| 释义 |
determination|dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən|
[a. F. détermination (Oresme 14th c.), or ad. L. dēterminātiōn-em, n. of action from dētermināre to determine.]
The action of determining, the condition of being determined.
1. A bringing to an end; a coming to an end; ending; termination. arch. (exc. as in b).
1483Cath. Angl. 98 A Determynacion, determinacio, diffinicio. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (1531) 93 b, A conclusyon or a full determinacyon of the mater. 1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. vii. xv. 123 The determination and ceasing of oracles. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 63 By reason of the over-hasty determination of his life. 1634–5Brereton Trav. (1844) 153 After the determination of the thirteen years. 1659Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 324 After the end or other determination of this Parliament. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. iv. i. 336 All other Bones save the Teeth have a certain determination of their gowth: but the Teeth grow continually. 1794Paley Evid. ii. vi. (1817) 151 A date subsequent to the determination of Pilate's government. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xvi. 465 The war continued..seeming year by year further removed from a determination.
b. Law. (esp. in Conveyancing) The cessation of an estate or interest of any kind.
1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 54 §4 After the..dettermynacions of the states..by deth without heires male or eny other wise. 1581W. Stafford Exam. Compl. i. (1876) 18 Such landes as come to our handes..by determination, and ending of such termes of yeares. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 465 To take effect on the determination of the estate tail. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises II. 321 A devise of real estate to the heirs of a person living at the determination of the prior estates. 1875Act 38–9 Vict. c. 92 §4 Determination of tenancy means the cesser of a contract of tenancy by reason of effluxion of time or from any other cause. 1891Law Reports Weekly Notes 79/1 Immediately after the determination of defendant's tenancy.
2. The ending of a controversy or suit by the decision of a judge or arbitrator; judicial or authoritative decision or settlement (of a matter at issue).
1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 396 To abyde all suche determynacion and iudgement. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. 6 The Judges before whom he knoweth the determinacion of his cause resteth. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 22 The Nations to whose determination the matter was committed. 1737Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 187 Upon the final Determination of our Disputes. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 116 In the determination of this question the identity of virtue and knowledge is found to be involved. 1891Sir R. V. Williams in Law Times' Rep. LXV. 609/1 The general question of the right of the licensee was not essential to the determination of that case.
b. The decision arrived at or promulgated; a determinate sentence, conclusion, or opinion.
1395Purvey Remonstr. (1851) 73 That ech determinacioun of the chirche of Rome is trewe on ech side. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. 306 The determinacion of the Cherch and the Doctouris..ar pleynly ageyn Holy Scripture. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 5 The decisiouns and determinatiouns of general counsallis. 1648Milton Tenure Kings (1650) 59 The cleer and positive determination of all who have writt'n on this argument. 1711Addison Spect. No. 122 ⁋5 They were neither of them dissatisfied with the Knight's Determination. 1785T. Balguy Disc. 75 To listen to our Saviour's determination,—‘He that is without sin’. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 180 We must run a risk..in coming to any determination about education.
†3. The settlement of a question by reasoning or argumentation; discussion. Obs.
c1400Test. Love i. (R.), These clerkes sain, and in determinacion shewen, that three things hauen the names of Goddes been cleaped. 1593Bp. Andrewes (title), A Determination concerning Oaths.
†4. The resolving of a question or maintaining of a thesis in a scholastic disputation; spec. in University history, the name of certain disputations which followed admission to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and completed the taking of that degree, qualifying the student for proceeding to the residence and exercises required for the Master's degree. Obs. exc. Hist.
Determination took place regularly in the Lent following presentation for the B.A., and consisted originally in the determining by disputation of questions in grammar and logic. ‘It was originally, it would appear, a voluntary disputation got up by the Bachelors themselves in imitation of the magisterial inception, but it was early recognized and enforced by the Universities.’ (Rev. H. Rashdall.)
