| 释义 |
▪ I. stopping, vbl. n.|ˈstɒpɪŋ|
[f. stop v. + -ing1.]
I.
1. a. The action of the vb. stop in various senses.
1375Barbour Bruce vi. 169 The vpcom wes then Dittit with slayn hors and men; Swa that his fayis, for that stopping, Micht not cum to the vp-cummyng. c1470Henry Wallace v. 114 Fyrst, to the hunde it mycht gret stoppyn be. 1487–8Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 132 Paide to a dawber for stoppyng of an hole in Sir Iohn lovyers chamber,..iij d. 1552Huloet, Stoppynge of wynde, asthma, obstructio. 1592Bacon Observ. Libel Resusc. (1657) 125 For the Stopping of Traffique..I refer my Self to the Custome-Books. 1677F. North Philos. Ess. Mus. 28 Pipes may be helped by the strength of the blast, and fretted Instruments by a favourable stopping. 1697De Foe Ess. Projects 321 All discounting of Wages,..stopping of Pay, and the like, to be adjusted by stated and Publick Rules. 1764Museum Rust. IV. 18, I pinch off with my nail such branches as accompany the fruit, to the thickness of about two crown-pieces, which I call stopping. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 613 Pruning may be rendered almost unnecessary by disbudding, disleafing, and stopping. 1873–4H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 107 The voice stops (g), (d) and often (b) are weakened after vowels by imperfect stopping. 1875E. A. Davidson House-painting, etc. 12 Stopping consists in filling in and making good all nail-holes, bad joints, cracks, &c. with putty, or with a paste made of putty and white lead, called hard stopping. 1881Grove Dict. Mus. III. 717 Stopping, the technical term for the operation of pressing the fingers on the strings of a violin, viola, etc., necessary to produce the notes. Double Stopping is the producing of two notes at once. 1902Land & Water 35 Oct. 616/3 Very naturally they [the boys] prefer a day's stopping [in the coverts] to a day school.
b. Combined with advs., stopping down, stopping off (also attrib.), stopping out, stopping-over, stopping up. (See the related verbal phrases under stop v.)
1904Kilbey Hand-camera Photogr. 39 This is the chief use of ‘stopping down’.
1856G. Gore Pract. Chem. 77 ‘Stopping off’ to Prevent Deposition. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2407 Stopping off (Founding), a term applied to the filling up with sand of a portion of a mold, when the casting is desired to be smaller than the pattern from which the mold is formed. 1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §45/2 Small town,..stopping-off place. 1966‘A. Hall’ 9th Directive iv. 41 I'll need up-to-the minute information..final itinerary..stopping-off points, so forth.
1807J. Landseer Lect. Engraving 232 Either by partial stoppings out, or the increased pressure of his Etching-needle. 1838in Newton's Lond. Jrnl. Conj. Ser. XVI. 64 These stopping-out apparatus are not limited as to their forms or dimensions. 1880Hamerton Etching & Etchers (ed. 3) App. 338 Stopping-out varnish. 1971Time 27 Sept. 79/1 The trend of stopping out is growing..partly because the draft law now gives young men with high lottery numbers a new freedom. 1977N.Y. Times 16 Jan. iv. 9/1 Stopping out..has become so popular on some campuses that the notion of graduating in four years seems almost quaint.
1932New Yorker 4 June 38 You leave Seattle July 9, and do a bit of stopping-over at Yokohama, Tokio, and other Japanese ports.
1671Phillips (ed. 3), Suffocation, a choaking, stifling, or stopping up of the breath. 1721Mortimer Husb. II. 330 The principal Cause that there hath been so much bad Cyder made in most parts of England, was the too early stopping of it up. 1805Shipwright's Vade-M. 136 Stoppings-up, the poppets, timbers, &c. used to fill up the vacancy between the upper-side of the bilgeways and the ship's bottom, for supporting her when launching. 1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 821/1 s.v. Shipbuilding, There should be at least two chains on each side secured to the fore-poppets,..and two on each side to the stopping-up. 1912H. J. Butler Motor Bodies 114 Opinion is divided as to when the stopping up should take place. Some painters do it now, while others leave it till the filling up..is done.
2. The placing of stops, punctuation.
1728Chambers Cycl., Stops, Stopping, in Grammar. 1837J. H. Newman Proph. Office Ch. 180 They use some anomalous criticism, or alter the stopping, or amend the text, &c. 1880N. T. (Rev. Vers.), Pref. iii. 4 d, Great care has been bestowed on the punctuation. Our practice has been to maintain what is sometimes called the heavier system of stopping. 1902T. S. Omond in N. & Q. Ser. ix. IX. 276/2 His [Browning's] punctuation..seems an attempt to supply that rhetorical arrangement of clauses which modern stopping altogether ignores.
