单词	graft
释义	graft I. \ˈgraft, -aa(ə)-, -ai-, -ȧ-\ verb (-ed/-ing/-s) Etymology: Middle English graften, alteration of graffen — more at graff transitive verb 1.  a. : to unite (plants or scion and stock) to form a graft   < impossible to graft unrelated trees successfully >   : cause (a scion) to unite with a stock in a graft   < grafted a branch of white roses on his red rose tree >  b. : to insert scions in (a plant)   < possible to cut back an old apple and graft it with scions of a better variety >  c. : to propagate (a plant) by grafting   < apples and most other fruits are grafted to retain desirable qualities that do not come true from seed >  d. : to perform the operation of preparing grafts on or of   < graft all our own replacement trees > 2.  a. : to join or fasten as if by grafting so as to bring about a close union   < the jute industry was also grafted on to a local textile trade >   < a hopeful ending grafted on to the story — David Sylvester >   < the level of industrial civilization grafted on to a world of feudal manners — Frank Gibney >   < the rail that was especially grafted on to the grand staircase — Emily Hahn >   < turn him adrift, grafting upon him a sense of failure — Dixon Wecter >  b. : to implant (living tissue) so as to form an organic union (as in a lesion)   < were able to graft new skin over the badly burned area of the arm >   < grafted a new piece of artery into the ruptured portion of the old artery >  c. : to join or mend invisibly; especially : to weave together with a needle (two unfinished or broken edges of knitted fabric) 3. : to cover (as a rope, ringbolt, or stanchion on a boat) with a weaving of small cord intransitive verb 1. : to become grafted  < many pears graft well on quince rootstocks > 2. : to perform grafting (as of a fruit tree or shrub)  < grafting is used especially to increase the numbers of a clonal plant or to improve the vigor of a plant of a weak-rooted variety > 3. : to engage in graft II. noun (-s) Etymology: Middle English grafte, alteration of graffe — more at graff 1.  a. : the growth or an individual resulting from the union of scion and stock : a grafted plant (as a rosebush)   < some excellent two-year-old grafts on dwarf rootstocks >   < an expert can turn out a surprising number of grafts in a day >  b. : scion 1  c. : the point of insertion of a scion upon a stock   < the graft should be high enough to prevent the formation of scion roots >  also : the area of joining of scion and stock in grafting   < a poor graft may break after several years satisfactory growth > 2.  a. : the act of grafting or of joining one thing to another as if by grafting   < a strange partial graft of Nordic traits on broad-faced and broad-headed Mongolian physique — A.L.Kroeber >  b. : something grafted in this way; specifically : a piece of living tissue used in grafting — see autograft, heterograft, homograft 3.  a. : the acquisition of money, position, or other profit by dishonest or questionable means (as by actual theft or by taking advantage of a public office or a position of trust or employment to obtain fees, perquisites, profits on contracts, or pay for work not done or service not performed) : illegal or unfair practice for profit or personal gain   < tried to clear the graft, waste, and inefficiency out of government >   < claimed that any large and complex business organization tended to breed graft because of the inevitable towering hierarchy of command >  b. : something gained in this way   < no matter how much graft his subordinates may have garnered — Green Peyton >  c. : something given as payment to one engaged in such a practice   < forced to pay out graft to local politicians to avoid being annoyed by the police >  d. : a means or method of making such gain or advantage   < systematic appropriation of public funds by lawless political groups … and the more honest graft of special favors to real-estate or public-service interests — H.E.Davis > [graft 1c: a scion, b stock] III. noun (-s) Etymology: Dutch graft, gracht ditch, canal, from Middle Dutch; derivative from the stem of Middle Dutch graven to dig, Old High German graban — more at grave now dialect England : ditch, trench IV. intransitive verb (-ed/-ing/-s) Etymology: alteration of grave (I) 1. dialect England : dig 2. dialect England : work V. noun (-s) dialect chiefly Britain : work, labor; also : trade, occupation
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