英语词汇“leader”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

1n 2n

A leader is the one in the charge, the person who convinces other people to follow. A great leader inspires confidence in other people and moves them to action.

A leader is the head guy or gal, the one running the show. The leader of the band calls the shots and sets the tempo for the music. A conductor is the leader of an orchestra; all musicians look to him or her to know when to begin and end playing their instruments. A president is the leader of a country whose decisions make a difference to the whole population. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. A leader comes first in line — in a parade or a social system — and gets a lot of attention, but ultimately, a leader needs followers.

WORD FAMILY

leader: leaders, leadership+/lead: lead-colored, leaded, leader, leading, leadless, leads, led, mislead/leaded: nonleaded, unleaded/leadership: leaderships/leading: leadingly, leadings/mislead: misleader, misleading, misleads, misled/misleader: misleaders/misleading: misleadingly

USAGE EXAMPLES

It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.

Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)

One of the Kremlin’s most ardent sympathizers among European leaders is Milos Zeman, the Czech president.

New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)

Whether city dwellers will be as enthusiastic as their leaders is open to question.

Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)

n a person who rules or guides or inspires others

Ant|Exp|Hypo|Hyper

follower

a person who accepts the leadership of another

Saddam bin Hussein at-Takriti

Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937)

Judas Maccabaeus

Jewish leader of a revolt in Judea that recovered Jerusalem around 166 BC; hero of the Apocryphal books I Maccabees and II Maccabees (?-161 BC)

Ahmad Shah Masoud

Afghan leader of forces opposed to the Taliban; won fame by successfully resisting the Soviets in the 1980s; was assassinated by men posing as journalists (1953-2001)

Muammar al-Qaddafi

Libyan leader who seized power in a military coup d'etat in 1969; deposed the Libyan monarchy and imposed socialism and Islamic orthodoxy on the country (born in 1942)

Dido

(Roman mythology) a princess of Tyre who was the founder and queen of Carthage; Virgil tells of her suicide when she was abandoned by Aeneas

Mahdi

(Islam) a messianic leader who (according to popular Muslim belief) will appear before the end of the world and restore justice and religion

Sleeping Beauty

fairy story: princess under an evil spell who could be awakened only by a prince's kiss

Aaron

(Old Testament) elder brother of Moses and first high priest of the Israelites; created the golden calf

Dean Gooderham Acheson

United States statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO (1893-1971)

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803)

Konrad Adenauer

German statesman; chancellor of West Germany (1876-1967)

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

Roman general who commanded the fleet that defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium (63-12 BC)

Thomas a Kempis

German ecclesiastic (1380-1471)

Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel

prince consort of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1861)

Alcibiades

ancient Athenian statesman and general in the Peloponnesian War (circa 450-404 BC)

Pope Alexander VI

Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)

Al-hakim

an Ismaili caliph of Egypt who declared himself an incarnation of God and founded the Druze religious sect (985-1021)

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian statesman who was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1929-2004)

Arminius

German hero; leader at the battle of Teutoburger Wald in AD 9 (circa 18 BC - AD 19)

Asanga

Indian religious leader and founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism in India (4th century)

Nancy Witcher Astor

British politician (born in the United States) who was the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons (1879-1964)

Kemal Ataturk

Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)

Clement Richard Attlee

British statesman and leader of the Labour Party who instituted the welfare state in Britain (1883-1967)

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14)

Viscount St. Albans

English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)

1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley

English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1867-1947)

Arthur James Balfour

English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1848-1930)

Alben William Barkley

United States politician and lawyer; vice president of the United States (1877-1956)

Bernard Mannes Baruch

economic advisor to United States Presidents (1870-1965)

William Maxwell Aitken

British newspaper publisher and politician (born in Canada); confidant of Winston Churchill (1879-1964)

Henry Ward Beecher

United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)

Menachem Begin

Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

Prospero Lambertini

pope who was a patron of the arts and who denounced the cruelty to the indigenous peoples of South America (1675-1758)

Giacomo della Chiesa

pope who founded the Vatican service for prisoners of war during World War I (1854-1922)

David Ben Gurion

Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II; prime minister of Israel (1886-1973)

Thomas Hart Benton

United States legislator who opposed the use of paper currency (1782-1858)

Ernest Bevin

British labor leader and statesman who played an important role in diplomacy after World War II (1884-1951)

Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

Makataimeshekiakiak

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair

British statesman who became prime minister in 1997 (born in 1953)

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius

a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524)

Anne Boleyn

the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; was executed on a charge of adultery (1507-1536)

El Libertador

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825 (1783-1830)

Benedetto Caetani

pope who declared that Catholic princes are subject to the pope in temporal as well as in theological matters (1235-1303)

Duchess of Ferrara

Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts (1480-1519)

Thomas Bradley

United States politician who was elected the first black mayor of Los Angeles (1917-1998)

Willy Brandt

German statesman who as chancellor of West Germany worked to reduce tensions with eastern Europe (1913-1992)

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev

Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982)

Harry Bridges

United States labor leader who organized the longshoremen (1901-1990)

Saint Bruno

(Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101)

Marcus Junius Brutus

statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)

Boy Orator of the Platte

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

John Bunyan

English preacher and author of an allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress (1628-1688)

Edmund Burke

British statesman famous for his oratory; pleaded the cause of the American colonists in British Parliament and defended the parliamentary system (1729-1797)

Aaron Burr

United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836)

Gaius Julius Caesar

conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC)

Guy of Burgundy

pope who in 1122 forced the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to sign a concordat that recognized the right of the church to choose its own leadership (died in 1124)

Alfonso Borgia

Italian pope whose nepotism put the Borgia family in power in Italy (1378-1458)

Gaius Cassius Longinus

prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar (died in 42 BC)

Fidel Castro Ruz

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Catherine de Medicis

queen of France as the wife of Henry II and regent during the minority of her son Charles IX (1519-1589)

Arthur Neville Chamberlain

British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940)

Prince Charles

the eldest son of Elizabeth II and heir to the English throne (born in 1948)

Salmon Portland Chase

United States politician and jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1808-1873)

Francois Rene Chateaubriand

French statesman and writer; considered a precursor of the romantic movement in France (1768-1848)

Cesar Estrada Chavez

United States labor leader who organized farm workers (born 1927)

Fourth Earl of Chesterfield

suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773)

Chiang Chung-cheng

Chinese military and political figure; in the Chinese civil war that followed World War II he was defeated by the Chinese communists and in 1949 was forced to withdraw to Taiwan where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death (1897-1975)

Sir Winston Leonard Spenser Churchill

British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953 (1874-1965)

Marcus Tullius Cicero

a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue; he twice was called to assume dictatorship of Rome and each time retired to his farm (519-438 BC)

Charles Joseph Clark

Canadian politician who served as prime minister (1939-)

the Great Compromiser

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

Georges Eugene Benjamin Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)

Guibert of Ravenna

Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100)

Giulio de' Medici

Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534)

Giovanni Francesco Albani

Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility

Lorenzo Ganganelli

Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774)

Cleopatra

beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)

DeWitt Clinton

United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)

Hilary Rodham Clinton

wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-)

Baron Clive of Plassey

British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774)

Cochise

Apache leader of the resistance to United States troops in Arizona (1812-1874)

Cosimo de Medici

Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464)

Tashunca-Uitco

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

David Crockett

United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836)

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Cyrus the Younger

Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC)

Jefferson Davis

American statesman; president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889)

William Dawes

American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)

Moshe Dayan

Israeli general and statesman (1915-1981)

Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Demosthenes

Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC)

Teng Hsiao-ping

Chinese communist statesman (1904-1997)

Eamon de Valera

Irish statesman (born in the United States); as president of the Irish Free State he was responsible for the new constitution of 1937 that created the state of Eire (1882-1975)

