| 释义 |
WordReference Random House Learner's Dictionary of American English © 2024should /ʃʊd/USA pronunciation auxiliary (modal) v.[~ + root form of a verb]- pt. of shall:I promised that I should do the job myself.
- (used to express the opinion that the action of the main verb is one of duty, or what is proper, or what is a good idea):You should respect your mother and your father. Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones (= People who have faults should not criticize others for having those faults too).
- (used to express a condition):If he were to arrive, I should be pleased.
- (used to make a statement less direct or blunt):I should think you'll want to apologize.
- (used to express the opinion that the action of the main verb is something that may naturally be expected to occur):He should be here any minute.
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2024should (shŏŏd),USA pronunciation auxiliary v.- pt. of shall.
- (used to express condition):Were he to arrive, I should be pleased.
- must;
ought (used to indicate duty, propriety, or expediency):You should not do that. - would (used to make a statement less direct or blunt):I should think you would apologize.
- see shall Middle English sholde, Old English sc(e)olde
- 3.See corresponding entry in Unabridged See must 1.
Rules similar to those for choosing between shall and will have long been advanced for should and would, but again the rules have had little effect on usage. In most constructions, would is the auxiliary chosen regardless of the person of the subject:If our allies would support the move, we would abandon any claim to sovereignty.You would be surprised at the complexity of the directions.Because the main function of should in modern American English is to express duty, necessity, etc. (You should get your flu shot before winter comes), its use for other purposes, as to form a subjunctive, can produce ambiguity, at least initially:I should get my flu shot if I were you.Furthermore, should seems an affectation to many Americans when used in certain constructions quite common in British English:Had I been informed, I should (American would) have called immediately.I should (American would) really prefer a different arrangement. As with shall and will, most educated native speakers of American English do not follow the textbook rule in making a choice between should and would. See also shall. Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:: should /ʃʊd/ vb - the past tense of shall: used as an auxiliary verb to indicate that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory (you should go) or to form the subjunctive mood with I or we (I should like to see you; if I should be late, go without me)
See also shall
Etymology: Old English sceold; see shallUSAGE
Should has, as its most common meaning in modern English, the sense ought as in I should go to the graduation, but I don't see how I can. However, the older sense of the subjunctive of shall is often used with I or we to indicate a more polite form than would: I should like to go, but I can't. In much speech and writing, should has been replaced by would in contexts of this kind, but it remains in formal English when a conditional subjunctive is used: should he choose to remain, he would be granted asylum shall /ʃæl; unstressed ʃəl/USA pronunciation auxiliary (modal) v., pres. shall;
past should;
imperative, infinitive, and participles lacking.- [~ + root form of a verb]
- (used to express plans or intentions concerning the main verb, esp. with regard to the future):I shall go later.
- (used to express the necessity, strong intention, or determination of carrying out the action of the main verb):You shall get those x-rays immediately.
- (used to express that the action of the main verb must be carried out):Council meetings shall be held in public.
- (used in question forms to make an offer, suggestion, or request for advice):Shall I help you, or do you want to do it yourself? Shall I apologize to her?
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2024shall (shal; unstressed shəl),USA pronunciation auxiliary v., pres. sing. 1st pers. shall, 2nd shall or (Archaic) shalt, 3rd shall, pres. pl. shall* past sing. 1st pers. should, 2nd should or (Archaic) shouldst or should•est, 3rd should, past pl. should;
imperative, infinitive, and participles lacking. - plan to, intend to, or expect to:I shall go later.
- will have to, is determined to, or definitely will:You shall do it. He shall do it.
- (in laws, directives, etc.) must;
is or are obliged to:The meetings of the council shall be public. - (used interrogatively in questions, often in invitations):Shall we go?
- bef. 900; Middle English shal, Old English sceal; cognate with Old Saxon skal, Old High German scal, Old Norse skal; compare German soll, Dutch zal
The traditional rule of usage guides dates from the 17th century and says that to denote future time shall is used in the first person (I shall leave. We shall go) and will in all other persons (You will be there, won't you? He will drive us to the airport. They will not be at the meeting). The rule continues that to express determination, will is used in the first person (We will win the battle) and shall in the other two persons (You shall not bully us. They shall not pass). Whether this rule was ever widely observed is doubtful. Today, will is used overwhelmingly in all three persons and in all types of speech and writing both for the simple future and to express determination. Shall has some use in all persons, chiefly in formal writing or speaking, to express determination:I shall return.We shall overcome.Shall also occurs in the language of laws and directives:All visitors shall observe posted regulations.Most educated native users of American English do not follow the textbook rule in making a choice between shall and will. See also should. Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:: shall /ʃæl; (unstressed) ʃəl/ vb ( past should)
takes an infinitive without to or an implied infinitive:
esp with I or we as subject: used as an auxiliary to make the future tense: we shall see you tomorrow
Compare will1- with you, he, she, it, they, or a noun as subject: used as an auxiliary to indicate determination on the part of the speaker, as in issuing a threat: you shall pay for this!
- used as an auxiliary to indicate compulsion, now esp in official documents
- used as an auxiliary to indicate certainty or inevitability: our day shall come
- (with any noun or pronoun as subject, esp in conditional clauses or clauses expressing doubt) used as an auxiliary to indicate nonspecific futurity: I don't think I shall ever see her again, he doubts whether he shall be in tomorrow
Etymology: Old English sceal; related to Old Norse skal, Old High German scal, Dutch zalUSAGE
The usual rule given for the use of shall and will is that where the meaning is one of simple futurity, shall is used for the first person of the verb and will for the second and third: I shall go tomorrow; they will be there now. Where the meaning involves command, obligation, or determination, the positions are reversed: it shall be done; I will definitely go. However, shall has come to be largely neglected in favour of will, which has become the commonest form of the future in all three persons |