming their heels.
11. To perform (a tune) on or as on a drum.
1864Webster, Drum, to execute on a drum, as a tune. 1891H. Herman His Angel iv. 69 He drummed an unconscious rataplan on the table with his knife. 1893McCarthy Dictator I. 9 He drummed the national hymn of Gloria upon the balcony-rail with his fingers.
III. intr.
12. To give or attend social ‘drums’.
1825Lady Granville Lett. 30 Jan. (1894) I. 339 Little they'll heed if they see me drum on. 1837Ibid. Jan. II. 221 We must begin again drumming and affronting.
13. to drum up: to make tea in a billy-can or the like; also, to prepare a meal under rough-and-ready conditions (out-of-doors). Cf. drum n.1 9 g. slang.
1923Kipling Irish Guards in Gt. War I. 58 The Irish ‘drummed up’, which is to say, stewed their tea or rations. 1931F. Gray Tramp ix. 104 Now comes the great event of the day. He is prepared and is going to ‘drum up’. 1935‘G. Orwell’ Clergyman's Daughter ii. 104 After getting to Bromley they had ‘drummed up’ on a horrible, paper-littered refuse dump. Ibid. 106 They..‘drummed up’ in thickets where firewood and water were handy, and cooked strange, squalid meals. 1962Listener 13 Sept. 382/2 Only at midday was there a break, when fires were lit and water boiled..to make tea. This was know as ‘drumming up’. |