†3. Path. Obstructed conditions of an organ: = stoppage 4. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. xlix. (1495) 891 Soure thynges openyth stoppynges of the splene and of the lyuour. 1528Paynell Salerne's Regim. F 4 b, They open the opilations & stoppynges that are wonte to be engendred in suche persons. 1657Coles Adam in Eden cxlv, The Extraction thereof is a Singular remedy against the yellow Jaundice, and Stoppings of the Liver, Spleen, and Womb. 1741A. Monro Anat. (ed. 3) 86 A Coryza, or stopping of the Nose from any other Cause.
fig.1646W. Jenkyn Remora 33 What coolings were there in our love, what stoppings in our bowels.
II. Concrete uses.
4. a. Something inserted to stop a hole, crevice, or passage.
1585Higins Junius' Nomencl. 264/1 Endiæum,..the stopping of the glister pipe, which is of cloth, and hangeth by a thred. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 162 The access of air being prevented by a stopping of paste or mortar so made. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 259 The water in the inner pot..is prevented from escaping through its bottom by the clay stopping at a. 1876Preece & Sivewright Telegraphy 230 A stopping of yarn should be rammed into the socket of the pipe before the joint is made.
†b. Decayed honey filling the cells of a comb.
1609C. Butler Fem. Mon. i. (1623) D ij, So they might live in secula, if..the abundance of noisome stopping would suffer them to abide the Hiues. Ibid. vi. (1623) O ij This kinde of honey..after a while it corrupteth and..becometh the sowrest, and the most unsauory of all things..which, then they commonly call Stopping or Coome.
c. Farriery. A pad charged with grease inserted within the shoe for the purpose of keeping the horse's foot moist.
1580Blundevil Curing Horses Dis. cxliv. 62 b, Stop him with Turpentine and Hogs grease molten togither, and laid on with a little towe or flaxe, and then clap on the shooe to keepe in the stopping. 1828S. F. Gray Suppl. Pharmacopœias (ed. 4) 464 Stoppings for the feet. Tallow 2 lb. [etc.].
d. A composition used to stop holes or crevices.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Builder 417 Filling up cracks and defects with putty, called stopping. 1883R. Haldane Workshop Rec. Ser. ii. 127/1 The ‘stopping’, as this mixture [of size and whiting] is called, is pressed into the cracks [of the picture] by means of a palette-knife. 1901J. Black Carp. & Build., Home Handicr. 43 [Before painting] any knots or resinous places in the woodwork should be coated with ‘stopping,’ or red lead in varnish.
e. Dentistry. The material used for stopping a hollow tooth.
1863Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 151 As a dentist once said to me, ‘All is not stopping that glitters.’ 1896Punch 11 Jan. 24/2 You mustn't bite anything for two hours at least, or you'll spoil the stopping.
5.
†a. A dam, embankment. Obs.
1575in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 375 The banks and stoppings of the waters aboute Sowthe bridge.
b. Mining. (See quots.)
1708J. C. Compleat Collier (1845) 46 Care of the Air must be taken in general, That it be not too much Dispersed, or too much liberty given for want of Stoppings. c1790Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) V. 103/2 The passage..must be closed up..by a partition of deals, or by a wall built with bricks or stones, to prevent the air passing that way. This building is called a stopping. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 986 By means of such stoppings placed in the boards next the dip-head level, the air can be transported to the right hand or to the left for many miles. 1911Act 1 & 2 Geo. V, c. 50 §42 (3) All stoppings between main intake airways and main return airways.
6. Archery. (See quot.)
1801T. Roberts Engl. Bowman 294 Stopping, the extreme part or head of the pile, which is solid.
III. 7. attrib. and Comb., in sense ‘bringing to a stand’, as in stopping effect, stopping power, stopping quality; ‘coming to a stand, halting’, as in stopping distance, stopping-point; ‘filling holes or crevices’, as in stopping-instrument, stopping-knife, stopping-material, stopping-tool; stopping-ground Etching (see quot.); stopping house Canad., a house offering accommodation to travellers; a boarding-house or rooming-house; stopping mixture Etching, a composition to be used as a stopping-ground; † stopping pan, a pan for melting materials for making ‘stoppings’ (sense 4 c); stopping-place, (a) a place at which a person or thing stops; (b) Canad. Hist., a stopping house, or a settlement where groups of travellers customarily stop for food and lodging; stopping rule Statistics, any rule in sequential testing or sampling for deciding when an investigation should be terminated, dependent on the cumulative trends in the results obtained; stopping station, one of the stations at which an express train stops; † stopping stick, a shoemaker's tool (? for filling crevices).
1947Highway Code 10 The good driver knows how *stopping distances increase with speed, and drives accordingly.
1907J. H. Patterson Man-Eaters of Tsavo xxiv. 279 As a matter of fact, however, it [the bullet] went clean through him [the charging lion] without having the slightest *stopping effect.
