back¹ /bak/

1. The rear part of the body in humans (specif between the neck and buttocks), and the upper part in other creatures
2. The rear part, the side opposite to the front, or the side remote from that usu presented or seen
3. The underside of a leaf or of a violin
4. Part of the upper surface of the tongue opposite the soft palate
5. The convex side of a book, opposite to the opening of the leaves
6. The thick edge of a knife, etc
7. The upright rear part of a chair, bench, etc
8. Something added to the rear or far side
9. The surface of the sea, or of a river
10. The keel and keelson of a ship
11. One of the players positioned behind the forwards (rugby, etc)
12. The side of a sloping vein nearest the surface (mining)
13. The earth between one level and the one above (mining)

1. Rearward, situated at or towards the back of
2. (of a road) not main, not direct
3. Remote
4. Reversed
5. Made by raising the back of the tongue (phonetics)
6. Belonging to the past

1. To or towards the back
2. To or towards the place from which one came
3. To a former state or condition
4. Behind
5. Behind in time
6. In return, reply or retaliation
7. In check
8. Again
9. Ago

1. To help or support
2. To support (a horse, an opinion, etc) by placing a wager or bet
3. To countersign or endorse
4. To provide a back or backing for
5. To lie at the back of
6. To form the back of
7. To cause to move backwards or in the opposite direction
8. To write or print at the back of (a parliamentary bill, etc)
9. To mount or ride (now rare)

1. To move or go back or backwards
2. (with on or onto) to have the back facing
3. (of the wind) to change counter-clockwise

backed adjective

Having a back

backˈer noun

backˈing noun

1. Support at the back
2. Support for an enterprise
3. Musical accompaniment, esp of a popular song
4. The action of putting or going back
5. A body of helpers
6. Anything used to form a back or line the back
7. Counter-clockwise change of wind

backˈless adjective

Lacking or not requiring a back

backˈmost adjective

Farthest to the back

backward /bakˈwərd/ adjective and adverb

1. Towards the back
2. On the back
3. Towards the past
4. From a better to a worse state
5. In a direction opposite to the normal
6. (of a fielder in cricket) standing in a position behind the batsman's wicket, eg backward point

1. Keeping back
2. Shy, bashful
3. Unwilling
4. Less advanced than normal in mental, physical or intellectual development
5. Late

The past portion of time

backwardāˈtion noun (stock exchange)

1. The percentage paid by a seller of stock for keeping back its delivery until the following account
2. The postponement of delivery of stock

backˈward-looking adjective

1. Having more regard to the past than the future
2. Conservative, reactionary

backˈwardly adverb

backˈwardness noun

backˈwards adverb

Backward

backˈache noun

Pain in the back

backˈband noun

A rope, strap or chain passing over a horse's back and holding up the shafts of a vehicle (also backˈ-chain and backˈ-rope)

backˈbeat noun (music, orig jazz)

1. One of the normally unstressed beats in a bar, used as a secondary syncopated beat
2. Breakbeat

backˈ-bench adjective

Of or sitting on the back benches, the seats in parliament occupied by members who do not hold office

backˈbenchˈer noun

backˈbite transitive verb

To speak ill of or unkindly of (someone) in his or her absence (also intransitive verb)

backˈbiter noun

backˈbiting noun (also adjective).

backˈ-block adjective

Of the back-blocks

backˈ-blocker noun

backˈ-blocks plural noun (Aust and NZ)

1. Remote, sparsely populated country
2. The back part of a station, far from water

backˈboard noun

1. A board at the back of a cart, boat, etc
2. A board fastened across the back to straighten the body
3. A board laid under a mattress, to support the back while sleeping
4. A rigid vertical panel placed above and behind the basket to deflect the ball (basketball)

back boiler noun

A hot-water boiler behind and heated by a domestic fire

backˈbond same as backletter below.

backˈbone noun

1. The spinal column
2. A main support or axis
3. Something similar to the spinal column in appearance and function
4. The keel and keelson
5. The spine of a book (chiefly US)
6. Firmness of character
7. A high-speed line to which smaller channels are attached (computing)

backˈboned adjective

backˈboneless adjective

backˈbreaker noun

1. A very heavy job
2. A hold in which one's opponent is pressed down on his or her back over one's knee or shoulder (wrestling)

backˈbreaking adjective

Exhausting

back burner noun

The rear burner on a stove, used esp for keeping a pot simmering that needs no immediate attention

backˈ-burner adjective (figurative)

