| 释义 |
sumach, sumac, n.|ˈsjuːmæk, ˈʃuːmæk|
Forms: (4 asimac), 5 sumak, [symak], 6 sumache, shomacke, 6–7 shoemake, shooma(c)ke, shewmake, 6–7, 9 sumack, 7 schomache, shommacken, showmack, shumach, -ack, Sc. shoomak, 7–8 shoemack, 8 shomach, 9 shumac(h, 4 sumac, 6– sumach.
[a. OF. sumac, from 13th cent. (= Pr. simac, sumac, It. sommaco, Sp. zumaque, Pg. sumagre) or med.L. sumac(h, a. Arabic summāq.
The form asimac in the first quot. represents Arab. as-summāq (with prefixed article).]
1. a. A preparation of the dried and chopped leaves and shoots of plants of the genus Rhus, esp. R. Coriaria (see 2), much used in tanning, also for dyeing and staining leather black (cf. sumach black in 3) and medicinally as an astringent.
13..Sloane MS. 5 lf. 12/1 Sumac fructus est cuiusdam arboris..G[allice] & A[nglice] asimac. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 218 Make him a gargarisme wiþ a decoccioun of ro[sin], sumac, balaustiarum. [1419Liber Albus (Rolls) I. 224 Karke de symak, xii d.] a1425tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula etc. 63 Medicynez restrictyuez bene þise; Camphore, accacia..sumak, mirtell. 1580–1Act 23 Eliz. c. 9 §2 Unless the Madder be put in with Shomacke or Gallys. 1600Hakluyt Voy. (1810) III. 328 Shoemake..vsed in England for blacke. 1611Cotgr., Sumach de cuisine, the berrie, or fruit of that shrub, vsed heretofore in stead of salt, especially in sawces; whence, as it seemes, we call it, meat Sumacke, and sawce Sumacke. 1612Sc. Bk. Rates in Halyburton's Ledger (1867) 326 Shoomak or blacking the hundreth weght viii li. 1666Lond. Gaz. No. 71/4 Two Prizes, one laden with Deal, the other with Shommacken. 1728Chambers Cycl., Sumac, a Drug used to die in Green; as also in the Preparation of Black Morocco, and other Leather. 1812J. Smyth Pract. Customs (1821) 210 The Sicilian Shumack is imported in bags. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 422 Sumac, called also young fustic by the British dyers. 1852C. Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 92 Sicily sumach is in high repute. 1864Chamb. Encycl. VI. 68/1 The tanning of goat-skins..is done by sewing up the skins, and filling the bag with a decoction of shumac in a warm state.
b. The leaves of the sumach used as a substitute for tobacco.
1823H. Ravelin Lucubr. 351 The fragrance of the Shumach from their [sc. the Sieue Indians'] pipes. 1835W. Irving Tour Prairies 207 He had scented the smoke of mingled sumach and tobacco.
2. a. Any of the shrubs or small trees of the genus Rhus (N.O. Terebinthaceæ), esp. R. Coriaria, indigenous in southern Europe, which is the chief source of the material used in tanning (see 1).
The most important species are:—R. Coriaria, tanner's sumach; called also currier's sumach, † dyer's sumach, elm-leaved sumach, hide sumach, † leather sumach; R. typhina (fever rhus), stag('s)-horn sumach, a picturesque shrub or small tree of North America, with irregular branches and pinnate leaves, frequently cultivated in England as an ornamental tree; called also American sumach, Indian sumach, myrtle sumach, myrtle-leaved sumach, † red sumach, Virginia(n sumach, † wild sumach; R. glabra, smooth sumach; called also New England sumach, Pennsylvania sumach, smooth-leaved sumach; R. copallina (gum copal), mountain sumach or narrow-leaved sumach; R. venenata (poison-ash or -elder), poison sumach or swamp sumach; R. vernicifera (lacquer tree), Japan sumach or varnish sumach; R. Cotinus, the Venetian sumach, Venice sumach, or (corruptly) Venus sumach (see Venus2) sumach; R. canadensis (aromatica), Canadian sumach or fragrant sumach; R. Metopium, coral sumach or Jamaica sumach.
