| 释义 |
sturdy, a. and n.|ˈstɜːdɪ|
Forms: 4 stourdi, sturdi, (stourde), 4–6 stourdy, stordy, 6 stourdie, sturdye, 6–7 sturdie, 7 stirdy, 4– sturdy.
[a. OF. estourdi, estordi, esturdi, stunned, dazed, reckless, violent (mod.F. étourdi feather-brained, thoughtless), = Pr. estordit, It. stordito, Sp., Pg. aturdido; pa. pple. of OF. estourdir (mod.F. étourdir) to stun, daze, = It. stordire, Sp., Pg. aturdir (? from Fr.):—vulgar L. *exturdīre, of obscure origin.
Some scholars think that it is f. ex- (see ex-) + turd-us thrush (for the sense cf. the Fr. proverbial phrase soûl comme une grive, ‘drunk as a thrush’); some regard it as a contraction of *extorpidīre (L. torpidus torpid) or of *exturbidīre (L. turbidus turbid). All these conjectures are open to grave objection; another hypothesis, of derivation from Teut. *sturtjan to overthrow (see start v.), is on phonological grounds inadmissible.]
A. adj.
I.
1. In the primary etymological sense: Giddy. Said of sheep affected with the ‘sturdy’: see B. Now dial. (see Eng. Dial. Dict.).
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 73 If there bee any of the hogges that bee sturdy, lame, weake.
II.
†2. Impetuously brave, fierce in combat.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7936 Þe heyemen of engelond..mid gret ost wende uorþ & mid stourdi [v.r. stourde] mode. c1300K. Horn 893 (Laud MS.) We neuere ne hente Of man so harde dunte Bute of þe king Mory Þat was so swyþe stordy. 1375Barbour Bruce v. 506* He sa sturdy wes and stout, That he wes the mast vorthy man That in-to Carrick liffit than. c1425Engl. Conq. Ireland xlvi. 116 The northeren men ben stordyer & smerter to fyght than other. Ibid. 118 Thegh he wer yn wepne vnmetly stordy, & sterne, out of wepne natheles, he was meke and sobre. 1630R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. 23 Able, and hardy bodies, and stout and sturdy stomacks. 1684Bunyan Pilgr. ii. (1900) 258 They so belabored him, being sturdy men at Arms, that they made him make a Retreat.
†b. Of a battle: Fierce, violent. Obs.
c1450Lovelich Grail xiii. 782 Therfore was that stour ful Stordy. 1579E. K. Gloss. to Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Feb. 149 Sterne strife, said Chaucer, s. fell and sturdy.
†3. Recklessly violent, furious, ruthless, cruel.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 3842 He adrou sire calibourne, is suerd..& anowarde þe helm, mid wel stourdy mod, Þen oþer he smot. c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. met. ii. (1868) 68 Þe liouns of þe contree of pene..dreden her sturdy maystres [L. trucem..magistrum] of whiche þei ben wont to suffren betinges. a1513Fabyan Chron. vii. (1811) 643 Lewys the .xi...of Gaguinus is callyd the sturdy or fell Lewys. 1531Elyot Gov. iii. ix. (1883) II. 272 So no violence or sturdye mynde lackynge reason and honestie is any parte of fortitude. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. iii. (Arb.) 22 To redresse and edifie the cruell and sturdie courage of man.
†b. Of waves, a stream, a storm, etc.: Violent, rough. Obs.
1375Barbour Bruce iii. 698 And entryt sone in-to the rase, Quhar that the strem sa sturdy was. 1426Lydg. De Guil, Pilgr. 16670 Fordryven with many sturdy wawes off adversyte. 1569T. Newton Cicero's Old Age 33 In the sturdy and nipping cold of winter. 1588Churchyard Spark Friendship Ep. Ded. A 3 b, The brute beastes that auoydes a sturdie storme, vnder the sauegard of a strong and flourishing tree. 1648Kentish Serm. to Commons 10 The highest Houses are subject to the sturdiest storms. 1660Riders Brit. Merlin Oct., Sturdy storms of rain or snow, with extream ill weather, to the moneths end. 1823Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 226 A pretty decent and sturdy rain began to fall.
