英语词汇“physicist”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

A physicist is a scientist who studies and is trained in physics, which is the study of nature, especially how matter and energy behave.

Do you ever wonder how things work? If you're interested in what makes magnets attract iron or what's happening in atoms, then maybe you should become a physicist. Physicists study physics, which is related to the word physical. Physicists are interested in everything that physically exists, from tiny gadgets to massive stars. It takes many years of school to become a physicist, and physicists work on complex projects such as space travel and new energy sources.

WORD FAMILY

physicist: physicists+/physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness/physicality: physicalities/physics: physical, physicist

USAGE EXAMPLES

He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age.

New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)

The physicist Stephen Hawking, who publicly confirmed his atheism in 2014, doesn’t believe that God is needed to explain creation.

Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)

Perry’s two immediate predecessors in the job were both nuclear physicists.

The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)

n a scientist trained in physics

Exp|Hypo|Hyper

Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham

an Egyptian polymath (born in Iraq) whose research in geometry and optics was influential into the 17th century; established experiments as the norm of proof in physics (died in 1040)

Philip Warren Anderson

United States physicist who studied the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems (1923-)

Sir Edward Victor Appleton

English physicist remembered for his studies of the ionosphere (1892-1966)

Archimedes

Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)

Svante August Arrhenius

Swedish chemist and physicist noted for his theory of chemical dissociation (1859-1927)

Amedeo Avogadro

Italian physicist noted for his work on gases; proposed what has come to be called Avogadro's law (1776-1856)

John Bardeen

United States physicist who won the Nobel prize for physics twice (1908-1991)

Antoine Henri Becquerel

French physicist who discovered that rays emitted by uranium salts affect photographic plates (1852-1908)

Daniel Bernoulli

Swiss physicist who contributed to hydrodynamics and mathematical physics (1700-1782)

Ludwig Boltzmann

Austrian physicist who contributed to the kinetic theory of gases (1844-1906)

Bertram Brockhouse

Canadian physicist who bounced neutron beams off of atomic nuclei to study the structure of matter (1918-2003)

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

French physicist who founded thermodynamics (1796-1832)

Henry Cavendish

British chemist and physicist who established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen and who calculated the density of the earth (1731-1810)

Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles

French physicist and author of Charles's law which anticipated Gay-Lussac's law (1746-1823)

Charles Augustin de Coulomb

French physicist famous for his discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism; formulated Coulomb's Law (1736-1806)

Sir William Crookes

English chemist and physicist; discovered thallium; invented the radiometer and studied cathode rays (1832-1919)

Pierre Curie

French physicist; husband of Marie Curie (1859-1906)

John Dalton

English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures; gave the first description of red-green color blindness (1766-1844)

Sir James Dewar

Scottish chemist and physicist noted for his work in cryogenics and his invention of the Dewar flask (1842-1923)

Christian Johann Doppler

Austrian physicist famous for his discovery of the Doppler effect (1803-1853)

Albert Einstein

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955)

Leo Esaki

physicist honored for advances in solid state electronics (born in Japan in 1925)

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736)

Michael Faraday

the English physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867)

Gustav Theodor Fechner

German physicist who founded psychophysics; derived Fechner's law on the basis of early work by E. H. Weber (1801-1887)

Jean Bernard Leon Foucault

French physicist who determined the speed of light and showed that it travels slower in water than in air; invented the Foucault pendulum and the gyroscope (1819-1868)

Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier

French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830)

James Franck

United States physicist (born in Germany) who with Gustav Hertz performed an electron scattering experiment that proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Niels Bohr (1882-1964)

Augustin Jean Fresnel

French physicist who invented polarized light and invented the Fresnel lens (1788-1827)

Emil Klaus Julius Fuchs

British physicist who was born in Germany and fled Nazi persecution; in the 1940s he passed secret information to the USSR about the development of the atom bomb in the United States (1911-1988)

Dennis Gabor

British physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on holography (1900-1979)

George Gamow

United States physicist (born in Russia) who was a proponent of the big-bang theory and who did research in radioactivity and suggested the triplet code for DNA (1904-1968)

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

French chemist and physicist who first isolated boron and who formulated the law describing the behavior of gases under constant pressure (1778-1850)

Hans Geiger

German physicist who developed the Geiger counter (1882-1945)

William Gilbert

English court physician noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1540-1603)