1548Turner Names Herbes (E.D.S.) 67 Plinie maketh three kyndes of Rhois, of the whiche kyndes I knowe one certaynly, whiche is called of the Poticaries Sumache. 1562― Herbal ii. 115 The Sumach which is vsed for a sauce vnto meates, which som call rede: is the fruyte of the lether Sumach. 1597Gerarde Herbal iii. cv. 1291 Rhus Myrtifolius. Wilde, or Myrtill Sumach. Ibid. 1292 This is called in Greeke ῥοῦς..in English Sumach, Coriars Sumach, and leather Sumach. Ibid., The seede is named..in Latine Rhoë culinaria, and Rhoë obsoniorum: in English Meate Sumach, and Sauce Sumach. Ibid. 1293 Coggygria Theophrasti. Venice Sumach. Ibid., Cotinus Coriarius Plinij. Red Sumach. 1629Parkinson Parad. 611 Rhus Virginiana. The Virginia Sumach, or Buckes horne tree of Virginia. 1634W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. (1865) 18 The Diars Shumach, with more trees there be. 1715Phil. Trans. XXIX. 364 All these Trifoliate Sumachs grow spontaneously about the fertile Cape of Good Hope. 1728R. Bradley Dict. Bot. s.v. Rhus, The Rhus Myrtifolia, or Myrtle-leaved Sumach... The Venice Sumach, or Coggygria. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., App. s.v., Coriars Sumach, or myrtle Sumach... Venetian Sumach. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 328 Sumach, Tanner's or Currier's, Coriaria. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 228/2 The glabrum, with winged leaves, grows naturally in many parts of North America; this is commonly titled by the gardeners New England sumach. 1806Moore Ballad Stanzas iv, Yon sumach, whose red berry dips In the gush of the fountain. 1817J. Bradbury Trav. Amer. 91 The leaves of Rhus glabra, or smooth sumach. 1831Davies Man. Mat. Med. 82 The Narrow-leaved Sumach, Rhus copallinum, Willd.; the Pennsylvania Sumach, R. glabrum, Willd., and the Virginian Sumach, R. typhinum, Willd., are all native plants of North America. 1841Penny Cycl. XIX. 485/1 Rhus venenata (Poison Sumach, or Swamp Sumach)... Rhus coriaria (Hide or Elm-leaved Sumach). 1869Lowell Pict. from Appledore 53 And on the whole island never a tree Save a score of sumachs, high as your knee. 1884Allen New Amer. Farm Bk. 288 The Rhus Glabrum is the common sumach of the United States. 1936W. Faulkner Absalom, Absalom! vi. 214 The old street of the slave quarters—a jungle of sumach and persimmon. 1965A. Lurie Nowhere City (1966) xv. 162 The sumac held them back with its woolly, awkward stems. 1980Hunting Ann. 1981 42/2 Here, the berries of black haw, sumac, bittersweet and greenbrier are important even in winter.
b. Applied to plants of other genera. † wild sumach, the bog-myrtle or sweet gale, Myrica Gale. Chinese sumach, the ailanto, Ailanthus glandulosa. West Indian sumach, Brunellia comocladifolia (Treas. Bot. 1866).
1578Lyte Dodoens vi. xii. 672 Rhus syluestris Plinij. Plinies wilde Sumac. 1860Darlington Amer. Weeds, etc. 76 Glandular Ailanthus. Chinese Sumach. Tree of Heaven. Tillow or Tallow Tree.
3. attrib. and Comb., as sumach berry, sumach bush, sumach leaf, sumach root, sumach-tan, sumach tree, sumach tribe, sumach tub; † sumach black, a black dye obtained from sumach; sumach-tanned a., tanned with sumach; so sumach-tanning.
1655G. S. Let. to S. Hartlib in Ref. Comm.-W. Bees 24, I examined *Shoomake Berries which have a red outside.
1580–1Act 23 Eliz. c. 9 §2 A Couloure commonlye called a *Shoomacke and mathered Blacke.
1877Black Green Past. xlii, The lake-red of those *sumach bushes.
1857Miller Elem. Chem., Org. xi. §2. 673 A portion of *sumach leaves and of a stronger infusion is poured into the bag.
1897B. Harraden Hilda Strafford 29 He brought in some logs of wood and some *sumac-roots.
1845G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. Ser. v. 196 The skins, shortly before being placed in the *sumach-tan, are subjected to the action of a hydrostatic press.
1906Athenæum 24 Feb. 241/2 *Sumach-tanned leathers seem to be by far the best.
1845G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. Ser. v. 196 Both kinds are prepared by *sumach-tanning.
1688Holme Armoury ii. v. 80/1 The *Sumack Tree of Virginia, nicked with nine, or ten leaves on a side like an ash.
1833Sir J. E. Smith Study Bot. (ed. 7) 316 Sumachineæ. *Sumach Tribe.
1845G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. Ser. v. 192 The *sumach-tubs present a singular appearance when three or four dozen inflated goat-skins are floating about in the contained liquor.
Hence ˈsumac(h) v. trans., to tan with sumach; chiefly in ˈsumaching vbl. n.
1845G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. Ser. v. 192 Once during the process of sumaching the skins are removed from the tub. Ibid. 200 The principal difference between sumached leather and alumed leather. 1860Tomlinson Arts & Manuf. Ser. ii. Leather 27 The divided skins, or skivers, are sumached in a short time. 1870Eng. Mech. 11 Feb. 534/2 The skins should be well shaved, scoured, and sumaced. |