Lady Diana Frances Spencer

English aristocrat who was the first wife of Prince Charles; her death in an automobile accident in Paris produced intense national mourning (1961-1997)

Duchesse de Valentinois

French noblewoman who was the mistress of Henry II; she had more influence over him than did his wife Catherine de Medicis (1499-1566)

First Earl of Beaconsfield

British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)

Domingo de Guzman

(Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221)

Don Juan

a legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas

John Donne

English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631)

Stephen Arnold Douglas

United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln (1813-1861)

Draco

Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)

Black Prince

son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years' War (1330-1376)

Edward Antony Richard Louis

third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964)

Eleanor of Aquitaine

queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)

Friedrich Engels

socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)

Esther

(Old Testament) a beautiful Jewess chosen by the king of Persia to be his queen; she stopped a plot to massacre all the Jews in Persia (an event celebrated by Jews as the feast of Purim)

Ezra

a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem

Gaius Flaminius

Roman statesman and general who built the Flaminian Way; died when he was defeated by Hannibal (died 217 BC)

Charles James Fox

English statesman who supported American independence and the French Revolution (1749-1806)

Francis Ferdinand

archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914)

Benjamin Franklin

printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790)

Frederick William

the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688)

James William Fulbright

United States senator who is remembered for his creation of grants that fund exchange programs of teachers and students between the United States and other countries (1905-1995)

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance (1869-1948)

Indira Nehru Gandhi

daughter of Nehru who served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 (1917-1984)

Sir Geraint

(Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

William Ewart Gladstone

liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)

Owen Glendower

Welsh chieftain who led a revolt against Henry IV's rule in Wales (1359-1416)

John Herschel Glenn Jr.

made the first orbital rocket-powered flight by a United States astronaut in 1962; later in United States Senate (1921-)

Lady Godiva

according to legend she rode naked through Coventry in order to persuade her husband not to tax the townspeople so heavily; the only person to look at her as she rode by was a man named Tom and Peeping Tom has become a synonym for voyeur (circa 1040-1080)

Samuel Gompers

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Harley Granville-Barker

English actor and dramatist and critic and director noted for his productions of Shakespearean plays (1877-1946)

William Green

United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952)

Gregory the Great

(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604)

Gregory VII

the Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state (1020-1085)

Angelo Correr

the Italian pope from 1406 to 1415 who worked to end the Great Schism and who retired to make it possible (1327-1417)

Ugo Buoncompagni

the pope who sponsored the introduction of the modern calendar (1572-1585)

Bartolomeo Alberto Capillari

Italian pope from 1831 to 1846; conservative in politics and theology; worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846)

Second Earl Grey

Englishman who as Prime Minister implemented social reforms including the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire (1764-1845)

First Viscount Haldane of Cloan

Scottish statesman and brother of Elizabeth and John Haldane (1856-1928)

Nathan Hale

a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British; his last words were supposed to have been `I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country' (1755-1776)

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804)

Lady Emma Hamilton

English beauty who was the mistress of Admiral Nelson (1765-1815)

John Hancock

American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793)

Vaclav Havel

Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936)

William Dudley Haywood

United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928)

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Hiawatha

a Native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century)

Hillel

Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law

Paul Ludwig von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg

German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 (1847-1934)

Nguyen Tat Thanh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

James Riddle Hoffa

United States labor leader who was president of the Teamsters Union; he was jailed for trying to bribe a judge and later disappeared and is assumed to have been murdered (1913-1975)

Francis Hopkinson

American Revolutionary leader and patriot; a signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1791)

Samuel Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Catherine Howard

Queen of England as the fifth wife of Henry VIII who was accused of adultery and executed (1520-1542)

Samuel Huntington

American revolutionary leader who signed the Declaration of Independence and was president of the Continental Congress (1731-1796)

Lotario di Segni

Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216)

Giovanni Battista Cibo

Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492)

Benedetto Odescalchi

Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689)

Antonio Pignatelli

Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety

Isabella the Catholic

the queen of Castile whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1451-1504)

Ivan III Vasilievich

grand duke of Muscovy whose victories against the Tartars laid the basis for Russian unity (1440-1505)

Jesse Louis Jackson

United States civil rights leader who led a national campaign against racial discrimination and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941)

Glenda Jackson

English film actress who later became a member of British Parliament (born in 1936)

Jeanne d'Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake (1412-1431)

Jezebel

wife of Ahab who was king of Israel; according to the Old Testament she was a cruel immoral queen who fostered the worship of Baal and tried to kill Elijah and other prophets of Israel (9th century BC)

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)

Job

a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him

Saint John the Apostle

(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally said to be the author of the 4th Gospel and three epistles and the book of Revelation

Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli

Italian pope from 1958 to 1963 who convoked the Second Vatican Council (1881-1963)

St. John Chrysostom

(Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407)

Albino Luciano

the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978)

Karol Wojtyla

the first Pope born in Poland; the first Pope not born in Italy in 450 years (1920-2005)

Mary Harris Jones

United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

Chief Joseph

leader of the Nez Perce in their retreat from United States troops (1840-1904)

Joshua

(Old Testament) Moses' successor who led the Israelites into the Promised Land; best remembered for his destruction of Jericho

Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin

soviet statesman and head of state of the USSR (1875-1946)

Kenneth David Kaunda

statesman who led Northern Rhodesia to full independence as Zambia in 1964 and served as Zambia's first president (1924-1999)

Elia Kazanjoglous

United States stage and screen director (born in Turkey) and believer in method acting (1909-2003)

John Keble

English clergyman who (with John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement (1792-1866)

Jomo Kenyata

Kenyan statesman and the first president of independent Kenya (1893-1978)

Keokuk

Sauk leader who aided the United States against Black Hawk (1790-1848)

Aleksandr Feodorovich Kerensky

Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970)

Sir Seretse Khama

Botswanan statesman who was the first president of Botswana (1921-1980)

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev

Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971)

Martin Luther King Jr.

United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)

Prince Fumimaro Konoye

Japanese statesman who set Japan's expansionist policies and formed an alliance with Germany and Italy (1891-1945)

Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger

Boer statesman (1825-1904)

Henry Laurens

leader of the American Revolution and president of the Continental Congress (1724-1792)

Richard Henry Lee

leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American Colonies (1732-1794)

Leo the Great

Italian pope from 440 to 461 who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461)

Leo III

Italian pope from 795 to 816 who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816)

Bruno of Toul

German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054)

Giovanni de'Medici

son of Lorenzo de'Medici and pope from 1513 to 1521 who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)

Giovanni Vincenzo Pecci

Italian pope from 1878 to 1903 who was interested in the advancement of learning and who opened the Vatican secret archives to all scholars

John Llewelly Lewis

United States labor leader who was president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960 and president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations from 1935 to 1940 (1880-1969)

Lydia Kamekeha Paki Liliuokalani

queen of the Hawaiian islands (1838-1917)

Robert R. Livingston

American Revolutionary leader who served in the Continental Congress and as minister to France (1746-1813)

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

Saint Luke

(New Testament) the Apostle closely associated with St. Paul and traditionally assumed to be the author of the third Gospel

Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

Andre Maginot

French politician who proposed the Maginot Line (1877-1932)

John Roy Major

British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943)

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

Mao Tsetung

Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Saint Mark

Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel

George Catlett Marshall

United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959)

Oddone Colonna

Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431)

Mary Queen of Scots

queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567; as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed for sedition (1542-1587)

George Mason

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

Massasoit

Wampanoag leader who aided the Pilgrims (1580-1661)

Saint Matthew the Apostle

(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel

Joseph Raymond McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)

John Joseph McGraw

United States baseball player and manager (1873-1934)

George Meany

United States labor leader who was the first president of the AFL-CIO (1894-1980)