Robert Hutchings Goddard

United States physicist who developed the first successful liquid-fueled rocket (1882-1945)

Stephen William Hawking

English theoretical physicist (born in 1942)

Oliver Heaviside

English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications; in 1902 (independent of A. E. Kennelly) he suggested the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1850-1925)

Baron Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz

German physiologist and physicist (1821-1894)

Joseph Henry

United States physicist who studied electromagnetic phenomena (1791-1878)

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz

German physicist who was the first to produce electromagnetic waves artificially (1857-1894)

Victor Franz Hess

United States physicist (born in Austria) who was a discoverer of cosmic radiation (1883-1964)

Christiaan Huygens

Dutch physicist who first formulated the wave theory of light (1629-1695)

Jean-Frederic Joliot-Curie

French nuclear physicist who was Marie Curie's assistant and who worked with Marie Curie's daughter who he married (taking the name Joliot-Curie); he and his wife discovered how to synthesize new radioactive elements (1900-1958)

Irene Joliot-Curie

French physicist who (with her husband) synthesized new chemical elements (1897-1956)

James Prescott Joule

English physicist who established the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of thermodynamics (1818-1889)

Alfred Kastler

French physicist (1902-1984)

First Baron Kelvin

British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale of temperature and pioneered undersea telegraphy (1824-1907)

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

German physicist who with Bunsen pioneered spectrum analysis and formulated two laws governing electric networks (1824-1887)

Lev Davidovich Landau

Soviet physicist who worked on low temperature physics (1908-1968)

Philipp Lenard

German physicist who studied cathode rays (1862-1947)

Gabriel Lippmann

French physicist who developed the first color photographic process (1845-1921)

Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge

English physicist who studied electromagnetic radiation and was a pioneer of radiotelegraphy (1851-1940)

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

Dutch physicist noted for work on electromagnetic theory (1853-1928)

Ernst Mach

Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916)

James Clerk Maxwell

Scottish physicist whose equations unified electricity and magnetism and who recognized the electromagnetic nature of light (1831-1879)

Fritz W. Meissner

German physicist (1882-1974)

Albert Abraham Michelson

United States physicist (born in Germany) who collaborated with Morley in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1852-1931)

Robert Andrews Millikan

United States physicist who isolated the electron and measured its charge (1868-1953)

Louis Eugene Felix Neel

French physicist noted for research on magnetism (born in 1904)

Walther Hermann Nernst

German physicist and chemist who formulated the third law of thermodynamics (1864-1941)

Sir Isaac Newton

English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727)

Hans Christian Oersted

Danish physicist (1777-1851)

Georg Simon Ohm

German physicist who formulated Ohm's law (1787-1854)

Henri Pitot

French physicist for whom the Pitot tube was named (1695-1771)

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947)

Cecil Frank Powell

English physicist who discovered the pion (the first known meson) which is a subatomic particle involved in holding the nucleus together (1903-1969)

Aleksandr Mikjailovich Prokhorov

Russian physicist whose research into ways of moving electrons around atoms led to the development of masers and lasers for producing high-intensity radiation (1916-2002)

Third Baron Rayleigh

English physicist who studied the density of gases and discovered argon; made important contributions to acoustic theory (1842-1919)

Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur

French physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer (1683-1757)

Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen

German physicist who discovered x-rays and developed roentgenography (1845-1923)

First Baron Rutherford of Nelson

British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937)

William Bradford Shockley

United States physicist (born in England) who contributed to the development of the electronic transistor (1910-1989)

Benjamin Thompson

English physicist (born in America) who studied heat and friction; experiments convinced him that heat is caused by moving particles (1753-1814)

Sir Joseph John Thomson

English physicist who experimented with the conduction of electricity through gases and who discovered the electron and determined its charge and mass (1856-1940)

Sir George Paget Thomson

English physicist (son of Joseph John Thomson) who was a co-discoverer of the diffraction of electrons by crystals (1892-1975)

Evangelista Torricelli

Italian physicist who invented the mercury barometer (1608-1647)

John Tyndall

British physicist (born in Ireland) remembered for his experiments on the transparency of gases and the absorption of radiant heat by gases and the transmission of sound through the atmosphere; he was the first person to explain why the daylight sky is blue (1820-1893)

James Alfred Van Allen

United States physicist who discovered two belts of charged particles from the solar wind trapped by the Earth's magnetic field (born in 1914)

Robert Jemison Van de Graaff

United States physicist (1901-1967)

Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Dutch physicist (1837-1923)

John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

United States physicist (1899-1980)

Conte Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta

Italian physicist after whom the volt is named; studied electric currents and invented the voltaic pile (1745-1827)

Wilhelm Eduard Weber

German physicist and brother of E. H. Weber; noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1804-1891)

Steven Weinberg

United States theoretical physicist (born in 1933)

Sir Charles Wheatstone

English physicist and inventor who devised the Wheatstone bridge (1802-1875)

Robert Woodrow Wilson

United States physicist honored for his work on cosmic microwave radiation (born in 1918)

William Hyde Wollaston

English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium and demonstrated that static and current electricity are the same (1766-1828)

Yang Chen Ning

United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Tsung Dao Lee in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1922)

Thomas Young

British physicist and Egyptologist; he revived the wave theory of light and proposed a three-component theory of color vision; he also played an important role in deciphering the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone (1773-1829)

Pieter Zeeman

Dutch physicist honored for his research on the influence of magnetism on radiation which showed that light is radiated by the motion of charged particles in an atom (1865-1943)

Vladimir Kosma Zworykin

United States physicist who invented the iconoscope (1889-1982)

Anaximander

a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC)

Carl David Anderson

United States physicist who discovered antimatter in the form of an antielectron that is called the positron (1905-1991)

Aristarchus of Samos

an ancient Greek astronomer who was one of the first to propose a heliocentric theory of the universe (circa 270 BC)

Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel

German mathematician and astronomer who made accurate measurements of stellar distances and who predicted the existence on an 8th planet (1784-1846)

Hans Albrecht Bethe

United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for research in astrophysics and nuclear physics (1906-2005)

Niels Henrik David Bohr

Danish physicist who studied atomic structure and radiations; the Bohr theory of the atom accounted for the spectrum of hydrogen (1885-1962)

Max Born

British nuclear physicist (born in Germany) honored for his contributions to quantum mechanics (1882-1970)

Satyendra Nath Bose

Indian physicist who with Albert Einstein proposed statistical laws based on the indistinguishability of particles; led to the description of fundamental particles that later came to be known as bosons

Nathaniel Bowditch

United States mathematician and astronomer noted for his works on navigation (1773-1838)

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion (1546-1601)

Louis Victor de Broglie

French nuclear physicist who generalized the wave-particle duality by proposing that particles of matter exhibit wavelike properties (1892-1987)

Anders Celsius

Swedish astronomer who devised the centigrade thermometer (1701-1744)

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft

British physicist who (with Ernest Walton in 1931) first split an atom (1897-1967)

Arthur Holly Compton

United States physicist noted for research on x-rays and gamma rays and nuclear energy; his observation that X-rays behave like miniature bowling balls in their interactions with electrons provided evidence for the quantal nature of light (1892-1962)

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984)

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington

English astronomer remembered for his popular elucidation of relativity theory (1882-1944)

Eratosthenes

Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the Moon and sun (276-194 BC)

Enrico Fermi

Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954)

Richard Phillips Feynman

United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988)

Otto Robert Frisch

British physicist (born in Austria) who with Lise Meitner recognized that Otto Hahn had produced a new kind of nuclear reaction which they named nuclear fission; Frisch described the explosive potential of a chain nuclear reaction (1904-1979)

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

Murray Gell-Mann

United States physicist noted for his studies of subatomic particles (born in 1929)

Donald Arthur Glaser

United States physicist who invented the bubble chamber to study subatomic particles (born in 1926)

George Ellery Hale

United States astronomer who discovered that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields (1868-1938)

Asaph Hall

United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907)

Edmond Halley

English astronomer who used Newton's laws of motion to predict the period of a comet (1656-1742)

Werner Karl Heisenberg

German mathematical physicist noted for stating the uncertainty principle (1901-1976)

Sir Frederick William Herschel

English astronomer (born in Germany) who discovered infrared light and who catalogued the stars and discovered the planet Uranus (1738-1822)

Sir John Frederick William Herschel

English astronomer (son of William Herschel) who extended the catalogue of stars to the southern hemisphere and did pioneering work in photography (1792-1871)

Gustav Ludwig Hertz

German physicist who with James Franck proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Bohr (1887-1975)

Gerhard Herzberg

Canadian physicist (born in Germany) noted for contributions to understanding the structure of molecules (born in 1904)

