| 释义 |
foul
I. \ˈfau̇l, esp before pause or consonant -au̇əl\ adjective
(usually -er/-est)
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English fūl; akin to Old High German fūl rotten, Old Norse fūll foul, Gothic fūls stinking, Latin pus pus, putēre to stink, Greek pyon pus, pythein to cause to rot, Sanskrit pūyati it stinks
1.
a. : offensive to the senses : loathsome
< in their foul homes of dirt and rag — Bernard Gutteridge >
b. : charged with offensive matter : rotten, putrid
< the contents of the bowl are foul and stinking — J.G.Frazer >
2. : full of dirt or mud : muddy
3.
a. : morally or spiritually odious : wicked
< how foul are all impulses of prejudice — J.H.Holmes >
b. : notably unpleasant or distressing
< if my day has been foul, I can turn on my … radio and everything's mellow — Adrian Dove >
4.
a. : obscene, profane
< much of this most tedious and lengthy book is foul, lewd, and revolting — Hartley Shawcross >
b. : abusive
< it was hard for me to take all the foul names he called me — H.A.Chippendale >
c. dialect England : bad-tempered : unfriendly
5.
a. : wet and stormy : disagreeable
< foul weather >
< a foul sky >
b. : obstructive to navigation : unfavorable, dangerous
< we had a foul tide — Peter Heaton >
< always presume your course to be foul unless you know it to be clear — H.A.Calahan >
6.
a. now dialect Britain : not attractive : homely, ugly
< I don't look too foul do I — A.J.Cronin >
b. of a feather or plumage : of any color not accepted as standard for birds of a particular variety or breed
7.
a. : grossly unfair : treacherous, dishonorable
< competition was stifled by fair means or foul — Grace L. Nute >
b. : characterized by harshness, roughness, or violence
< war is a foul game — R.W.Emerson >
c. : constituting an infringement of rules in a game or sport
< a foul hand in poker >
< a foul blow in boxing >
8.
a. : marked up : defaced by changes
< a foul galley proof >
< a foul manuscript >
b. of a proof in printing : pulled before the latest alterations were made in type
9.
a. : encrusted, clogged, or choked with a foreign substance
< a foul ship bottom >
< a foul chimney >
< on foul land weeds may get the better of clover — E.V.Wilcox >
b. : littered especially with matter that should have been put away
< a foul stone in printing >
10.
a. : odorous and impure : polluted
< foul air >
< foul water >
b. archaic : discolored
< we make foul the clearness of our deservings — Shakespeare >
11. : hindered from freedom of motion by collision or entanglement : entangled
< a foul fishline >
12. : eating coarse food or carrion — used especially in the phrase foul feeder
13. of a typecase : containing many missorted characters
14. : outside the foul lines in baseball — compare foul ball, foul line
Synonyms: see dirty
II. noun
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English fūl, from fūl, adjective — more at foul I
1. archaic : something that is foul
< foul befall the man who ever lays a snare in its way — Laurence Sterne >
2. : foot rot 2
3. : an entanglement or collision especially in angling or sailing
4.
a. : an infringement of the rules in a game or sport (as in basketball) for which a penalty is levied against the offending person or team — see personal foul, technical foul, violation
b. : free throw
5. : foul ball
III. adverb
Etymology: Middle English foule, from Old English fūle, from fūl, adjective
: foully
IV. verb
(-ed/-ing/-s)
Etymology: Middle English foulen, from Old English fūlian, from fūl, adjective
intransitive verb
1. : to become or be foul: as
a. : to become odorous : decompose, rot
< it is this organic refuse which alone is fouling — Emily Holt >
b. : to become encrusted, clogged, or choked with a foreign substance
< a gun fouls >
c. : to become entangled or come into collision
< this may cause … the suspension lines of the parachute to foul — H.G.Armstrong >
2. : to commit a foul in a sport or game
3. : to make an out in baseball by hitting a foul ball that is caught by a member of the opposing team
< the batter fouled to the first baseman >
transitive verb
1. : to make foul: as
a. : to make dirty : soil, pollute
< air was fouled and darkened by factory soot — J.D.Hart >
b. : to become entangled or come into collision with
< a raveled rope fouled a pulley — L.C.Douglas >
< the propeller fouled a treetop — T.E.McKitterick >
c. : to encrust with a foreign substance
< when a ship's bottom is fouled from sea grass and barnacles it often takes 10 percent more fuel to keep her going at normal speed — National Geographic >
d. : obstruct, block
< the carrier's flight deck was fouled by a crashed plane >
e. of a bird : to mark with areas of plumage of a color not accepted as standard
2. : to bring into disgrace : dishonor, discredit
< it is senseless to foul our municipal personnel with unproved charges — Robert Moses >
3. : to commit a foul against (as in basketball)
4. : to hit (a baseball) foul
< he fouled the first pitch > |