| 单词 | religion |
| 释义 | religion (once / 31 pages) n Religion has two related meanings: it’s the belief that one or more divine beings are responsible for the fate of all human life, and it’s also an organization where people of a specific religion can express their beliefs. Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam: these are examples of religions, and millions around the world follow the principles defined by their chosen faith. The Latin root religio means “to bind,” and religion binds people together not just by their practices, but also by their ideas. Most religions have their own story about the creation of the universe, and each has a different explanation for the meaning of life, which is a source of comfort for a religion’s followers. WORD FAMILYreligion: coreligionist, irreligion, religionism, religions, religious+/coreligionist: coreligionists/irreligion: irreligionist/irreligionist: irreligionists/irreligious: irreligiously, irreligiousness/religionism: religionist/religionist: religionists/religiosity: religiosities/religious: irreligious, religiosity, religiouses, religiousism, religiously, religiousness USAGE EXAMPLES“There are hundreds of thousands of Christians in Turkey who freely exercise their religion.” Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017) Roof was found guilty on 33 federal charges, including hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion. Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017) Our children should not die as a result of their parents’ philosophy, religion or misinformation. Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017) 1n a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny Syn|Hypo|Hyper faith, religious belief apophatism the religious belief that God cannot be known but is completely `other' and must be described in negative terms (in terms of what God is not) cataphatismthe religious belief that God has given enough clues to be known to humans positively and affirmatively (e.g., God created Adam `in his own image') analogy, doctrine of analogythe religious belief that between creature and creator no similarity can be found so great but that the dissimilarity is always greater; any analogy between God and humans will always be inadequate cult, cultus, religious culta system of religious beliefs and rituals culta religion or sect that is generally considered to be unorthodox, extremist, or false ecclesiasticismreligion appropriate to a church and to ecclesiastical principles and practices mysticism, religious mysticisma religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality nature worshipa system of religion that deifies and worships natural forces and phenomena revealed religiona religion founded primarily on the revelations of God to humankind theismthe doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods heathenism, pagan religion, paganismany of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism Christian religion, Christianitya monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior Hindooism, Hinduisma body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system; it is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils Brahmanism, Brahminismthe religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads Jainismreligion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being Sikhismthe doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam Buddhismthe teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth Hsuan Chiao, Taoismpopular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic Shinto, Shintoismthe ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors Manichaeanism, Manichaeisma religion founded by Manes in the third century; a synthesis of Zoroastrian dualism between light and dark and Babylonian folklore and Buddhist ethics and superficial elements of Christianity; spread widely in the Roman Empire but had largely died out by 1000 Mithraicism, Mithraismancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d. Mazdaism, Zoroastrianismsystem of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil) Bahaisma religion founded in Iran in 1863; emphasizes the spiritual unity of all humankind; incorporates Christian and Islamic tenets; many adherents live in the United States Asian shamanism, shamanisman animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans shamanismany animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism (especially as practiced by certain Native American tribes) Wiccathe polytheistic nature religion of modern witchcraft whose central deity is a mother goddess; claims origins in pre-Christian pagan religions of western Europe quietisma form of religious mysticism requiring withdrawal from all human effort and passive contemplation of God SufismIslamic mysticism monotheismbelief in a single God polytheismbelief in multiple Gods druidismthe system of religion and philosophy taught by the Druids and their rites and ceremonies pantheismthe doctrine or belief that God is the universe and its phenomena (taken or conceived of as a whole) or the doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of God pantheism(rare) worship that admits or tolerates all gods cargo culta religious cult that anticipates a time of joy, serenity, and justice when salvation comes macumbaa Brazilian religious cult of African origin; combines voodoo elements with singing and chanting and dancing obeah, obia religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery; practiced in parts of the West Indies and tropical Americas Rastafarianisma religious cult based on a belief that Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie) is the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land Adventism, Second Adventismany Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent Catholicism, Catholicitythe beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church Albigensianism, Catharisma Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition Donatisma schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century; held that only those who led a blameless life belonged in the church or could administer the sacraments Protestantismthe theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation Puseyism, Tractarianismprinciples of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times' Darsana(from the Sanskrit word for `to see') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on the nature of reality and the release from bondage to karma Mimamsa(from the Sanskrit word for `reflection' or `interpretation') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on ritual traditions rooted in the Vedas and the Brahmanas as opposed to Vedanta which relies mostly on the Upanishads Vedanta(from the Sanskrit for `end of the Veda') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints rooted in the Upanishads as opposed to Mimamsa which relies on the Vedas and Brahmanas Krishnaismworship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu Shivaism, Sivaismworship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon Saktism, Shaktismworship of Shakti as the wife of Shiva Vaishnavism, Vaisnavism, Vishnuismworship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon yogaHindu discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion Mahayana, Mahayana Buddhismone of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan Theravada, Theravada Buddhismone