Hipparchus

Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry (second century BC)

Sir Fred Hoyle

an English astrophysicist and advocate of the steady state theory of cosmology; described processes of nucleosynthesis inside stars (1915-2001)

Edwin Powell Hubble

United States astronomer who discovered that (as the universe expands) the speed with which nebulae recede increases with their distance from the observer (1889-1953)

Sir William Huggins

English astronomer who pioneered spectroscopic analysis in astronomy and who discovered the red shift (1824-1910)

Hypatia

Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415)

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Gerard Peter Kuiper

United States astronomer (born in the Netherlands) who studied the solar system and suggested in 1951 that there is a belt of comet-like debris at the edge of the solar system (1905-1973)

Samuel Pierpoint Langley

United States astronomer and aviation pioneer who invented the bolometer and contributed to the design of early aircraft (1834-1906)

Pierre Simon de Laplace

French mathematician and astronomer who formulated the nebular hypothesis concerning the origins of the solar system and who developed the theory of probability (1749-1827)

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

United States physicist who developed the cyclotron (1901-1958)

Tsung Dao Lee

United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Yang Chen Ning in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1926)

Georges Henri Lemaitre

Belgian cosmologist who proposed the big-bang theory of the origin of the universe (1894-1966)

Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell

English astronomer who pioneered radio astronomy (born in 1913)

Percival Lowell

United States astronomer whose studies of Mars led him to conclude that Mars was inhabited (1855-1916)

Marie Goeppert Mayer

United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for her research on the structure of the atom (1906-1972)

Lise Meitner

Swedish physicist (born in Austria) who worked in the field of radiochemistry with Otto Hahn and formulated the concept of nuclear fission with Otto Frisch (1878-1968)

Maria Mitchell

United States astronomer who studied sunspots and nebulae (1818-1889)

Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer

German physicist (born in 1929)

Johann Muller

German mathematician and astronomer (1436-1476)

Karl Alex Muller

Swiss physicist who studied superconductivity (born in 1927)

Simon Newcomb

United States astronomer (1835-1909)

Omar Khayyam

Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123)

Jan Hendrix Oort

Dutch astronomer who proved that the galaxy is rotating and proposed the existence of the Oort cloud (1900-1992)

Robert Oppenheimer

United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967)

Wolfgang Pauli

United States physicist (born in Austria) who proposed the exclusion principle (thus providing a theoretical basis for the periodic table) (1900-1958)

Benjamin Peirce

United States mathematician and astronomer remembered for his studies of Uranus and Saturn and Neptune (1809-1880)

Claudius Ptolemaeus

Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance

David Rittenhouse

United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America; also the first director of the United States Mint (1732-1796)

Henry Norris Russell

United States astronomer who developed a theory of stellar evolution (1877-1957)

Andrei Dimitrievich Sakharov

Soviet physicist and dissident; helped develop the first Russian hydrogen bomb; advocated nuclear disarmament and campaigned for human rights (1921-1989)

Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli

Italian astronomer who first noted lines (which he called canals) on the surface of Mars (1835-1910)

Erwin Schrodinger

Austrian physicist who discovered the wave equation (1887-1961)

Harlow Shapley

United States astronomer (1885-1972)

Willem de Sitter

Dutch astronomer who calculated the size of the universe and suggested that it is expanding (1872-1934)

Leo Szilard

United States physicist and molecular biologist who helped develop the first atom bomb and later opposed the use of all nuclear weapons (1898-1964)

Igor Yevgeneevich Tamm

Russian physicist (1895-1971)

Edward Teller

United States physicist (born in Hungary) who worked on the first atom bomb and the first hydrogen bomb (1908-2003)

Thales of Miletus

a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC)

Clyde William Tombaugh

United States astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto (1906-1997)

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

Irish physicist who (with Sir John Cockcroft in 1931) first split an atom (1903-1995)

Eugene Paul Wigner

United States physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on the structure of the atom and its nucleus (1902-1995)

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

Scottish physicist who invented the cloud chamber (1869-1959)