Not requiring immediate attention

backˈ-calˈculate intransitive verb and transitive verb

To make a calculation as to an earlier condition, situation, etc (esp as to the level of a person's intoxication) based on data recorded at a later time

backˈ-calculaˈtion noun

backˈcast intransitive verb

1. To make a backward movement with a fishing-line prior to casting
2. To formulate a strategy by fixing a goal and working backwards to determine what steps must be taken to achieve it

noun

The act of backcasting

back catalogue noun

The recordings already made by a musician

back-chain see backband above.

back channel noun

A covert means of passing information

backˈchat noun

1. Answering back
2. Impertinence, repartee

intransitive verb

To answer impertinently

backˈ-cloth or backˈdrop noun

1. The painted cloth or curtain at the back of the stage
2. The background to any situation, activity, etc

backˈ-comb intransitive verb and transitive verb

To give (the hair) a puffed-out appearance by combing the underlying hairs towards the roots and smoothing the outer hairs over them

backˈ-country noun

Remote, thinly populated districts (also adjective)

backˈcourt noun (tennis)

1. That part of the court lying behind the service-line (also adjective)
2. In other games, that part of the court nearest the baseline

backˈ-crawl noun (swimming)

The crawl stroke, performed on the back (now usu called backˈstroke)

backˈ-cross noun

1. A cross between a hybrid and a parent
2. The process or act of back-crossing

transitive verb

To cross (a hybrid) with a parent

backˈ-crossing noun

back-dateˈ transitive verb

1. To put an earlier date on
2. To count as valid retrospectively from a certain date

back door noun

1. A door in the back part of a building
2. Clandestine or illicit means

backˈdoor adjective

1. Unworthily secret
2. Clandestine

backdown see back down below.

backˈ-draught noun

A backward current

backdrop see back-cloth above.

backˈ-endˈ noun

1. The rear end
2. The later part of a season (dialect)
3. The late autumn (dialect)
4. The aspects of the running of an operation, eg a website, that do not involve interaction with the public

backˈfall noun

1. An obsolete term for an acciaccatura (music)
2. A fall on the back as in wrestling (often figurative)
3. A lever in the coupler of an organ

backˈfield adjective (American football, etc)

Of or in the position of a back or the backs

noun (American football)

The backs collectively

backˈfile noun

The back numbers of a newspaper, journal, etc

backˈfill noun

The material used in backfilling

transitive verb and intransitive verb

To refill (eg foundations or an excavation) with earth or other material

backˈfilling noun

backˈfire noun

1. Ignition of gas in an internal-combustion engine's cylinder at the wrong time, or inside eg a Bunsen burner instead of at the outlet
2. A controlled forest or prairie fire started in order to create a bare space, to stop a major fire spreading further (N American)

intransitive verb /bak-fīrˈ/

1. (of a plan, etc) to go wrong and have a bad effect on the originator
2. To have a backfire
3. To start a backfire (N American)

backˈfitting noun (nuclear eng)

Making changes to nuclear (and other) plants already designed or built eg to cater for changes in safety criteria

backˈflip noun

A backward aerial somersault

back-formāˈtion noun

1. The making of a word from another that is, wrongly or humorously, taken to be a derivative, as the verb sidle from the adverb sideling treated as if it were a participle
2. A word made in this way

backˈ-friend noun

1. A pretended friend (obsolete)
2. A backer, a friend who stands at one's back

backˈ-ganging adjective (Scot)

In arrears

back garden or (Scot) back green noun

A garden or green at the back of a house

backˈground noun

1. The space behind the principal figures of a picture
2. That against which anything is, or ought to be, seen (figurative)
3. Upbringing and previous history
4. Environment
5. An inconspicuous or obscure position, the shadows
6. Ground at the back

adjective

1. In the background (lit or figurative)
2. (of music, light, etc) complementary to and unobtrusively accompanying something else such as a film or social activity

background heating noun

Heating which provides a low level of warmth but requires supplementing for complete comfort

background processing noun (computing)

Processing carried out non-interactively, when work placed in a background queue is attended to as computing resources become available

background radiation noun

Low-level radiation from substances present in the environment

background tasks plural noun (computing)