Golda Meir

Israeli statesman (born in Russia) (1898-1978)

Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich

Austrian statesman (1773-1859)

John Mitchell

United States labor leader; president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1898 to 1908 (1870-1919)

Francois Maurice Marie Mitterrand

French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996)

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov

Soviet statesman (1890-1986)

Sun Myung Moon

United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920)

Sir Thomas More

English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)

Robert Morris

leader of the American Revolution who signed the Declaration of Independence and raised money for the Continental Army (1734-1806)

Roger de Mortimer

English nobleman who deposed Edward II and was executed by Edward III (1287-1330)

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

United States politician and educator (1927-2003)

Hosni Mubarak

Egyptian statesman who became president in 1981 after Sadat was assassinated (born in 1929)

Mullah Mohammed Omar

reclusive Afghanistani politician and leader of the Taliban who imposed a strict interpretation of shariah law on Afghanistan (born in 1960)

Guru Nanak

Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism; he taught that all men had a right to search for knowledge of God and that spiritual liberation could be attained by meditating on the name of God (1469-1538)

Fridtjof Nansen

Norwegian explorer of the Arctic and director of the League of Nations relief program for refugees of World War I (1861-1930)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal (1918-1970)

Tomasso Parentucelli

Italian pope from 1447 to 1455 who founded the Vatican library (1397-1455)

Nefertiti

queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC)

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first prime minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964)

Nestorius

Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451)

Second Earl of Guilford

British statesman under George III whose policies led to rebellion in the American colonies (1732-1792)

Daniel Ortega Saavedra

Nicaraguan statesman (born in 1945)

Ignace Jan Paderewski

Polish pianist who in 1919 served as the first Prime Minister of independent Poland (1860-1941)

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Robert Treat Paine

American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1731-1814)

Charles Stewart Parnell

Irish nationalist leader (1846-1891)

Catherine Parr

Queen of England as the 6th wife of Henry VIII (1512-1548)

William Patterson

American Revolutionary leader (born in Ireland) who was a member of the Constitutional Convention (1745-1806)

Alessandro Farnese

Italian pope from 1534 to 1549 who excommunicated Henry VIII of England in 1538 and initiated the Council of Trent in 1545; was active in the Counter Reformation and promoted the Society of Jesus for this purpose (1468-1549)

Giovanni Battista Montini

Italian pope from 1963 to 1978 who eased restrictions on fasting and on interfaith marriages (1897-1978)

Sir Robert Peel

British politician (1788-1850)

Pericles

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon (died in 429 BC)

Duke of Edinburgh

Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)

Photius

Patriarch of Constantinople and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church; was condemned by the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 869 but was reinstated by a later pope

First Earl of Chatham

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Second Earl of Chatham

English statesman and son of Pitt the Elder (1759-1806)

Enea Silvio Piccolomini

Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464)

Antonio Ghislieri

Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572)

Giovanni Angelo Braschi

Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799)

Luigi Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti

Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823)

Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti

Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto

pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914)

Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti

pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939)

Eugenio Pacelli

pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958)

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)

Colin luther Powell

United States general who was the first African American to serve as chief of staff; later served as Secretary of State under President George W. Bush (born 1937)

Wahunsonacock

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia; father of Pocahontas (1550?-1618)

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865)

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin

Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000; formerly director of the Federal Security Bureau (born in 1952)

Josiah Quincy

American patriot who presented the colonists' grievances to the English king (1744-1775)

Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975)

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826)

Rain-in-the-Face

a chief of the Sioux; he was with Sitting Bull and others at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when General Custer's troops were massacred (1835-1905)

Jeannette Rankin

leader in the women's suffrage movement in Montana; the first woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives (1880-1973)

Red Cloud

leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)

John Reed

United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920)

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Armand Jean du Plessis

French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642)

Cesar Ritz

Swiss hotelier who created a chain of elegant hotels (1850-1918)

Second Marquis of Rockingham

English statesman who served as prime minister and who opposed the war with the American colonies (1730-1782)

Hrolf

Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931)

Nellie Tayloe Ross

a politician in Wyoming who was the first woman governor in the United States (1876-1977)

Prince Rupert

English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682)

Benjamin Rush

physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813)

Charles Taze Russell

United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)

Anwar el-Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Haym Salomon

American financier and American Revolutionary War patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution (1740?-1785)

Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt

German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany (born in 1918)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD)

George Guess

Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)

Saint Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton

United States religious leader who was the first person born in the United States to be canonized (1774-1821)

William Henry Seward

United States politician who as Secretary of State in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872)

Jane Seymour

Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537)

Roger Sherman

American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793)

Sitting Bull

a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)

Francesco della Rovere

Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484)

Ian Douglas Smith

Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)

Jan Christian Smuts

South African statesman and soldier (1870-1950)

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavsky

Russian actor and theater director who trained his actors to emphasize the psychological motivation of their roles (1863-1938)

Charles Dillon Stengel

United States baseball manager (1890-1975)

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben

American Revolutionary leader (born in Prussia) who trained the troops under George Washington (1730-1794)

Petrus Stuyvesant

the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672)

Suharto

Indonesian statesman who seized power from Sukarno in 1967 (born in 1921)

Achmad Sukarno

Indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by Suharto in a coup d'etat (1901-1970)

Maxmilien de Bethune

French statesman (1560-1641)

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese statesman who organized the Kuomintang and led the revolution that overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and 1912 (1866-1925)

Sylvester II

French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003)

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

French statesman (1754-1838)

Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven

British stateswoman; first woman to serve as Prime Minister (born in 1925)

Themistocles

Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC)

Norman Mattoon Thomas

United States socialist who was a candidate for president six times (1884-1968)

Marshal Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980)

Jonathan Trumbull

American Revolutionary leader who as governor of Connecticut provided supplies for the Continental Army (1710-1785)

Otho of Lagery

French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099)

Guillaume de Grimoard

French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370)

Bartolomeo Prignano

Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389)

Maffeo Barberini

Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644)

Getulio Dornelles Vargas

Brazilian statesman who ruled Brazil as a virtual dictator (1883-1954)

Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd

South African statesman who instituted the policy of apartheid (1901-1966)

Kurt Waldheim

Austrian diplomat who was Secretary General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981; in 1986 he was elected president of Austria in spite of worldwide allegations that he had direct knowledge of Nazi atrocities during World War II (born in 1918)

Lech Walesa

Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943)

First Earl of Orford

Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)

Earl of Warwick

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

Daniel Webster

United States politician and orator (1782-1817)

Chaim Azriel Weizmann

Israeli statesman who persuaded the United States to recognize the new state of Israel and became its first president (1874-1952)

First Duke of Wellington

British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852)

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Charles Wesley

English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788)

Roger Williams

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683)

James Wilson

American Revolutionary leader who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence (1742-1798)

Isaac Mayer Wise

United States religious leader (born in Bohemia) who united reform Jewish organizations in the United States (1819-1900)

Stephen Samuel Wise

United States Jewish leader (born in Hungary) (1874-1949)

John Witherspoon

American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who signed of the Declaration of Independence and was president of the college that became Princeton University (1723-1794)

William of Wykeham

English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1324-1404)

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith; he led the Mormon exodus from Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah (1801-1877)

Chou En-lai

Chinese revolutionary and communist leader (1898-1976)

Haman

(Old Testament) the minister of the Persian emperor who hated the Jews and was hanged for plotting to massacre them

Saint Ambrose

(Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397)

Anne

Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; daughter if James II and the last of the Stuart monarchs; in 1707 she was the last English ruler to exercise the royal veto over parliament (1665-1714)

Bishop Berkeley

Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753)

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin

Bolshevik leader in Russia who advocated gradual collectivism of the farms; was executed in a purge by Stalin (1888-1938)