Hideki Yukawa

Japanese mathematical physicist who proposed that nuclear forces are mediated by massive particles called mesons which are analogous to the photon in mediating electromagnetic forces (1907-1981)

acoustician

a physicist who specializes in acoustics

astronomer, stargazer, uranologist

a physicist who studies astronomy

biophysicist

a physicist who applies the methods of physics to biology

nuclear physicist

a physicist who specializes in nuclear physics

Charles Hard Townes, Charles Townes, Townes

United States physicist who developed the laser and maser principles for producing high-intensity radiation (1915-)

astrophysicist

an astronomer who studies the physical properties of celestial bodies

cosmologist

an astronomer who studies the evolution and space-time relations of the universe

scientist

a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences

单词	physicist
释义	physicist (once / 1704 pages) n A physicist is a scientist who studies and is trained in physics, which is the study of nature, especially how matter and energy behave. Do you ever wonder how things work? If you're interested in what makes magnets attract iron or what's happening in atoms, then maybe you should become a physicist. Physicists study physics, which is related to the word physical. Physicists are interested in everything that physically exists, from tiny gadgets to massive stars. It takes many years of school to become a physicist, and physicists work on complex projects such as space travel and new energy sources. WORD FAMILY physicist: physicists+/physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness/physicality: physicalities/physics: physical, physicist USAGE EXAMPLES He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age. New York Times(Jan 02, 2017) The physicist Stephen Hawking, who publicly confirmed his atheism in 2014, doesn’t believe that God is needed to explain creation. Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016) Perry’s two immediate predecessors in the job were both nuclear physicists. The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016) n a scientist trained in physics Exp\|Hypo\|Hyper Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham an Egyptian polymath (born in Iraq) whose research in geometry and optics was influential into the 17th century; established experiments as the norm of proof in physics (died in 1040) Philip Warren Anderson United States physicist who studied the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems (1923-) Sir Edward Victor Appleton English physicist remembered for his studies of the ionosphere (1892-1966) Archimedes Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC) Svante August Arrhenius Swedish chemist and physicist noted for his theory of chemical dissociation (1859-1927) Amedeo Avogadro Italian physicist noted for his work on gases; proposed what has come to be called Avogadro's law (1776-1856) John Bardeen United States physicist who won the Nobel prize for physics twice (1908-1991) Antoine Henri Becquerel French physicist who discovered that rays emitted by uranium salts affect photographic plates (1852-1908) Daniel Bernoulli Swiss physicist who contributed to hydrodynamics and mathematical physics (1700-1782) Ludwig Boltzmann Austrian physicist who contributed to the kinetic theory of gases (1844-1906) Bertram Brockhouse Canadian physicist who bounced neutron beams off of atomic nuclei to study the structure of matter (1918-2003) Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot French physicist who founded thermodynamics (1796-1832) Henry Cavendish British chemist and physicist who established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen and who calculated the density of the earth (1731-1810) Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles French physicist and author of Charles's law which anticipated Gay-Lussac's law (1746-1823) Charles Augustin de Coulomb French physicist famous for his discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism; formulated Coulomb's Law (1736-1806) Sir William Crookes English chemist and physicist; discovered thallium; invented the radiometer and studied cathode rays (1832-1919) Pierre Curie French physicist; husband of Marie Curie (1859-1906) John Dalton English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures; gave the first description of red-green color blindness (1766-1844) Sir James Dewar Scottish chemist and physicist noted for his work in cryogenics and his invention of the Dewar flask (1842-1923) Christian Johann Doppler Austrian physicist famous for his discovery of the Doppler effect (1803-1853) Albert Einstein physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Leo Esaki physicist honored for advances in solid state electronics (born in Japan in 1925) Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736) Michael Faraday the English physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867) Gustav Theodor Fechner German physicist who founded psychophysics; derived Fechner's law on the basis of early work by E. H. Weber (1801-1887) Jean Bernard Leon Foucault French physicist who determined the speed of light and showed that it travels slower in water than in air; invented the Foucault pendulum and the gyroscope (1819-1868) Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830) James Franck United States physicist (born in Germany) who with Gustav Hertz performed an electron scattering experiment that proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Niels Bohr (1882-1964) Augustin Jean Fresnel French physicist who invented polarized light and invented the Fresnel lens (1788-1827) Emil Klaus Julius Fuchs British physicist who was born in Germany and fled Nazi persecution; in the 1940s he passed secret information to the USSR about the development of the atom bomb in the United States (1911-1988) Dennis Gabor British physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on holography (1900-1979) George Gamow United States physicist (born in Russia) who was a proponent of the big-bang theory and who did research in radioactivity and suggested the triplet code for DNA (1904-1968) Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac French chemist and physicist who first isolated boron and who formulated the law describing the behavior of gases under constant pressure (1778-1850) Hans Geiger German physicist who developed the Geiger counter (1882-1945) William Gilbert English court physician noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1540-1603) Robert Hutchings Goddard United States physicist who developed the first successful liquid-fueled rocket (1882-1945) Stephen William Hawking English theoretical physicist (born in 1942) Oliver Heaviside English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications; in 1902 (independent of A. E. Kennelly) he suggested the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1850-1925) Baron Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz German physiologist and physicist (1821-1894) Joseph Henry United States physicist who studied electromagnetic phenomena (1791-1878) Heinrich Rudolph Hertz German physicist who was the first to produce electromagnetic waves artificially (1857-1894) Victor Franz Hess United States physicist (born in Austria) who was a discoverer of cosmic radiation (1883-1964) Christiaan Huygens Dutch physicist who first formulated the wave theory of light (1629-1695) Jean-Frederic Joliot-Curie French nuclear physicist who was Marie Curie's assistant and who worked with Marie Curie's daughter who he married (taking the name Joliot-Curie); he and his wife discovered how to synthesize new radioactive elements (1900-1958) Irene Joliot-Curie French physicist who (with her husband) synthesized new chemical elements (1897-1956) James Prescott Joule English physicist who established the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of thermodynamics (1818-1889) Alfred Kastler French physicist (1902-1984) First Baron Kelvin British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale of temperature and pioneered undersea telegraphy (1824-1907) Gustav Robert Kirchhoff German physicist who with Bunsen pioneered spectrum analysis and formulated two laws governing electric networks (1824-1887) Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet physicist who worked on low temperature physics (1908-1968) Philipp Lenard German physicist who studied cathode rays (1862-1947) Gabriel Lippmann French physicist who developed the first color photographic process (1845-1921) Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge English physicist who studied electromagnetic radiation and was a pioneer of radiotelegraphy (1851-1940) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Dutch physicist noted for work on electromagnetic theory (1853-1928) Ernst Mach Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916) James Clerk Maxwell Scottish physicist whose equations unified electricity and magnetism and who recognized the electromagnetic nature of light (1831-1879) Fritz W. Meissner German physicist (1882-1974) Albert Abraham Michelson United States physicist (born in Germany) who collaborated with Morley in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1852-1931) Robert Andrews Millikan United States physicist who isolated the electron and measured its charge (1868-1953) Louis Eugene Felix Neel French physicist noted for research on magnetism (born in 1904) Walther Hermann Nernst German physicist and chemist who formulated the third law of thermodynamics (1864-1941) Sir Isaac Newton English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727) Hans Christian Oersted Danish physicist (1777-1851) Georg Simon Ohm German physicist who formulated Ohm's law (1787-1854) Henri Pitot French physicist for whom the Pitot tube was named (1695-1771) Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947) Cecil Frank Powell English physicist who discovered the pion (the first known meson) which is a subatomic particle involved in holding the nucleus together (1903-1969) Aleksandr Mikjailovich Prokhorov Russian physicist whose research into ways of moving electrons around atoms led to the development of masers and lasers for producing high-intensity radiation (1916-2002) Third Baron Rayleigh English physicist who studied the density of gases and discovered argon; made important contributions to acoustic theory (1842-1919) Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur French physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer (1683-1757) Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen German physicist who discovered x-rays and developed roentgenography (1845-1923) First Baron Rutherford of Nelson British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937) William Bradford Shockley United States physicist (born in England) who contributed to the development of the electronic transistor (1910-1989) Benjamin Thompson English physicist (born in America) who studied heat and friction; experiments convinced him that heat is caused by moving particles (1753-1814) Sir Joseph John Thomson English physicist who experimented with the conduction of electricity through gases and who discovered the electron and determined its charge and mass (1856-1940) Sir George Paget Thomson English physicist (son of Joseph John Thomson) who was a co-discoverer of the diffraction of electrons by crystals (1892-1975) Evangelista Torricelli Italian physicist who invented the mercury barometer (1608-1647) John Tyndall British physicist (born in Ireland) remembered for his experiments on the transparency of gases and the absorption of radiant heat by gases and the transmission of sound through the atmosphere; he was the first person to explain why the