Tasks such as printing which a computer can carry out simultaneously with tasks involving user input

backˈ-hair noun

The hair at the back of the head

backˈhand noun

1. A stroke made with the back of the hand turned in the direction of the stroke (tennis, etc)
2. The part of the court to the left of a right-handed player, or the right of a left-handed (tennis)
3. Handwriting with the letters sloping backwards

adjective

(of a shot in tennis, etc) played with the back of the hand turned in the direction of the stroke

transitive verb

To play a backhand shot

backˈhanded adjective

1. Backhand
2. (of a blow) carried out with the back of the hand
3. (of a compliment, etc) indirect, dubious, sarcastic, derogatory in effect

backˈ-hander noun

1. A blow with the back of the hand
2. A backhand stroke
3. A bribe (informal)
4. An extra glass of wine out of turn, the bottle being passed back

backˈ-heel transitive verb (football)

To kick (the ball) backwards with the heel (also noun)

backˈhoe noun

(also backhoe loader) (a tractor equipped with) a shovel at the end of a mechanical arm, for making minor excavations

backˈing-down noun

1. Abandonment of one's position
2. Shirking

backing storage noun (computing)

The storage of data externally from the computer in a backing store

backing store noun (computing)

A large-capacity computer data store supplementary to a computer's main memory

backing track noun

A recorded accompaniment to a live singer

back issue noun

A back number of a publication

backˈland noun

1. A piece of land at the back of an established property, specif when viewed or used as an area for building development
2. Back-country

back lane noun

A lane to the rear of a building or buildings

backˈlash noun

1. Reaction or consequence, esp if violent
2. The jarring or recoiling motion of ill-fitting machinery

backˈletter noun (Scots law)

A deed attaching a qualification or condition to the terms of a conveyance or other instrument

backˈlift noun (cricket or football, etc)

A backward lifting of the bat (or leg) before the stroke is played (or ball is kicked)

backˈ-light noun (photography)

Light falling on a subject from the rear

transitive verb

To illuminate something from the rear

backˈ-lighting noun

backˈ-lill (Scot) sometimes (non-standard) -lilt noun

The left-hand thumb hole at the back of a bagpipe chanter

backˈlist noun

Books previously published which a publisher keeps in print, as opposed to newly published books

backˈ-load noun

A load taken on by a lorry for a return journey

intransitive verb

To obtain a back-load

backˈ-loading noun

backˈlog noun

1. A reserve or accumulation of business, stock, work, etc that will keep one going for some time
2. A log at the back of a fire (chiefly N American)

backˈlot noun (film, TV)

The outdoor area, often next to the studio, used for exterior scenes

backˈmarker noun

1. A person who starts a race with the least advantageous handicap
2. A competitor at the back of the field

back-mutāˈtion noun (biology) see reversion under reverse

back number noun

1. A copy or issue of a newspaper or magazine of a previous date
2. A person or thing out of date, old-fashioned or no longer useful

backˈ-office adjective

Of staff, etc who work in banks, the Civil Service, etc, behind the scenes out of the public view

backˈ-of-the-enˈvelope adjective

(of a calculation) performed quickly and without scrupulous regard to accuracy

backˈpack noun

A pack carried on the back, a rucksack

intransitive verb

To carry a pack on the back, esp as a hiker

backˈpacker noun

backˈpacking noun

back pass noun (football)

A pass from a player to his or her own goalkeeper, which the goalkeeper is not allowed to handle

back passage noun

1. A passageway at or towards the rear of a building
2. The rectum (informal)

back pay noun

1. Pay that is overdue
2. Pay for work that was done in the past, often resulting from a back-dated pay increase

back-pedˈal intransitive verb

1. To push the pedals backwards, as in slowing a fixed-wheel bicycle
2. To hold back
3. To reverse one's course of action
4. To retreat from an opponent while still facing him or her (boxing)

back-pedˈalling noun

backˈpiece or backˈplate noun

A piece or plate of armour for the back

back pressure noun (engineering)

1. The pressure opposing the motion of the piston of an engine on its exhaust stroke
2. The exhaust pressure of a turbine

backˈ-projection noun

The projection of film onto the back of a special screen so as to be seen from the other side as a background to action taking place in front of the screen

back rest noun

The part of a seat which supports the sitter's back

back room noun

A place where secret work is done

backˈroom adjective

(of people) doing important work behind the scenes, esp in secret

back-rope see backband above.

back row noun (rugby)

The line of forwards at the back of a scrum

backˈ-row adjective

backˈsaw noun

A saw stiffened by a thickened back

backˈscatter noun (physics)