†c. Of movement: Furious. Of a blow: Violent.
c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 454 And forth he gooth, with a ful angry chere..A sturdy [v.rr. stourdy, stordy] paas doun to the court he gooth. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Feb. 201 But to the roote [he] bent his sturdie stroke, And made many wounds in the wast Oake. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 40 With many wounds and sturdy blows both giuen and receiued.
†4. Of or with regard to countenance, speech, demeanour: Stern, harsh, rough, surly. Obs.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 3287 After mete he nom is wif mid stourdi mod ynou, & wiþoute leue of þe kinge toward is contreye drou. c1386Chaucer Clerk's T. 642 What koude a sturdy housbonde moore deuyse To preeue hire wyfhod or hir stedefastnesse, And he continuynge euere in sturdinesse? c1440Partonope 2573 And to my men dyspitous and sturdy. 1531Elyot Gov. i. vii. (1883) I. 40 Retaynyng his fiers and stourdie countenance. Ibid. ii. v. II. 48 Litle and litle he withdrewe from men his accustomed gentilnesse, becomyng more sturdy in langage, and straunge in countenance, than euer before had ben his usage. 1552Huloet, Sturdy, superbus, superciliosus. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. viii. ii. §13 Their sturdy behauiour, and Lord-like carriage against the English.
†5. Hard to manage, intractable, refractory; rebellious, disobedient. Obs.
13..K. Alis. 1332 Thider he wendith with gret pres, This stordy citeis for to dres. c1400Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xv, Alauntes beeth inly fell and euyl vndrestondynge and more fooliche and more sturdy þan any oþer manere of houndes. c1440Promp. Parv. 481/2 Sturdy, vnbuxum, rebellis, contumax, inobediens. c1440Jacob's Well 296 To be sturdy to fadyr & modyr. 1514Barclay Cit. & Uplondyshman (Percy Soc.) 17 The fyrste plowman and tyller of the grounde, Was rude and stordy, dysdaynynge to be bounde. 1603Drayton Bar. Wars i. l, Sturdie to manage, of a haughtie Spright. 1604F. Herring Mod. Defenee Caveat 6 A sturdie horse requires a rough rider. 1611Speed Theat. Gt. Brit. ii. xiii. 121 The ancient Inhabitants of this Country [Flint] were the Ordouices, a sturdy people against the Romans, but now most kinde and gentle towards the English. c1635in Verney Mem. (1907) I. 122 My sonn doth begine to be toe sturdie for my government. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. 187 The most sturdy and refractory Non-conformists. 1688S. Penton Guardian's Instruct. (1897) 10 Beware of setting up that stirdy Resolution which some make, never to give off what they have once begun. 1781Cowper Hope 182 Man is the genuine offspring of revolt, Stubborn and sturdy—a wild ass's colt.
†b. Obstinate, immovable in opinion. Obs.
1664H. More Myst. Iniq. Apol. 522 If men would not bring their own sturdy Preconceptions, but listen to the easy and natural aire of the Text. 1680Tides (MS. Bodl. Add. A. 202) 10 Seafareing men..grow as sturdy and deafe to all the reason and argument that can be employed to undeceive them, as the Eliments wherein they converse. 1687R. L'Estrange Answ. to Dissenter 4 If they be not either too Sturdy, or too Stately, to Hearken to Reason. 1780Cowper Progr. Error 539 Your blund'rer is as sturdy as a rock. 1781― Expost. 298 Where obstinacy takes his sturdy stand, To disconcert what policy has plann'd.
c. [With mixture of sense 7.] Epithet of beggars or vagabonds who are able-bodied and apt to be violent: see beggar n. 1 b., valiant a. 1 b. Also sturdy and valiant.