of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia Lamaism, Tibetan Buddhisma Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism Zen, Zen Buddhisma Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight Shingona form of Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible Tantra, Tantrismdoctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet Parseeism, Parsiismthe faith of a Zoroastrian sect in India Vedismthe form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas hoodooism, vodoun, voodoo, voodooisma religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti); involves witchcraft and animistic deities supernatural virtue, theological virtue according to Christian ethics: one of the three virtues (faith, hope, and charity) created by God to round out the natural virtues beliefany cognitive content held as true 2n an institution to express belief in a divine power he was raised in the Baptist religion Syn|Hypo|Hyper faith, organized religion Christian church, church one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship Hebraism, Jewish religion, JudaismJews collectively who practice a religion based on the Torah and the Talmud Hindooism, Hinduismthe religion of most people in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal Taoismreligion adhering to the teaching of Lao-tzu Buddhisma religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha Khalsathe group of initiated Sikhs to which devout orthodox Sikhs are ritually admitted at puberty; founded by the tenth and last Guru in 1699 Church of Scientology, Scientologya new religion founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1955 and characterized by a belief in the power of a person's spirit to clear itself of past painful experiences through self-knowledge and spiritual fulfillment Shintothe native religion and former ethnic cult of Japan established churchthe church that is recognized as the official church of a nation religious order, religious sect, secta subdivision of a larger religious group cultfollowers of an unorthodox, extremist, or false religion or sect who often live outside of conventional society under the direction of a charismatic leader cultfollowers of an exclusive system of religious beliefs and practices sisterhooda religious society of women who live together as sisters (especially an order of nuns) Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Churchan independent Christian church established in Armenia since 300; was influenced by both Roman and Byzantine traditions Catholic Churchany of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church Albigenses, Cathari, Catharsa Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; believers in Albigensianism Nestorian Churcha Christian Church in the Middle East that followed Nestorianism; there is still a small Nestorian Church in Iraq Coptic Churchthe ancient Christian church of Egypt Protestant, Protestant Churchthe Protestant churches and denominations collectively High Anglican Church, High Churcha group in the Anglican Church that emphasizes the Catholic tradition (especially in sacraments and rituals and obedience to church authority) Unification Churcha Christian church (with some Buddhist elements) founded in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon and known for staging mass weddings and other communal activities Abecedariana 16th century sect of Anabaptists centered in Germany who had an absolute disdain for human knowledge Amish sectan orthodox Anabaptist sect separated from the Mennonites in late 17th century; settled chiefly in southeastern Pennsylvania Karaitesa Jewish sect that recognizes only the Hebrew Scriptures as the source of divinely inspired legislation and denies the authority of the postbiblical tradition of the Talmud; the sect arose in Iraq in the eighth century Jewish Orthodoxy, Orthodox JudaismJews who strictly observe the Mosaic law as interpreted in the Talmud Conservative JudaismJews who keep some of the requirements of the Mosaic law but allow for adaptation of other requirements (as some of the dietary laws) to fit modern circumstances Reform Judaismthe most liberal Jews; Jews who do not follow the Talmud strictly but try to adapt all of the historical forms of Judaism to the modern world Shia, Shiah, Shiah Islamone of the two main branches of orthodox Islam; mainly in Iran Sunni, Sunni Islamone of the two main branches of orthodox Islam Brahmanism, Brahminismthe religious and social system of orthodox Hinduism Shivaism, Sivaisma Hindu sect worshiping Shiva Saktism, Shaktisma Hindu sect worshiping Shakti Vaishnavism, VaisnavismHindu sect worshiping of Vishnu Harediany of several sects of Orthodox Judaism that reject modern secular culture and many of whom do not recognize the spiritual authority of the modern state of Israel Hare Krishna, ISKCON, International Society for Krishna Consciousnessa religious sect founded in the United States in 1966; based on Vedic scriptures; groups engage in joyful chanting of `Hare Krishna' and other mantras based on the name of the Hindu god Krishna; devotees usually wear saffron robes and practice vegetarianism and celibacy Jainismsect founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism Taoisma Chinese sect claiming to follow the teaching of Lao-tzu but incorporating pantheism and sorcery in addition to Taoism Zen, Zen Buddhismschool of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith; China and Japan Mahayanaa major school of Buddhism teaching social concern and universal salvation; China; Japan; Tibet; Nepal; Korea; Mongolia Hinayanaa major school of Buddhism teaching personal salvation through one's own efforts Tantrismmovement within Buddhism combining elements of Hinduism and paganism Kokka, Kokka Shintothe branch of Shinto recognized as the official state religion of Japan Shua, Shuha Shintoany branch of Shinto other than Kokka brethren(plural) the lay members of a male religious order monastic order, ordera group of person living under a religious rule Quakers, Religious Society of Friends, Society of Friendsa Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers Shakers, United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearinga celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States Vaudois, Waldensesa Christian sect of dissenters that originated in southern France in the late 12th century adopted Calvinist doctrines in the 16th century Zurvanisma Zoroastrian sect that claims Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe cargo cult(Melanesia) the followers of one of several millenarian cults that believe salvation will come in the form of wealth (`cargo') brought by westerners; some ascribe divine attributes to westerners on first contact (especially to missionaries) macumba(Brazil) followers of a religious cult of African origin obeah, obi(West Indies) followers of a religious system involving witchcraft and sorcery Rastafarian(Ethiopia) adherents of an African religion that regards Ras Tafari as divine voodoo(Haiti) followers of a religion that involves witchcraft and animistic deities Rastafari, Rastas(Jamaica) a Black youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s; males grow hair in long dreadlocks and wear woolen caps; use marijuana and listen to reggae music Wiccaa community of followers of the Wicca religion establishment, institution an organization founded and united for a specific purpose |
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