First Marquess Cornwallis

commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence; was defeated by American and French troops at Yorktown (1738-1805)

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius (1533-1603)

Elizabeth II

daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-)

Eusebius of Caesarea

Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340)

William Franklin Graham

United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918)

Lady Jane Grey

Queen of England for nine days in 1553; she was quickly replaced by Mary Tudor and beheaded for treason (1537-1554)

Saint Ignatius

bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110)

William Ralph Inge

English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954)

Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros

prelate who was the confessor of Isabella I and who was later appointed Grand Inquisitor (1436-1517)

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Marquise de Maintenon

French consort of Louis XIV who secretly married the king after the death of his first wife (1635-1719)

St. Martin

French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397)

Bloody Mary

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (1516-1558)

Mary II

Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; she was the eldest daughter of James II and ruled jointly with her husband William III (1662-1694)

Aimee Semple McPherson

United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)

Francoise-Athenais de Rochechouart

French noblewoman who was mistress to Louis XIV until he became attracted to Madame de Maintenon (1641-1707)

Dwight Lyman Moody

United States evangelist (1837-1899)

John Henry Newman

English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890)

Saint Nicholas

a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century)

Jeanne Antoinette Poisson

French noblewoman who was the lover of Louis XV, whose policies she influenced (1721-1764)

Oral Roberts

United States evangelist (born 1918)

William Ashley Sunday

United States evangelist (1862-1935)

Lev Davidovich Bronstein

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940)

Desmond Tutu

South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931)

Bishop Ulfilas

a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382)

James Ussher

Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656)

Queen Victoria

queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901)

Stefan Wyszynski

Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981)

Ahmed Zoki Yamani

Saudi Arabian minister of petroleum who was a central figure in the creation of OPEC (born in 1930)

Saint Anselm

an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God

Saint Thomas a Becket

(Roman Catholic Church) archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170)

Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmine

Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621)

Cesare Borgia

Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince (1475-1507)

Albert Gore Jr.

Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)

Duke of Lancaster

the fourth son of Edward III who was the effective ruler of England during the close of his father's reign and during the minority of Richard II; his son was Henry Bolingbroke (1340-1399)

Earl of Leicester

an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265)

spiritual leader

a leader in religious or sacred affairs

aristocrat, blue blood, patrician

a member of the aristocracy

bellwether

someone who assumes leadership of a movement or activity

caller

the person who convenes a meeting

captain, chieftain

the leader of a group of people

cheerleader

someone who leads the cheers by spectators at a sporting event

choragus

(ancient Greece) leader of a group or festival; leader of a chorus

civic leader, civil leader

a leader in municipal affairs

commander

someone in an official position of authority who can command or control others

Ubermensch, demigod, superman

a person with great powers and abilities

duce

leader

employer

a person or firm that employs workers

father

a person who holds an important or distinguished position in some organization

boss

a person who exercises control and makes decisions

fugleman

a leader and organizer and spokesman (especially a political leader)

galvaniser, galvanizer, inspirer

a leader who stimulates and excites people to action

guide

someone who shows the way by leading or advising

guru

a recognized leader in some field or of some movement

chief, head, top dog

a person who is in charge

chief, chieftain, headman, tribal chief

the head of a tribe or clan

imam, imaum

(Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque; for Shiites an imam is a recognized authority on Islamic theology and law and a spiritual guide

initiator, instigator

a person who initiates a course of action

labor leader

a leader of a labor movement

lawgiver, lawmaker

a maker of laws; someone who gives a code of laws

malik

the leader of a town or community in some parts of Asia Minor and the Indian subcontinent

military leader

a leader of military forces

misleader

someone who leads astray (often deliberately)

model, role model

someone worthy of imitation

hero

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

nationalist leader

the leader of a nationalist movement

pied piper

a leader who entices people to follow (especially to their doom)

point man

someone who is the forefront of an important enterprise

point woman

a woman who is the forefront of an important enterprise

pol, political leader, politician, politico

a person active in party politics

politician

a leader engaged in civil administration

presiding officer

the leader of a group meeting

puppet leader, puppet ruler

a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government

religious leader

leader of a religious order

scoutmaster

the leader of a troop of Scouts

spearhead

someone who leads or initiates an activity (attack or campaign etc.)

strike leader

someone who leads a strike

higher-up, superior, superordinate

one of greater rank or station or quality

torchbearer

a leader in a campaign or movement

trainer

one who trains other persons or animals

American Revolutionary leader

a nationalist leader in the American Revolution and in the creation of the United States

administrator, executive

someone who manages a government agency or department

administrator, decision maker

someone who administers a business

aggressor

a confident assertive person who acts as instigator

ayatollah

a high-ranking Shiite religious leader who is regarded as an authority on religious law and its interpretation and who has political power as well

Bart, baronet

a member of the British order of honor; ranks below a baron but above a knight

better

a superior person having claim to precedence

boss, hirer

a person responsible for hiring workers

brahman, brahmin

a member of a social and cultural elite (especially a descendant of an old New England family)

campaigner, candidate, nominee

a politician who is running for public office

cantor, hazan

the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos

capo

the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate

Catholicos

the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches

cicerone

a guide who conducts and informs sightseers

clergyman, man of the cloth, reverend

a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

coach, handler, manager

(sports) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team

Communist

a member of the communist party

convener

the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings

demagog, demagogue, rabble-rouser

a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices

Democrat

a member of the Democratic Party

department head

the head of a department

don, father

the head of an organized crime family

drug baron, drug lord

a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs

Evangelist

(when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

Federalist

a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government

female aristocrat

a woman who is an aristocrat

general, superior general

the head of a religious order or congregation

general manager

the highest ranking manager

god

a man of such superior qualities that he seems like a deity to other people

governor

the head of a state government

grand dragon

a high ranking person in the Ku Klux Klan

guru

a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher

Guru

each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion

animal trainer, handler

one who trains or exhibits animals

head of household

the head of a household or family or tribe

Highness

(Your Highness or His Highness or Her Highness) title used to address a royal person

Indian chief, Indian chieftain

the leader of a group of Native Americans

Labourite

a member of the British Labour Party

legislator

someone who makes or enacts laws

hack, machine politician, political hack, ward-heeler

a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends

male aristocrat

a man who is an aristocrat

master

directs the work of others

city manager, mayor

the head of a city government

mistress

a woman master who directs the work of others

apotheosis, ideal, nonesuch, nonpareil, nonsuch, paragon, saint

model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal

moderator

someone who presides over a forum or debate

moderator

in the Presbyterian church, the officer who presides over a synod or general assembly

Mugwump

someone who bolted from the Republican Party during the U.S. presidential election of 1884

noncandidate

someone who has announced they are not a candidate; especially a politician who has announced that he or she is not a candidate for some political office

padrone

an employer who exploits Italian immigrants in the U.S.

boss, party boss, political boss

a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments

party liner, party man

a member of a political party who follows strictly the party line

patriarch

title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)

pendragon

the supreme war chief of the ancient Britons

Bishop of Rome, Catholic Pope, Holy Father, Roman Catholic Pope, Vicar of Christ, pontiff, pope

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

chair, chairman, chairperson, chairwoman, president

the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization

non-Christian priest, priest

a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion

prince

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

princess

a female member of a royal family other than the queen (especially the daughter of a sovereign)

promulgator

(law) one who promulgates laws (announces a law as a way of putting it into execution)

rabbi

spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law

raja, rajah

a prince or king in India

ranee, rani

(the feminine of raja) a Hindu princess or the wife of a raja

Republican

a member of the Republican Party

sachem

a political leader (especially of Tammany Hall)

secretary

a person who is head of an administrative department of government

Simon Legree, slave driver

a cruel employer who demands excessive work from the employees

socialist

a political advocate of socialism

Speaker

the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly

standard-bearer

an outstanding leader of a political movement

national leader, solon, statesman

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

supervisor

one who supervises or has charge and direction of

technocrat

an advocate of technocracy

tour guide

a guide who leads others on a tour

fashion arbiter, taste-maker, trend-setter

someone who popularizes a new fashion

warlord

supreme military leader exercising civil power in a region especially one accountable to nobody when the central government is weak