[1408in Munim. Acad. Oxon. (Rolls) I. 241 Quia per solemnes determinationes Bachillariorum in facultate artium nostra mater Oxoniæ universitas multipliciter honoratur. 1517Statutes of Corpus Chr. Coll., Oxon., c. xxiv, Baccalaurei artium, completo prius post gradum baccalaureatus et determinationes triennio..ad gradum magistratus..promoveantur.] 1665J. Buck in Peacock Stat. Cambridge (1841) App. B 79 The Vice-Chancellor dismisseth the Answerer..then he beginneth his Determination. 1693–4Gibson in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 219 There is a Statute..which upon extraordinary occasions allows twice Austins instead of Determinations. 1726Amherst Terræ Fil. xlii. 223 The manner of this determination is as follows. All persons, that have taken their bachelor of arts degree since the Lent preceding, are obliged to dispute twice in one of the public schools..and go to prayers at St. Mary's Church every Saturday morning. 1822in Fowler Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. 302 The whole business and ceremony of Determination having been now by competent authority abolished in the University. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. v. 121 The Determination Feast, that is the festival following the assumption of the Bachelor's Degree, generally took place on Shrove Tuesday. 1868H. Anstey Munim. Acad. Oxon. (Rolls) Introd. 82 It was undoubtedly from the superior importance attached to logical studies that the name ‘determination’ took its rise, the examination for the bachelor's degree consisting mainly of questions to be determined by the candidate. 1887A. Clark Regr. Univ. Oxf. (O.H.S.) II. i. 63 All traces of determination have now disappeared from the procedure of the University. The last relic of it was abolished in 1855... To such a base end had ‘determining’ come.
5. The determining of bounds or fixing of limits; delimitation; definition; a fixing of the extent, position, or identity (of anything).
1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. x. (1611) 28 The particular determination of the reward or punishment. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. ii. ii. 170 To make vp a free determination 'Twixt right and wrong. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iv. xlvi. 373 The Circumscription of a thing, is..the Determination, or Defining of its Place. 1665Hooke Microgr. 54 A determination of Light and shadow. 1744Harris Three Treat. i. (1765) 27 Is our Account still too loose and in need of stricter Determination? 1794S. Williams Vermont 283 The determination made by Congress of the boundary lines. 1860Mansel Proleg. Logica iv. 112 Under such determinations as the conditions of my sensibility require. 1866J. G. Murphy Comm. Exod. xii. Introd., The determination of the parties who are admissible. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant i. 165 The determinations of space are not consequences, but reasons, of the positions of different parts of matter in relation to each other.
b. Logic. (a) The rendering of a notion more determinate or definite by the addition of characters or determining attributes. (b) A determining attribute.
1644Digby Nat. Bodies i. (1645) 87 To be a Quality is nothing else but to be the determination or modification of the thing whose quality it is. 1838Sir W. Hamilton Logic xi. (1866) I. 194 Every series of concepts which has been obtained by abstraction, may be reproduced in an inverted order, when..we, step by step, add on the several characters from which we had abstracted in our ascent. This process..is called Determination. 1860Mansel Proleg. Logica vi. 209 Determination..consists in the reunion of attributes previously separated by definition. 1864Bowen Logic v. 107 Unless one is regarded as an attribute or determination of the other. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 595 The finite and infinite of Philolaus have become logical determinations in the Philebus. Ibid. IV. 266 A multitude of abstractions are created..which become logical determinations.
6. The action of definitely ascertaining the position, nature, amount, etc. (of anything).
1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iii. iii. 263 The determination of Insects in their several Species. 1717J. Keill Anim. Œcon. Pref. (1738) 48 The Determination of the Vis Elastica was the Thought of the learned John Bernouli. 1793Englefield (title), On the Determination of the Orbits of Comets. 1845–6G. E. Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. II. 181 The quantitative determination of earthy-phosphate sediments. 1882L. B. Carll Treat. Calculus Variation 61 The determination of these constants is not..difficult.
b. The result ascertained by this action; that which has been determined by investigation or calculation; a conclusion, a solution.