1402Jack Upland in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 96 For in many places thai damnen suche sturdy beggyng. 1535–6Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 25 §1 Suche poore creature or sturdie vacabund. 1556in Vicary's Anat. (1888) 174 note, Sturdie & valiente Beggers. 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades ii. iii. (1592) 129 The sturdie roag vnworthie of almes. 1656Beale Heref. Orchards (1657) 39 Where Trade thrives not,..all doors and highwayes are oppressed with idle and sturdy vagabonds. a1680Butler Lady's Answ. 43 Like sturdy Beggars, that intreat For Charity at once, and threat. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Sturdy-beggers, the fifth and last of the most ancient Order of Canters. 1789J. Williams Min. Kingd. I. 202 When I reprove a sturdy beggar for being idle, he tells me roundly, that he cannot get employment.
6. Of material things: Refractory, defiant of destructive agencies or force; strong, stout.
c1374Chaucer Troylus ii. 1380 Þe sturdy ok On which men hakketh ofte for þe nones. c1400Rom. Rose 4155 Vpon the whiche also stode Of squared stoon a sturdy wall. 1575Gammer Gurton i. ii. 16 Chwold rend it, though it were stitched wath sturdy pacthreede. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. 41 b, Suche Grayne as hath the sturdiest strawe. 1600Fairfax Tasso xv. ii, Euerie tender lim In sturdie steele and stubburne plate they dight. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 305 His Doublet was of sturdy Buff. 1671Milton P.R. iv. 417 On the vext Wilderness, whose..sturdiest Oaks Bow'd thir Stiff necks. 1697Evelyn Numism. i. 10 Foliated with Silver upon this sturdy and inflexible Metal [Iron]. 1841Dickens Barn. Rudge xxxiii, A violent gust of wind and rain..seemed to shake even that sturdy house to its foundation. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. (1871) I. 141 The old triumphal arch of Drusus—a sturdy construction, much dilapidated [etc.]. 1870Bryant Iliad xiii. 359 Hasten thou And bring a sturdy javelin from the tent.
†b. Of wine: Rough or harsh to the taste. Obs.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. xi. 390 Also a man may in oon dayes while So trete a stordy wyn that hit shal smyle, And of a rough drynker be cleer and best.
†c. Of an ailment: Refractory to treatment. Obs.
1643J. M. Soveraigne Salve 1 For a sturdy sore many plaisters are but sufficient. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. iii. viii. 239 The named remedies will availe nothing, because the Imposthumation is too sturdy for them.
d. Of a plant: Hardy.
1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth vi. (1723) 296 The more sturdy and vigorous Vegetables. 1784Cowper Task iii. 530 Thence straight succeed The branches, sturdy to his utmost wish. 1853C. Rossetti Poet. Wks. (1904) 156/1 Lichen and moss and sturdy weed.
7. Of persons or animals; Characterized by rough bodily vigour; solidly built; stalwart, strong, robust, hardy.
c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 46 A sturdy harlot wente ay hem bihynde. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 195 And he war stark and sturdy, and mycht wele bere armes. 1561Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer ii. (1900) 120 Like as the armes of a smith that is weake in other thinges, because they are more exercised, be stronger then an other bodyes that is sturdy, but not exercysed to worke with his armes. 1580Blundevil Curing Horses Dis. clxxxiv. 74 Weake, delicate, and tender Horses may not be purged in such sort, as those that be of a strong sturdie nature. 1705Lond. Gaz. No. 4102/4 A short squat sturdy Lad. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 325 The brown bear is made rather strong and sturdy, like the mastiff. 1784Cowper Tiroc. 341 Great schools suit best the sturdy and the rough. 1837Kirkbride Northern Angler 55 His tackle must be strong; for lake⁓trout are in general rather sturdy customers. 1848L. Hunt Jar of Honey x. 141 The sturdy youth, for the first time in his life, fainted away. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 267 A rugged land..well fitted to produce a sturdy race.
b. Of movements: Displaying physical vigour. Also as epithet of health, vigour, etc.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 639 And labour him with many a sturdy Stroak. 1710Prior Two Riddles 14 With sturdy steps he walks. 1750Gray Elegy 28 How bow'd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke! 1861Stanley East. Ch. vi. (1869) 187 All were struck by the sturdy health and vigour of his frame. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola liii, His thickset frame had no longer the sturdy vigour which belonged to it.