Whig

a member of the Whig Party that existed in the United States before the American Civil War

Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, Grigori Potemkin, Grigori Potyokin, Potemkin, Potyokin

a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791)

individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul

a human being

n a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers

Syn|Hyper

drawing card, loss leader

feature

an article of merchandise that is displayed or advertised more than other articles

单词	leader
释义	leader (once / 40 pages) 1n 2n A leader is the one in the charge, the person who convinces other people to follow. A great leader inspires confidence in other people and moves them to action. A leader is the head guy or gal, the one running the show. The leader of the band calls the shots and sets the tempo for the music. A conductor is the leader of an orchestra; all musicians look to him or her to know when to begin and end playing their instruments. A president is the leader of a country whose decisions make a difference to the whole population. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. A leader comes first in line — in a parade or a social system — and gets a lot of attention, but ultimately, a leader needs followers. WORD FAMILY leader: leaders, leadership+/lead: lead-colored, leaded, leader, leading, leadless, leads, led, mislead/leaded: nonleaded, unleaded/leadership: leaderships/leading: leadingly, leadings/mislead: misleader, misleading, misleads, misled/misleader: misleaders/misleading: misleadingly USAGE EXAMPLES It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders. Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017) One of the Kremlin’s most ardent sympathizers among European leaders is Milos Zeman, the Czech president. New York Times(Jan 02, 2017) Whether city dwellers will be as enthusiastic as their leaders is open to question. Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016) 1 n a person who rules or guides or inspires others Ant\|Exp\|Hypo\|Hyper follower a person who accepts the leadership of another Saddam bin Hussein at-Takriti Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937) Judas Maccabaeus Jewish leader of a revolt in Judea that recovered Jerusalem around 166 BC; hero of the Apocryphal books I Maccabees and II Maccabees (?-161 BC) Ahmad Shah Masoud Afghan leader of forces opposed to the Taliban; won fame by successfully resisting the Soviets in the 1980s; was assassinated by men posing as journalists (1953-2001) Muammar al-Qaddafi Libyan leader who seized power in a military coup d'etat in 1969; deposed the Libyan monarchy and imposed socialism and Islamic orthodoxy on the country (born in 1942) Dido (Roman mythology) a princess of Tyre who was the founder and queen of Carthage; Virgil tells of her suicide when she was abandoned by Aeneas Mahdi (Islam) a messianic leader who (according to popular Muslim belief) will appear before the end of the world and restore justice and religion Sleeping Beauty fairy story: princess under an evil spell who could be awakened only by a prince's kiss Aaron (Old Testament) elder brother of Moses and first high priest of the Israelites; created the golden calf Dean Gooderham Acheson United States statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO (1893-1971) Samuel Adams American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803) Konrad Adenauer German statesman; chancellor of West Germany (1876-1967) Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Roman general who commanded the fleet that defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium (63-12 BC) Thomas a Kempis German ecclesiastic (1380-1471) Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel prince consort of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1861) Alcibiades ancient Athenian statesman and general in the Peloponnesian War (circa 450-404 BC) Pope Alexander VI Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503) Al-hakim an Ismaili caliph of Egypt who declared himself an incarnation of God and founded the Druze religious sect (985-1021) Yasser Arafat Palestinian statesman who was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1929-2004) Arminius German hero; leader at the battle of Teutoburger Wald in AD 9 (circa 18 BC - AD 19) Asanga Indian religious leader and founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism in India (4th century) Nancy Witcher Astor British politician (born in the United States) who was the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons (1879-1964) Kemal Ataturk Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938) Clement Richard Attlee British statesman and leader of the Labour Party who instituted the welfare state in Britain (1883-1967) Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14) Viscount St. Albans English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626) 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1867-1947) Arthur James Balfour English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1848-1930) Alben William Barkley United States politician and lawyer; vice president of the United States (1877-1956) Bernard Mannes Baruch economic advisor to United States Presidents (1870-1965) William Maxwell Aitken British newspaper publisher and politician (born in Canada); confidant of Winston Churchill (1879-1964) Henry Ward Beecher United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887) Menachem Begin Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992) Prospero Lambertini pope who was a patron of the arts and who denounced the cruelty to the indigenous peoples of South America (1675-1758) Giacomo della Chiesa pope who founded the Vatican service for prisoners of war during World War I (1854-1922) David Ben Gurion Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II; prime minister of Israel (1886-1973) Thomas Hart Benton United States legislator who opposed the use of paper currency (1782-1858) Ernest Bevin British labor leader and statesman who played an important role in diplomacy after World War II (1884-1951) Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) Makataimeshekiakiak Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair British statesman who became prime minister in 1997 (born in 1953) Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524) Anne Boleyn the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; was executed on a charge of adultery (1507-1536) El Libertador Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825 (1783-1830) Benedetto Caetani pope who declared that Catholic princes are subject to the pope in temporal as well as in theological matters (1235-1303) Duchess of Ferrara Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts (1480-1519) Thomas Bradley United States politician who was elected the first black mayor of Los Angeles (1917-1998) Willy Brandt German statesman who as chancellor of West Germany worked to reduce tensions with eastern Europe (1913-1992) Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982) Harry Bridges United States labor leader who organized the longshoremen (1901-1990) Saint Bruno (Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101) Marcus Junius Brutus statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC) Boy Orator of the Platte United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) John Bunyan English preacher and author of an allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress (1628-1688) Edmund Burke British statesman famous for his oratory; pleaded the cause of the American colonists in British Parliament and defended the parliamentary system (1729-1797) Aaron Burr United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836) Gaius Julius Caesar conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC) Guy of Burgundy pope who in 1122 forced the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to sign a concordat that recognized the right of the church to choose its own leadership (died in 1124) Alfonso Borgia Italian pope whose nepotism put the Borgia family in power in Italy (1378-1458) Gaius Cassius Longinus prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar (died in 42 BC) Fidel Castro Ruz Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) Catherine de Medicis queen of France as the wife of Henry II and regent during the minority of her son Charles IX (1519-1589) Arthur Neville Chamberlain British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940) Prince Charles the eldest son of Elizabeth II and heir to the English throne (born in 1948) Salmon Portland Chase United States politician and jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1808-1873) Francois Rene Chateaubriand French statesman and writer; considered a precursor of the romantic movement in France (1768-1848) Cesar Estrada Chavez United States labor leader who organized farm workers (born 1927) Fourth Earl of Chesterfield suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773) Chiang Chung-cheng Chinese military and political figure; in the Chinese civil war that followed World War II he was defeated by the Chinese communists and in 1949 was forced to withdraw to Taiwan where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death (1897-1975) Sir Winston Leonard Spenser Churchill British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953 (1874-1965) Marcus Tullius Cicero a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC) Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue; he twice was called to assume dictatorship of Rome and each time retired to his farm (519-438 BC) Charles Joseph Clark Canadian politician who served as prime minister (1939-) the Great Compromiser United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852) Georges Eugene Benjamin Clemenceau French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929) Guibert of Ravenna Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100) Giulio de' Medici Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534) Giovanni Francesco Albani Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility Lorenzo Ganganelli Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774) Cleopatra beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC) DeWitt Clinton United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828) Hilary Rodham Clinton wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-) Baron Clive of Plassey British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774) Cochise Apache leader of the resistance to United States troops in Arizona (1812-1874) Cosimo de Medici Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464) Tashunca-Uitco a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877) David Crockett United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836) Oliver Cromwell English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) Cyrus the Younger Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC) Jefferson Davis American statesman; president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889) William Dawes American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799) Moshe Dayan Israeli general and statesman (1915-1981) Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970) Demosthenes Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC) Teng Hsiao-ping Chinese communist statesman (1904-1997) Eamon de Valera Irish statesman (born in the United States); as president of the Irish Free State he was responsible for the new constitution of 1937 that created the state of Eire (1882-1975) Lady Diana Frances Spencer English aristocrat who was the first wife of Prince Charles; her death in an automobile accident in Paris produced intense national mourning (1961-1997) Duchesse de Valentinois French noblewoman who was the mistress of Henry II; she had more influence over him than did his wife Catherine de Medicis (1499-1566) First