The deflection of radiation or particles by scattering through angles greater than 90º with reference to the original direction of travel

transitive verb

To scatter in this way

backˈscratch intransitive verb

backˈscratcher noun

1. A long-handled instrument for scratching the back
2. A person who practises backscratching

backˈscratching noun

1. Doing favours in return for favours, for the advantage of both parties
2. Servile flattery

back-seat driver noun

1. Someone free of responsibility but full of advice
2. Someone controlling from a position from which he or she ought not to control

backˈset noun

1. A setting back, reverse
2. An eddy or counter-current

backsey /bakˈsīˈ/ noun (Scot)

Sirloin

backˈ-shift noun

1. A group of workers whose time of working overlaps or comes between the day shift and the night-shift
2. The time this group is on duty

backˈside noun

1. The back or rear side or part of anything
2. The rear part of an animal
3. The buttocks (informal)
4. The premises at the rear of a house (Scot)

backˈsight noun

1. A sight taken back towards a previous fixed point (surveying)
2. The sight of a rifle nearer the stock

backˈ-slang noun

Slang in which every word is pronounced as if spelt backwards

backˈ-slapping adjective

Vigorously and demonstratively cheery

noun

Such an approach, manner or behaviour towards associates

backˈslash noun (computing)

A character consisting of a line sloping from top left to bottom right

backˈslide intransitive verb

To slide or fall back in faith, morals or work, etc

backˈslider noun

backˈsliding noun

backˈspace (or /-spāsˈ/) intransitive verb

To move the cursor of a computer or the carriage of a typewriter one or more spaces back by means of a particular key

noun

1. The key used for backspacing (also backˈspacer or backspace key)
2. The act of backspacing

backˈ-spaul or -spauld noun (Scot)

1. The back of the shoulder
2. The hindleg

backspeirˈ or backspeerˈ transitive verb and intransitive verb (Scot)

To cross-question

backˈspin noun (sport)

A rotary movement against the direction of travel of a ball imparted to reduce its momentum on impact

backˈstabbing noun

The act of treacherously criticizing someone to whom one poses as a friend

backˈstabber noun

backstageˈ adjective and adverb (lit and figurative)

Behind the scenes, unobserved by the public

backˈstairs plural noun

Servants' or private stairs of a house

adjective

Secret or underhand

backˈstall noun

A garrotter's confederate on the lookout behind

backstartˈing adjective (Spenser)

Starting back

backˈstays plural noun

1. Ropes or stays extending from the topmast-heads to the sides of a ship, and slanting a little backwards (nautical)
2. Any stay or support at the back

backˈstitch noun (needlework)

A stitch in which the needle enters behind, and comes out in front of, the end of the previous stitch (also intransitive verb and transitive verb)

backˈstop noun

1. A screen, wall, etc acting as a barrier in various sports or games, eg shooting, baseball, etc
2. (the position of) a player, eg in rounders, who stops the ball
3. Something providing additional support, protection, etc
4. Something preventing excessive backward movement

back story noun

The events supposed to have happened before the incidents portrayed in a film, novel, etc

back straight noun

The straight part of a racecourse or track farthest from the finish

backˈstreet noun

1. A street away from the main road in a town or city, esp as part of a poorer, less fashionable area
2. A back lane

backstreet abortion noun

An abortion performed by an unqualified person operating illicitly

back stretch noun

A back straight

backˈstroke noun

1. A blow or stroke in return
2. Back-crawl, a swimming stroke with alternate backward circular movements of each arm and scissors movements of the legs, performed on the back
3. Formerly a swimming stroke with simultaneous backward circular movements of both arms, and the breaststroke kick, performed on the back (also called English backstroke)

backˈswimmer noun

An aquatic insect of the Notonectidae family which swims on its back, propelled by its back legs

backˈswing noun (sport)

The first stage in a swing of a club, racket, etc, in which it is swung back and away from the ball

backˈsword noun

1. A sword with a back or with only one edge
2. A fencing stick with a basket-hilt, a singlestick

backswordˈman noun

back talk noun (N American)

Backchat

• reciprocal crosses
• reciprocalities
• reciprocality
• reciprocally
• reciprocals
• reciprocal translocation
• reciprocant
• reciprocants
• reciprocate
• reciprocated
• reciprocates
• reciprocating
• reciprocating engine
• reciprocating engines
• reciprocation
• reciprocations
• reciprocative
• reciprocator
• reciprocators
• reciprocities
• reciprocity
• reciprocity failure
• reciprocity principle
• reciprocity rule
• recirculate