daylight sky is blue (1820-1893) James Alfred Van Allen United States physicist who discovered two belts of charged particles from the solar wind trapped by the Earth's magnetic field (born in 1914) Robert Jemison Van de Graaff United States physicist (1901-1967) Johannes Diderik van der Waals Dutch physicist (1837-1923) John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States physicist (1899-1980) Conte Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Italian physicist after whom the volt is named; studied electric currents and invented the voltaic pile (1745-1827) Wilhelm Eduard Weber German physicist and brother of E. H. Weber; noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1804-1891) Steven Weinberg United States theoretical physicist (born in 1933) Sir Charles Wheatstone English physicist and inventor who devised the Wheatstone bridge (1802-1875) Robert Woodrow Wilson United States physicist honored for his work on cosmic microwave radiation (born in 1918) William Hyde Wollaston English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium and demonstrated that static and current electricity are the same (1766-1828) Yang Chen Ning United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Tsung Dao Lee in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1922) Thomas Young British physicist and Egyptologist; he revived the wave theory of light and proposed a three-component theory of color vision; he also played an important role in deciphering the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone (1773-1829) Pieter Zeeman Dutch physicist honored for his research on the influence of magnetism on radiation which showed that light is radiated by the motion of charged particles in an atom (1865-1943) Vladimir Kosma Zworykin United States physicist who invented the iconoscope (1889-1982) Anaximander a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC) Carl David Anderson United States physicist who discovered antimatter in the form of an antielectron that is called the positron (1905-1991) Aristarchus of Samos an ancient Greek astronomer who was one of the first to propose a heliocentric theory of the universe (circa 270 BC) Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel German mathematician and astronomer who made accurate measurements of stellar distances and who predicted the existence on an 8th planet (1784-1846) Hans Albrecht Bethe United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for research in astrophysics and nuclear physics (1906-2005) Niels Henrik David Bohr Danish physicist who studied atomic structure and radiations; the Bohr theory of the atom accounted for the spectrum of hydrogen (1885-1962) Max Born British nuclear physicist (born in Germany) honored for his contributions to quantum mechanics (1882-1970) Satyendra Nath Bose Indian physicist who with Albert Einstein proposed statistical laws based on the indistinguishability of particles; led to the description of fundamental particles that later came to be known as bosons Nathaniel Bowditch United States mathematician and astronomer noted for his works on navigation (1773-1838) Tycho Brahe Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion (1546-1601) Louis Victor de Broglie French nuclear physicist who generalized the wave-particle duality by proposing that particles of matter exhibit wavelike properties (1892-1987) Anders Celsius Swedish astronomer who devised the centigrade thermometer (1701-1744) Sir John Douglas Cockcroft British physicist who (with Ernest Walton in 1931) first split an atom (1897-1967) Arthur Holly Compton United States physicist noted for research on x-rays and gamma rays and nuclear energy; his observation that X-rays behave like miniature bowling balls in their interactions with electrons provided evidence for the quantal nature of light (1892-1962) Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984) Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington English astronomer remembered for his popular elucidation of relativity theory (1882-1944) Eratosthenes Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the Moon and sun (276-194 BC) Enrico Fermi Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954) Richard Phillips Feynman United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988) Otto Robert Frisch British physicist (born in Austria) who with Lise Meitner recognized that Otto Hahn had produced a new kind of nuclear reaction which they named nuclear fission; Frisch described the explosive potential of a chain nuclear reaction (1904-1979) Galileo Galilei Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) Murray Gell-Mann United States physicist noted for his studies of subatomic particles (born in 1929) Donald Arthur Glaser United States physicist who invented the bubble chamber to study subatomic particles (born in 1926) George Ellery Hale United States astronomer who discovered that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields (1868-1938) Asaph Hall United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907) Edmond Halley English astronomer who used Newton's laws of motion to predict the period of a comet (1656-1742) Werner Karl Heisenberg German mathematical physicist noted for stating the uncertainty principle (1901-1976) Sir Frederick William Herschel English astronomer (born in Germany) who discovered infrared light and who catalogued the stars and discovered the planet Uranus (1738-1822) Sir John Frederick William Herschel English astronomer (son of William Herschel) who extended the catalogue of stars to the southern hemisphere and did pioneering work in photography (1792-1871) Gustav Ludwig Hertz German physicist who with James Franck proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Bohr (1887-1975) Gerhard Herzberg Canadian physicist (born in Germany) noted for contributions to understanding the structure of