Earl of Beaconsfield British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881) Domingo de Guzman (Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221) Don Juan a legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas John Donne English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631) Stephen Arnold Douglas United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln (1813-1861) Draco Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC) Black Prince son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years' War (1330-1376) Edward Antony Richard Louis third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964) Eleanor of Aquitaine queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204) Friedrich Engels socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895) Esther (Old Testament) a beautiful Jewess chosen by the king of Persia to be his queen; she stopped a plot to massacre all the Jews in Persia (an event celebrated by Jews as the feast of Purim) Ezra a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem Gaius Flaminius Roman statesman and general who built the Flaminian Way; died when he was defeated by Hannibal (died 217 BC) Charles James Fox English statesman who supported American independence and the French Revolution (1749-1806) Francis Ferdinand archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914) Benjamin Franklin printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790) Frederick William the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688) James William Fulbright United States senator who is remembered for his creation of grants that fund exchange programs of teachers and students between the United States and other countries (1905-1995) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance (1869-1948) Indira Nehru Gandhi daughter of Nehru who served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 (1917-1984) Sir Geraint (Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table Geronimo Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909) William Ewart Gladstone liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898) Owen Glendower Welsh chieftain who led a revolt against Henry IV's rule in Wales (1359-1416) John Herschel Glenn Jr. made the first orbital rocket-powered flight by a United States astronaut in 1962; later in United States Senate (1921-) Lady Godiva according to legend she rode naked through Coventry in order to persuade her husband not to tax the townspeople so heavily; the only person to look at her as she rode by was a man named Tom and Peeping Tom has become a synonym for voyeur (circa 1040-1080) Samuel Gompers United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924) Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) Harley Granville-Barker English actor and dramatist and critic and director noted for his productions of Shakespearean plays (1877-1946) William Green United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952) Gregory the Great (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604) Gregory VII the Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state (1020-1085) Angelo Correr the Italian pope from 1406 to 1415 who worked to end the Great Schism and who retired to make it possible (1327-1417) Ugo Buoncompagni the pope who sponsored the introduction of the modern calendar (1572-1585) Bartolomeo Alberto Capillari Italian pope from 1831 to 1846; conservative in politics and theology; worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846) Second Earl Grey Englishman who as Prime Minister implemented social reforms including the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire (1764-1845) First Viscount Haldane of Cloan Scottish statesman and brother of Elizabeth and John Haldane (1856-1928) Nathan Hale a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British; his last words were supposed to have been `I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country' (1755-1776) Alexander Hamilton United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804) Lady Emma Hamilton English beauty who was the mistress of Admiral Nelson (1765-1815) John Hancock American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793) Vaclav Havel Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936) William Dudley Haywood United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928) Patrick Henry a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) Hiawatha a Native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century) Hillel Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law Paul Ludwig von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 (1847-1934) Nguyen Tat Thanh Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969) James Riddle Hoffa United States labor leader who was president of the Teamsters Union; he was jailed for trying to bribe a judge and later disappeared and is assumed to have been murdered (1913-1975) Francis Hopkinson American Revolutionary leader and patriot; a signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1791) Samuel Houston United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) Catherine Howard Queen of England as the fifth wife of Henry VIII who was accused of adultery and executed (1520-1542) Samuel Huntington American revolutionary leader who signed the Declaration of Independence and was president of the Continental Congress (1731-1796) Lotario di Segni Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216) Giovanni Battista Cibo Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492) Benedetto Odescalchi Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689) Antonio Pignatelli Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety Isabella the Catholic the queen of Castile whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1451-1504) Ivan III Vasilievich grand duke of Muscovy whose victories against the Tartars laid the basis for Russian unity (1440-1505) Jesse Louis Jackson United States civil rights leader who led a national campaign against racial discrimination and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941) Glenda Jackson English film actress who later became a member of British Parliament (born in 1936) Jeanne d'Arc French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake (1412-1431) Jezebel wife of Ahab who was king of Israel; according to the Old Testament she was a cruel immoral queen who fostered the worship of Baal and tried to kill Elijah and other prophets of Israel (9th century BC) Muhammad Ali Jinnah Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) Job a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him Saint John the Apostle (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally said to be the author of the 4th Gospel and three epistles and the book of Revelation Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli Italian pope from 1958 to 1963 who convoked the Second Vatican Council (1881-1963) St. John Chrysostom (Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407) Albino Luciano the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978) Karol Wojtyla the first Pope born in Poland; the first Pope not born in Italy in 450 years (1920-2005) Mary Harris Jones United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930) Chief Joseph leader of the Nez Perce in their retreat from United States troops (1840-1904) Joshua (Old Testament) Moses' successor who led the Israelites into the Promised Land; best remembered for his destruction of Jericho Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin soviet statesman and head of state of the USSR (1875-1946) Kenneth David Kaunda statesman who led Northern Rhodesia to full independence as Zambia in 1964 and served as Zambia's first president (1924-1999) Elia Kazanjoglous United States stage and screen director (born in Turkey) and believer in method acting (1909-2003) John Keble English clergyman who (with John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement (1792-1866) Jomo Kenyata Kenyan statesman and the first president of independent Kenya (1893-1978) Keokuk Sauk leader who aided the United States against Black Hawk (1790-1848) Aleksandr Feodorovich Kerensky Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970) Sir Seretse Khama Botswanan statesman who was the first president of Botswana (1921-1980) Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971) Martin Luther King Jr. United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968) Prince Fumimaro Konoye Japanese statesman who set Japan's expansionist policies and formed an alliance with Germany and Italy (1891-1945) Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger Boer statesman (1825-1904) Henry Laurens leader of the American Revolution and president of the Continental Congress (1724-1792) Richard Henry Lee leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American Colonies (1732-1794) Leo the Great Italian pope from 440 to 461 who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461) Leo III Italian pope from 795 to 816 who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816) Bruno of Toul German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054) Giovanni de'Medici son of Lorenzo de'Medici and pope from 1513 to 1521 who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521) Giovanni Vincenzo Pecci Italian pope from 1878 to 1903 who was interested in the advancement of learning and who opened the Vatican secret archives to all scholars John Llewelly Lewis United States labor leader who was president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960 and president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations from 1935 to 1940 (1880-1969) Lydia Kamekeha Paki Liliuokalani queen of the Hawaiian islands (1838-1917) Robert R. Livingston American Revolutionary leader who served in the Continental Congress and as minister to France (1746-1813) Lorenzo the Magnificent Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492) Saint Luke (New Testament) the Apostle closely associated with St. Paul and traditionally assumed to be the author of the third Gospel Niccolo Machiavelli a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527) Andre Maginot French politician who proposed the Maginot Line (1877-1932) John Roy Major British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918) Mao Tsetung Chinese communist leader (1893-1976) Marie Antoinette queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793) Saint Mark Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel George Catlett Marshall United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959) Oddone Colonna Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431) Mary Queen of Scots queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567; as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed for sedition (1542-1587) George Mason American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792) Massasoit Wampanoag leader who aided the Pilgrims (1580-1661) Saint Matthew the Apostle (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel Joseph Raymond McCarthy United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957) John Joseph McGraw United States baseball player and manager (1873-1934) George Meany United States labor leader who was the first president of the AFL-CIO (1894-1980) Golda Meir Israeli statesman (born in Russia) (1898-1978) Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich Austrian statesman (1773-1859) John Mitchell United States labor leader; president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1898 to 1908 (1870-1919) Francois Maurice Marie Mitterrand French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996) Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov Soviet statesman (1890-1986) Sun Myung Moon United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920) Sir Thomas More