8. transf. Of persons, their actions and attributes: Characterized by rough mental vigour; robust in mind or character; ‘downright’, uncompromising.
1775Johnson West. Isl., Ostig Wks. 1787 X. 464 A Scotch⁓man must be a very sturdy moralist, who does not love Scotland better than truth. 1802M. Edgeworth Forester xiii, His sturdy principles of integrity could not bend to any of the arguments, founded on expediency, which [etc.]. 1828Hazlitt Self-Love & Benev. Sk. & Ess. (1872) 77, I respect that fine old sturdy fellow Hobbes. 1866Kingsley Herew. ix, They were distinguished..for sturdy independence, and for what generally accompanies it—sturdy common sense. 1874Green Short Hist. vii. §1. 344 The sturdy good sense of the man shook off the pedantry of the schools.
b. Of expressions: Vigorous, lusty.
1822Byron Vis. Judgm. lix, Here crash'd a sturdy oath of stout John Bull. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Literature Wks. (Bohn) II. 105 The more hearty and sturdy expression may indicate that the savageness of the Norseman was not all gone.
9. Comb., as sturdy-chested, sturdy-hearted adjs.; † sturdy-boots [see boots1 3], jocularly, an obstinate person.
1531Elyot Gov. iii. ii. (1883) II. 196 The infinite numbre of the sturdye harted Jues could neuer haue ben gouerned by any wisedome, if they had nat ben brideled with ceremonyes. 1762Bickerstaff Love in Village i. x, Well said, sturdy-boots. 1836Dickens Sk. Boz, Medit. Monmouth St., A stout, broad-shouldered, sturdy-chested man.
B. n.
1. A brain-disease in sheep and cattle, which makes them run round and round; the turnsick.
1570Levins Manip. 97/37 Ye sturdy, vertigo. 1598Fitzherbert's Husb. ii. xxvii. 63 Of the turne, otherwise called the sturdy. 1610Markham Masterp. i. xxx. 59 The horse will turne round like a beast that is troubled with the sturdy. 1718Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. iii. xx, Fast frae the company he fled, As he had tane the sturdy. 1799A. Young Agric. Surv. Lincs. 329 The sturdy, or bladder on the brain. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 187 The so-called ‘gid’, ‘sturdy’ or ‘turnsick’.
b. A sheep afflicted with ‘sturdy’.
1807Prize Ess. & Trans. Highl. Soc. III. 402 A large parcel of lambs, whose bleating brought all the sturdies of the neighbourhood to them.
2. A name for darnel or some similar stupefying weed.
1683R. Dobbs Descr. Antrim in Antrim & Down Gloss. s.v., A sort of Poyson..called darnell, rises in the oats and other grain,..ye country people call it sturdy, from the effects of making people light-headed. 1802G. V. Sampson Statist. Surv. Londonderry 409 Another very injurious grain is thrown into the malt without reserve. It is called sturdy, and is the lolium secalinum of the botanists. Ibid. App. 15 Bromus Secalinus, field brome-grass; called by the farmers sturdy. 1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. 441.
3. A sturdy person.
1704Penn in Pennsylv. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 305 Those sturdies will never leave off until they catch a Tartar. 1895Meredith Amazing Marr. xxx. II. 339 The boy'll be a sturdy. She'll see he has every chance. He's a lucky little one to have that mother. |