1570Billingsley Euclid i. i. 9 The determination, which is the declaration of the thing required. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. vi. 194 That persons drowned arise and float the ninth day..is a questionable determination. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 162 The differences between their determinations were too great. 1831Brewster Optics iii. 25 As philosophers have determined the index of refraction for a great variety of bodies, we are able, from those determinations, to ascertain the direction of any ray. 1857Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. I. 105 Generally founded on astronomical determinations.
7. Fixed direction towards some terminal point; decisive or determining bias. lit. and fig.
1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. i. 35 Others, whose motion has an opposite determination. 1710J. Clarke Rohault's Nat. Phil. (1729) I. 78 When a Body moves any particular way, the Disposition that it has to move that way, rather than any other, is what we call its Determination. 1713Addison Guardian No. 100 ⁋7 The whole tribe of oglers gave their eyes a new determination. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., Heavy bodies have a determination towards the centre of the earth. 1754Edwards Freed. Will i. ii. 5 When we speak of the Determination of motion, we mean causing the Motion of the Body to be such a Way, or in such a Direction, rather than another. 1798Malthus Popul. (1806) II. iii. x. 253 The real price of corn varies during periods sufficiently long to affect the determination of capital. 1836Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 336 The determination given to the Church of Scotland..was not one of erudition. 1881Daily News 10 Mar. 5/3 An increasing determination of historic and genre painters towards landscape.
b. spec. A tendency or flow of the bodily fluids, now esp. of the blood, to a particular part.
1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 203 The Distempers which proceed from an irregular and disorderly Determination of the animal Spirits. 1805W. Saunders Min. Waters 242 On account of the property of this natural water..and from its rapid determination to the kidnies. 1831Scott Let. to A. Dyce 31 Mar. in Lockhart, Threatened with a determination of blood to the head. 1883Syd. Soc. Lex., Determination, the active direction to a part; as of blood to a special organ with increased vascular action.
†8. The final condition to which anything has a tendency. Obs.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. i. 50 The determination of quick-silver is properly fixation, that of milke coagulation, and that of oyle and unctious bodies onely incrassation. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 340 Each Corpuscle of Salt returns into the primitive Determination which it holds from Nature.
9. Metaph. The definite direction of the mind or will toward an object or end, by some motive, regarded as an external force.
c1685South Serm., Will for Deed (1715) 389 Homage which Nature commands all Understandings to pay to it, by necessary Determination. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxi. 50 The determination of the will, upon inquiry, is following the direction of that guide: and he that has a power to act or not to act, according as such determination directs, is a free agent; such determination abridges not that power wherein liberty consists. 1727–51Chambers Cycl., Determinations, again, are either moral or physical: a moral determination is that proceeding from a cause which operates morally. 1788Reid Act. Powers iii. ii. vi. 571 Dr. Hutcheson, considering all the principles of action as so many determinations or motions of the will.
10. The mental action of coming to a decision; the fixing or settling of a purpose; the result of this; a fixed purpose or intention.
1548Hall Chron. an. 8 Edw. IV. 203 Havyng a sure determinacion, fixed in their myndes. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 237 King Alfred was in Kent when he made determination of this journey. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 8 Cato would have a man long in determination to builde, but to plant and sowe out of hand. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 107 The English had no determination to leave them. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxvi, Agitated with doubts and fears and contrary determinations. 1883Sir T. Martin Ld. Lyndhurst xvii. 416 Lord Lyndhurst left office with the determination never again to return to it. Mod. From this determination no reasoning could move her.
11. The quality of being determined or resolute; determinedness, resoluteness.
1822Scott Nigel xxvii, Elizabeth possessed a sternness of masculine sense and determination which rendered even her weaknesses..respectable. 1829Lytton Devereux ii. xi, If I had less determination in my heart, I could not love you so well. 1853Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 145 Never was..operation executed with greater intelligence and determination. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt (1868) 32 There was an expression of acuteness and determination about him. 1875F. Hall in Lippincott's Mag. XV. 345/2 In the same spirit of determination. |