molecules (born in 1904) Hipparchus Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry (second century BC) Sir Fred Hoyle an English astrophysicist and advocate of the steady state theory of cosmology; described processes of nucleosynthesis inside stars (1915-2001) Edwin Powell Hubble United States astronomer who discovered that (as the universe expands) the speed with which nebulae recede increases with their distance from the observer (1889-1953) Sir William Huggins English astronomer who pioneered spectroscopic analysis in astronomy and who discovered the red shift (1824-1910) Hypatia Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415) Johannes Kepler German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) Gerard Peter Kuiper United States astronomer (born in the Netherlands) who studied the solar system and suggested in 1951 that there is a belt of comet-like debris at the edge of the solar system (1905-1973) Samuel Pierpoint Langley United States astronomer and aviation pioneer who invented the bolometer and contributed to the design of early aircraft (1834-1906) Pierre Simon de Laplace French mathematician and astronomer who formulated the nebular hypothesis concerning the origins of the solar system and who developed the theory of probability (1749-1827) Ernest Orlando Lawrence United States physicist who developed the cyclotron (1901-1958) Tsung Dao Lee United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Yang Chen Ning in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1926) Georges Henri Lemaitre Belgian cosmologist who proposed the big-bang theory of the origin of the universe (1894-1966) Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell English astronomer who pioneered radio astronomy (born in 1913) Percival Lowell United States astronomer whose studies of Mars led him to conclude that Mars was inhabited (1855-1916) Marie Goeppert Mayer United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for her research on the structure of the atom (1906-1972) Lise Meitner Swedish physicist (born in Austria) who worked in the field of radiochemistry with Otto Hahn and formulated the concept of nuclear fission with Otto Frisch (1878-1968) Maria Mitchell United States astronomer who studied sunspots and nebulae (1818-1889) Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer German physicist (born in 1929) Johann Muller German mathematician and astronomer (1436-1476) Karl Alex Muller Swiss physicist who studied superconductivity (born in 1927) Simon Newcomb United States astronomer (1835-1909) Omar Khayyam Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123) Jan Hendrix Oort Dutch astronomer who proved that the galaxy is rotating and proposed the existence of the Oort cloud (1900-1992) Robert Oppenheimer United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967) Wolfgang Pauli United States physicist (born in Austria) who proposed the exclusion principle (thus providing a theoretical basis for the periodic table) (1900-1958) Benjamin Peirce United States mathematician and astronomer remembered for his studies of Uranus and Saturn and Neptune (1809-1880) Claudius Ptolemaeus Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance David Rittenhouse United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America; also the first director of the United States Mint (1732-1796) Henry Norris Russell United States astronomer who developed a theory of stellar evolution (1877-1957) Andrei Dimitrievich Sakharov Soviet physicist and dissident; helped develop the first Russian hydrogen bomb; advocated nuclear disarmament and campaigned for human rights (1921-1989) Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli Italian astronomer who first noted lines (which he called canals) on the surface of Mars (1835-1910) Erwin Schrodinger Austrian physicist who discovered the wave equation (1887-1961) Harlow Shapley United States astronomer (1885-1972) Willem de Sitter Dutch astronomer who calculated the size of the universe and suggested that it is expanding (1872-1934) Leo Szilard United States physicist and molecular biologist who helped develop the first atom bomb and later opposed the use of all nuclear weapons (1898-1964) Igor Yevgeneevich Tamm Russian physicist (1895-1971) Edward Teller United States physicist (born in Hungary) who worked on the first atom bomb and the first hydrogen bomb (1908-2003) Thales of Miletus a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC) Clyde William Tombaugh United States astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto (1906-1997) Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Irish physicist who (with Sir John Cockcroft in 1931) first split an atom (1903-1995) Eugene Paul Wigner United States physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on the structure of the atom and its nucleus (1902-1995) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Scottish physicist who invented the cloud chamber (1869-1959) Hideki Yukawa Japanese mathematical physicist who proposed that nuclear forces are mediated by massive particles called mesons which are analogous to the photon in mediating electromagnetic forces (1907-1981) acoustician a physicist who specializes in acoustics astronomer, stargazer, uranologist a physicist who studies astronomy biophysicist a physicist who applies the methods of physics to biology nuclear physicist a physicist who specializes in nuclear physics Charles Hard Townes, Charles Townes, Townes United States physicist who developed the laser and maser principles for producing high-intensity radiation (1915-) astrophysicist an astronomer who studies the physical properties of celestial bodies cosmologist an astronomer who studies the evolution and space-time relations of the universe scientist a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences
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