English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state Gouverneur Morris United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816) Robert Morris leader of the American Revolution who signed the Declaration of Independence and raised money for the Continental Army (1734-1806) Roger de Mortimer English nobleman who deposed Edward II and was executed by Edward III (1287-1330) Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States politician and educator (1927-2003) Hosni Mubarak Egyptian statesman who became president in 1981 after Sadat was assassinated (born in 1929) Mullah Mohammed Omar reclusive Afghanistani politician and leader of the Taliban who imposed a strict interpretation of shariah law on Afghanistan (born in 1960) Guru Nanak Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism; he taught that all men had a right to search for knowledge of God and that spiritual liberation could be attained by meditating on the name of God (1469-1538) Fridtjof Nansen Norwegian explorer of the Arctic and director of the League of Nations relief program for refugees of World War I (1861-1930) Gamal Abdel Nasser Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal (1918-1970) Tomasso Parentucelli Italian pope from 1447 to 1455 who founded the Vatican library (1397-1455) Nefertiti queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC) Jawaharlal Nehru Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first prime minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964) Nestorius Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451) Second Earl of Guilford British statesman under George III whose policies led to rebellion in the American colonies (1732-1792) Daniel Ortega Saavedra Nicaraguan statesman (born in 1945) Ignace Jan Paderewski Polish pianist who in 1919 served as the first Prime Minister of independent Poland (1860-1941) Thomas Paine American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) Robert Treat Paine American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1731-1814) Charles Stewart Parnell Irish nationalist leader (1846-1891) Catherine Parr Queen of England as the 6th wife of Henry VIII (1512-1548) William Patterson American Revolutionary leader (born in Ireland) who was a member of the Constitutional Convention (1745-1806) Alessandro Farnese Italian pope from 1534 to 1549 who excommunicated Henry VIII of England in 1538 and initiated the Council of Trent in 1545; was active in the Counter Reformation and promoted the Society of Jesus for this purpose (1468-1549) Giovanni Battista Montini Italian pope from 1963 to 1978 who eased restrictions on fasting and on interfaith marriages (1897-1978) Sir Robert Peel British politician (1788-1850) Pericles Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon (died in 429 BC) Duke of Edinburgh Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921) Photius Patriarch of Constantinople and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church; was condemned by the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 869 but was reinstated by a later pope First Earl of Chatham English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778) Second Earl of Chatham English statesman and son of Pitt the Elder (1759-1806) Enea Silvio Piccolomini Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464) Antonio Ghislieri Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572) Giovanni Angelo Braschi Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799) Luigi Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823) Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914) Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939) Eugenio Pacelli pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958) Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC) Colin luther Powell United States general who was the first African American to serve as chief of staff; later served as Secretary of State under President George W. Bush (born 1937) Wahunsonacock Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia; father of Pocahontas (1550?-1618) Pierre Joseph Proudhon French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865) Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000; formerly director of the Federal Security Bureau (born in 1952) Josiah Quincy American patriot who presented the colonists' grievances to the English king (1744-1775) Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975) Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826) Rain-in-the-Face a chief of the Sioux; he was with Sitting Bull and others at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when General Custer's troops were massacred (1835-1905) Jeannette Rankin leader in the women's suffrage movement in Montana; the first woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives (1880-1973) Red Cloud leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909) John Reed United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920) Paul Revere American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818) Armand Jean du Plessis French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642) Cesar Ritz Swiss hotelier who created a chain of elegant hotels (1850-1918) Second Marquis of Rockingham English statesman who served as prime minister and who opposed the war with the American colonies (1730-1782) Hrolf Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931) Nellie Tayloe Ross a politician in Wyoming who was the first woman governor in the United States (1876-1977) Prince Rupert English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682) Benjamin Rush physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813) Charles Taze Russell United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916) Anwar el-Sadat Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981) Haym Salomon American financier and American Revolutionary War patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution (1740?-1785) Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany (born in 1918) Lucius Annaeus Seneca Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD) George Guess Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843) Saint Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton United States religious leader who was the first person born in the United States to be canonized (1774-1821) William Henry Seward United States politician who as Secretary of State in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872) Jane Seymour Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537) Roger Sherman American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793) Sitting Bull a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890) Francesco della Rovere Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484) Ian Douglas Smith Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919) Jan Christian Smuts South African statesman and soldier (1870-1950) Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavsky Russian actor and theater director who trained his actors to emphasize the psychological motivation of their roles (1863-1938) Charles Dillon Stengel United States baseball manager (1890-1975) Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben American Revolutionary leader (born in Prussia) who trained the troops under George Washington (1730-1794) Petrus Stuyvesant the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672) Suharto Indonesian statesman who seized power from Sukarno in 1967 (born in 1921) Achmad Sukarno Indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by Suharto in a coup d'etat (1901-1970) Maxmilien de Bethune French statesman (1560-1641) Sun Yat-sen Chinese statesman who organized the Kuomintang and led the revolution that overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and 1912 (1866-1925) Sylvester II French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003) Charles Maurice de Talleyrand French statesman (1754-1838) Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven British stateswoman; first woman to serve as Prime Minister (born in 1925) Themistocles Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC) Norman Mattoon Thomas United States socialist who was a candidate for president six times (1884-1968) Marshal Tito Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980) Jonathan Trumbull American Revolutionary leader who as governor of Connecticut provided supplies for the Continental Army (1710-1785) Otho of Lagery French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099) Guillaume de Grimoard French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370) Bartolomeo Prignano Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389) Maffeo Barberini Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644) Getulio Dornelles Vargas Brazilian statesman who ruled Brazil as a virtual dictator (1883-1954) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd South African statesman who instituted the policy of apartheid (1901-1966) Kurt Waldheim Austrian diplomat who was Secretary General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981; in 1986 he was elected president of Austria in spite of worldwide allegations that he had direct knowledge of Nazi atrocities during World War II (born in 1918) Lech Walesa Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943) First Earl of Orford Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745) Earl of Warwick English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471) Daniel Webster United States politician and orator (1782-1817) Chaim Azriel Weizmann Israeli statesman who persuaded the United States to recognize the new state of Israel and became its first president (1874-1952) First Duke of Wellington British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852) John Wesley English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) Charles Wesley English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788) Roger Williams English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683) James Wilson American Revolutionary leader who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence (1742-1798) Isaac Mayer Wise United States religious leader (born in Bohemia) who united reform Jewish organizations in the United States (1819-1900) Stephen Samuel Wise United States Jewish leader (born in Hungary) (1874-1949) John Witherspoon American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who signed of the Declaration of Independence and was president of the college that became Princeton University (1723-1794) William of Wykeham English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1324-1404) Brigham Young United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith; he led the Mormon exodus from Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah (1801-1877) Chou En-lai Chinese revolutionary and communist leader (1898-1976) Haman (Old Testament) the minister of the Persian emperor who hated the Jews and was hanged for plotting to massacre them Saint Ambrose (Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397) Anne Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; daughter if James II and the last of the Stuart monarchs; in 1707 she was the last English ruler to exercise the royal veto over parliament (1665-1714) Bishop Berkeley Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753) Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin Bolshevik leader in Russia who advocated gradual collectivism of the farms; was executed in a purge by Stalin (1888-1938) First Marquess Cornwallis commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence; was defeated by American and French troops at Yorktown (1738-1805) Elizabeth I Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius (1533-1603) Elizabeth II daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-) Eusebius of Caesarea Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340) William Franklin