1837Penny Cycl. IX. 442/1 The parts which are bitten-in enough, are now to be covered with what is called *stopping-ground, which is a mixture of lamp-black and Venice turpentine.
1883Prince Albert (Saskatchewan) Times 18 Apr. 1/5 The road from Carrot River crosses the South Saskatchewan at this point where there is now a first class ferry and *stopping house. 1912H. Footner New Rivers of North 235 None of the stopping-houses along this trail have progressed beyond the most primitive stage. They provide a floor for you to sleep on and a fire-place, in some cases a stove for you to cook your food on; that is all. 1970R. & J. Paterson Cranberry Portage i. 4, I got a stoppinghouse here... My rooms is all full up.
1862Chamb. Encycl. III. 497/2 To be firmly pressed with a blunt-pointed *stopping-instrument or ‘plugger’ into all the interstices of the hollow of the tooth.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Builder 422 Glaziers are likewise furnished with *stopping knives.
1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art. II. 767 If the ground be any where broken up, a composition called the *stopping mixture, must be immediately applied to it.
1580Blundevil Curing Horses Dis. cxv. 53 b, Then fill both his feete with Hogges grease, and bran fried togither in a *stopping Pan.
1827A. Sherwood Gazetteer Georgia 37 Camp c. in the N.W. part of the Warren..and well known as a *stopping place. 1836C. Fox Jrnl. 31 Aug. in Memories of Old Friends (1882) ii. 5 Dr. Buckland was an outside compagnon de voyage, but often came at stopping places for a little chat. 1848W. Templeton Locomot. Eng. (ed. 2) 73 In nearing any station or stopping place, the steam must be shut off. 1878J. M. LeMoine Chronicles of St. Lawrence 21 When being jolted in a two-wheeled post stage, without springs, over these villainous roads, the traveller will do well to fix beforehand the stopping places (for meals), as hostelries are few and far between. 1909A. D. Cameron New North 28 We ‘make tea’ at Sturgeon Creek (the Namao Sepee of the Indians), the first of the ‘stopping-places’ or Waldorf-Astorias of the wilderness. 1950Stopping place [see lay-by n. 1 c].
1854Poultry Chron. I. 504 The improvement in these birds is so continuous, that it is hard to say where their *stopping-point will be found.
1896Times 16 Dec. 5/2 In the Chitral campaign the *stopping powers of the Lee-Metford rifle bullet were shown to be so small that [etc.].
1898B. Burleigh Sirdar & Khalifa vii. 106 The soldiers have no faith in the *stopping quality of the Lee-Metford bullet.
1953Jrnl. R. Statistical Soc. B. XV. 9 Thus if a history of the population is available over some period of time, λ + µ can be estimated from the observed number of incidents and the Ui, and λ/(λ + µ) from the proportion of the incidents that are births; the details will depend on the *stopping rule. 1960P. Armitage Sequential Med. Trials ii. 17 The design of the trial is determined entirely by the stopping-rule. 1978Brit. Jrnl. Cancer XXXVIII. 760/1 Investigators were also asked whether they used any formal or informal stopping rules for the early termination of trial if treatment differences should develop.
1840Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. III. 32/2 One of the ‘*stopping stations’ of all the second class trains being opposite. 1891Daily News 3 Apr. 5/5 Only Bletchley,..Stirling, and Perth are stopping stations by these specially fast trains.
1597Deloney Gentle Craft i. Wks. (1912) 89 The whetstone, the *stopping-stick, and the paring knife.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Builder 371 The plasterer likewise employs several small tools, called *stopping and picking-out tools.
▪ II. stopping, ppl. a.|ˈstɒpɪŋ|
[f. stop v. + -ing2.]
†1. Med. Tending to cause stoppage; astringent, constipating. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxiv. (1495) S j, The substaunce [of cole] without the Juys is stoppynge & byndynge. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 66 The sede & roote of it [nymphea] with the yelow floure dronken with rede stopping and tart wyne ar good agaynst..isshues. 1608Arabella Stuart Let. 8 Dec. in Lefuse Life (1913) 206, I have sent your lordship some of the stoppingest meat that is [sc. cheese]. 1666G. Harvey Morbus Angl. xxxiii. (1672) 103 Then you must resolve to live without Victuals, there being no meat in the world, but what may be excepted against, in saying this is windy, and that is stopping, &c.
2. That stops, in senses of the verb. stopping oyster: see oyster n. 1 c. stopping train: a train which stops at some or all intermediate stations on a particular line.
a1529,1542[see oyster n. 1 c]. 1676Mace Musicks Mon. 104, I must, with the Stopping Finger (only) cause the a, to sound, by taking it off, in a kind of a Twitch. 1854Repts. Accid. Railways 23 The train book kept at Weedon station..shows the time of arrival and departure of every stopping train. 1888Pall Mall Gaz. 31 Aug. 4/2 If a stopping omnibus is an obstruction, so is a stopping cab. |