Graham United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918) Lady Jane Grey Queen of England for nine days in 1553; she was quickly replaced by Mary Tudor and beheaded for treason (1537-1554) Saint Ignatius bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110) William Ralph Inge English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954) Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros prelate who was the confessor of Isabella I and who was later appointed Grand Inquisitor (1436-1517) Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) Marquise de Maintenon French consort of Louis XIV who secretly married the king after the death of his first wife (1635-1719) St. Martin French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397) Bloody Mary daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (1516-1558) Mary II Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; she was the eldest daughter of James II and ruled jointly with her husband William III (1662-1694) Aimee Semple McPherson United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944) Francoise-Athenais de Rochechouart French noblewoman who was mistress to Louis XIV until he became attracted to Madame de Maintenon (1641-1707) Dwight Lyman Moody United States evangelist (1837-1899) John Henry Newman English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890) Saint Nicholas a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century) Jeanne Antoinette Poisson French noblewoman who was the lover of Louis XV, whose policies she influenced (1721-1764) Oral Roberts United States evangelist (born 1918) William Ashley Sunday United States evangelist (1862-1935) Lev Davidovich Bronstein Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940) Desmond Tutu South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931) Bishop Ulfilas a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382) James Ussher Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656) Queen Victoria queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901) Stefan Wyszynski Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981) Ahmed Zoki Yamani Saudi Arabian minister of petroleum who was a central figure in the creation of OPEC (born in 1930) Saint Anselm an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God Saint Thomas a Becket (Roman Catholic Church) archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170) Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmine Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621) Cesare Borgia Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince (1475-1507) Albert Gore Jr. Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948) Duke of Lancaster the fourth son of Edward III who was the effective ruler of England during the close of his father's reign and during the minority of Richard II; his son was Henry Bolingbroke (1340-1399) Earl of Leicester an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265) spiritual leader a leader in religious or sacred affairs aristocrat, blue blood, patrician a member of the aristocracy bellwether someone who assumes leadership of a movement or activity caller the person who convenes a meeting captain, chieftain the leader of a group of people cheerleader someone who leads the cheers by spectators at a sporting event choragus (ancient Greece) leader of a group or festival; leader of a chorus civic leader, civil leader a leader in municipal affairs commander someone in an official position of authority who can command or control others Ubermensch, demigod, superman a person with great powers and abilities duce leader employer a person or firm that employs workers father a person who holds an important or distinguished position in some organization boss a person who exercises control and makes decisions fugleman a leader and organizer and spokesman (especially a political leader) galvaniser, galvanizer, inspirer a leader who stimulates and excites people to action guide someone who shows the way by leading or advising guru a recognized leader in some field or of some movement chief, head, top dog a person who is in charge chief, chieftain, headman, tribal chief the head of a tribe or clan imam, imaum (Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque; for Shiites an imam is a recognized authority on Islamic theology and law and a spiritual guide initiator, instigator a person who initiates a course of action labor leader a leader of a labor movement lawgiver, lawmaker a maker of laws; someone who gives a code of laws malik the leader of a town or community in some parts of Asia Minor and the Indian subcontinent military leader a leader of military forces misleader someone who leads astray (often deliberately) model, role model someone worthy of imitation hero a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength nationalist leader the leader of a nationalist movement pied piper a leader who entices people to follow (especially to their doom) point man someone who is the forefront of an important enterprise point woman a woman who is the forefront of an important enterprise pol, political leader, politician, politico a person active in party politics politician a leader engaged in civil administration presiding officer the leader of a group meeting puppet leader, puppet ruler a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government religious leader leader of a religious order scoutmaster the leader of a troop of Scouts spearhead someone who leads or initiates an activity (attack or campaign etc.) strike leader someone who leads a strike higher-up, superior, superordinate one of greater rank or station or quality torchbearer a leader in a campaign or movement trainer one who trains other persons or animals American Revolutionary leader a nationalist leader in the American Revolution and in the creation of the United States administrator, executive someone who manages a government agency or department administrator, decision maker someone who administers a business aggressor a confident assertive person who acts as instigator ayatollah a high-ranking Shiite religious leader who is regarded as an authority on religious law and its interpretation and who has political power as well Bart, baronet a member of the British order of honor; ranks below a baron but above a knight better a superior person having claim to precedence boss, hirer a person responsible for hiring workers brahman, brahmin a member of a social and cultural elite (especially a descendant of an old New England family) campaigner, candidate, nominee a politician who is running for public office cantor, hazan the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos capo the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate Catholicos the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches cicerone a guide who conducts and informs sightseers clergyman, man of the cloth, reverend a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church coach, handler, manager (sports) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team Communist a member of the communist party convener the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings demagog, demagogue, rabble-rouser a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices Democrat a member of the Democratic Party department head the head of a department don, father the head of an organized crime family drug baron, drug lord a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs Evangelist (when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John Federalist a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government female aristocrat a woman who is an aristocrat general, superior general the head of a religious order or congregation general manager the highest ranking manager god a man of such superior qualities that he seems like a deity to other people governor the head of a state government grand dragon a high ranking person in the Ku Klux Klan guru a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher Guru each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion animal trainer, handler one who trains or exhibits animals head of household the head of a household or family or tribe Highness (Your Highness or His Highness or Her Highness) title used to address a royal person Indian chief, Indian chieftain the leader of a group of Native Americans Labourite a member of the British Labour Party legislator someone who makes or enacts laws hack, machine politician, political hack, ward-heeler a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends male aristocrat a man who is an aristocrat master directs the work of others city manager, mayor the head of a city government mistress a woman master who directs the work of others apotheosis, ideal, nonesuch, nonpareil, nonsuch, paragon, saint model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal moderator someone who presides over a forum or debate moderator in the Presbyterian church, the officer who presides over a synod or general assembly Mugwump someone who bolted from the Republican Party during the U.S. presidential election of 1884 noncandidate someone who has announced they are not a candidate; especially a politician who has announced that he or she is not a candidate for some political office padrone an employer who exploits Italian immigrants in the U.S. boss, party boss, political boss a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments party liner, party man a member of a political party who follows strictly the party line patriarch title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem) pendragon the supreme war chief of the ancient Britons Bishop of Rome, Catholic Pope, Holy Father, Roman Catholic Pope, Vicar of Christ, pontiff, pope the head of the Roman Catholic Church chair, chairman, chairperson, chairwoman, president the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization non-Christian priest, priest a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion prince a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign) princess a female member of a royal family other than the queen (especially the daughter of a sovereign) promulgator (law) one who promulgates laws (announces a law as a way of putting it into execution) rabbi spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law raja, rajah a prince or king in India ranee, rani (the feminine of raja) a Hindu princess or the wife of a raja Republican a member of the Republican Party sachem a political leader (especially of Tammany Hall) secretary a person who is head of an administrative department of government Simon Legree, slave driver a cruel employer who demands excessive work from the employees socialist a political advocate of socialism Speaker the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly standard-bearer an outstanding leader of a political movement national leader, solon, statesman a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs supervisor one who supervises or has charge and direction of technocrat an advocate of technocracy tour guide a guide who leads others on a tour fashion arbiter, taste-maker, trend-setter someone who popularizes a new fashion warlord supreme military leader exercising civil power in a region especially one accountable to nobody when the central government is weak Whig a member of the Whig Party that existed in the United States before the American Civil War Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, Grigori Potemkin, Grigori Potyokin, Potemkin, Potyokin a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791) individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul a human being 2 n a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers Syn\|Hyper drawing card, loss leader feature an article of merchandise that is displayed or advertised more than other articles
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