英语词汇“ism”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

WORD FAMILY

ism: isms

USAGE EXAMPLES

In August, Flynn told a Massachusetts audience, “We are facing another ‘ism,’ just like we faced Nazism and fascism and imperialism and communism.

The New Yorker(Dec 23, 2016)

Forget minimalism, primitivism, expressionism and all the other “isms” of art history.

Seattle Times(Dec 13, 2016)

Last month, the ISM said the majority of industries surveyed offered positive comments about business conditions and the direction of the overall economy.

Reuters(Dec 05, 2016)

n a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

Syn|Exp|Hypo|Hyper

doctrine, philosophical system, philosophy, school of thought

Augsburg Confession

the document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice; is still in effect today

nuclear deterrence

the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence

Cabalism, Kabbalism

the doctrines of the Kabbalah

abolitionism

the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery

absolutism

the doctrine of an absolute being

amoralism

the doctrine that moral distinctions are invalid

animalism

the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature

animism

the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls

antiestablishmentarianism, antiestablishmentism

the doctrine of opposition to the social and political establishment

asceticism

the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state

contextualism

any doctrine emphasizing the importance of the context in solving problems or establishing the meaning of terms

creationism

the literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis

credo, creed

any system of principles or beliefs

divine right, divine right of kings

the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes

dogma

a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative

dualism

the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil

dynamism

any of the various theories or doctrines or philosophical systems that attempt to explain the phenomena of the universe in terms of some immanent force or energy

epicureanism

a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers

establishmentarianism, establishmentism

the doctrine of supporting the social or political establishment

ethicism

a doctrine that ethics and ethical ideas are valid and important

expansionism

the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country

formalism

the doctrine that formal structure rather than content is what should be represented

functionalism

any doctrine that stresses utility or purpose

Girondism

the doctrine of the Girondists

gospel

a doctrine that is believed to be of great importance

gymnosophy

the doctrine of a sect of Hindu philosophers who practiced nudity and asceticism and meditation

imitation

the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations

individualism, laissez faire

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

internationalism

the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences

unilateralism

the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations

irredentism, irridentism

the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related

literalism

the doctrine of realistic (literal) portrayal in art or literature

democracy, majority rule

the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group

monism

the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element

multiculturalism

the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country

nationalism

the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other

nationalism

the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals

nihilism

a revolutionary doctrine that advocates destruction of the social system for its own sake

pacificism, pacifism, passivism

the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable

pluralism

the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements

populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

presentism

the doctrine that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (as in the Book of Revelations) are presently in the course of being fulfilled

freethinking, rationalism

the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct

reformism

a doctrine of reform

humanism, secular humanism

the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural

humanism, humanitarianism

the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare

egalitarianism, equalitarianism

the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality

feminism

a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women

reincarnationism

a doctrine that on the death of the body the soul migrates to or is born again in another body

secessionism

a doctrine that maintains the right of secession

secularism

a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations

phenomenology

a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account

philosophical doctrine, philosophical theory

a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy

states' rights

a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states

commandment, precept, teaching

a doctrine that is taught

theological doctrine

the doctrine of a religious group

utilitarianism

doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number

descriptivism

(linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics

descriptivism

(ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements have a truth value

prescriptivism

(linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics

prescriptivism

(ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements prescribe appropriate attitudes and behavior

church doctrine, creed, gospel, religious doctrine

the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group

millennium

(New Testament) in Revelations it is foretold that those faithful to Jesus will reign with Jesus over the earth for a thousand years; the meaning of these words have been much debated; some denominations (e.g. Jehovah's Witnesses) expect it to be a thousand years of justice and peace and happiness

original sin

a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam

theanthropism

(theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine

testament

a profession of belief

Golden Rule

a command based on Jesus' words in the Sermon on the Mount

Athanasian Creed

a Christian profession of faith

creation science

an effort to give scientific support for the truth of the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis

mimesis

the imitative representation of nature and human behavior in art and literature

one-way street

unilateral interaction

foreordination, predestination, predetermination, preordination

(theology) being determined in advance; especially the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind)

aesthetic, esthetic

(philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful

Aristotelianism, peripateticism

(philosophy) the philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science

conceptualism

the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application

Confucianism

the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China

deconstruction, deconstructionism

a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning

empiricism, empiricist philosophy, sensationalism

(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience

environmentalism

the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth

existential philosophy, existentialism, existentialist philosophy

(philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves

determinism

(philosophy) a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the possibility of free will

formalism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that formal (logical or mathematical) statements have no meaning but that its symbols (regarded as physical entities) exhibit a form that has useful applications

hereditarianism

the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment in determining intellectual growth

idealism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality

intuitionism

(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired primarily by intuition

logicism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derived from formal logic

materialism, physicalism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality

mechanism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes

mentalism

(philosophy) a doctrine that mind is the true reality and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness

nativism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate

naturalism

(philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations

Neoplatonism

a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism; its most distinctive doctrine holds that the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable

nominalism

(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name

operationalism

(philosophy) the doctrine that the meaning of a proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it

Platonism, realism

(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names

pragmatism

(philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value

probabilism

(philosophy) the doctrine that (since certainty is unattainable) probability is a sufficient basis for belief and action

rationalism

(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience

naive realism, realism

(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived

relativism

(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved

Scholasticism

the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers

semiology, semiotics

(philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols

sensationalism, sensualism

(philosophy) the ethical doctrine that feeling is the only criterion for what is good

solipsism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that the self is all that you know to exist

spiritualism

(theology) any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God

Stoicism

(philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno

subjectivism

(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge and value are dependent on and limited by your subjective experience

Daoism, Taoism

philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

teleology

(philosophy) a doctrine explaining phenomena by their ends or purposes

traditionalism

the doctrine that all knowledge was originally derived by divine revelation and that it is transmitted by traditions

vitalism

(philosophy) a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry

nullification

the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

mitsvah, mitzvah

(Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law

Christology

a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings

antinomianism

the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)

Thomism

the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans

Arianism

heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son

Athanasianism

the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father

Behmenism, Boehmenism

the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers

consubstantiation

the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine

Episcopalianism

the theological doctrine of church government by bishops

Byzantinism, Caesaropapism, Erastianism

the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters

Hinayanism

the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism

Jansenism

the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition

Mahayanism

the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism

Marcionism

the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human

chiliasm, millenarianism, millenarism, millenniumism

belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations

Monophysitism

a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature

Monothelitism

the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine); condemned as heretical in the Third Council of Constantinople

Nestorianism

the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God)

Pelagianism

the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous; condemned as heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431

Quakerism

the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry

rationalism

the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth

reincarnation

the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that a person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of Hell) depending on the person's own actions

Rosicrucianism

the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption; claims various occult powers

synergism

the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace

total depravity

the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin

transubstantiation

the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist

universalism

the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved

Nativity, Virgin Birth

the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas

Docetism

the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real

Gnosticism

a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element; considered heresy by Christian churches

Zurvanism

a heretical Zoroastrian doctrine holding that Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe and that both Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were Zurvan's offspring

confession

the document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century)

ahimsa

a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence

dogma, tenet

a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof

ecumenicalism, ecumenicism, ecumenism

(Christianity) the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity

Immaculate Conception, Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

(Christianity) the Roman Catholic dogma that God preserved the Virgin Mary from any stain of original sin from the moment she was conceived

Incarnation

(Christianity) the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ

Nicene Creed

(Christianity) a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 325 and later expanded

real presence

(Christianity) the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist

belief

any cognitive content held as true

单词	ism
释义	ism (once / 6140 pages) n WORD FAMILY ism: isms USAGE EXAMPLES In August, Flynn told a Massachusetts audience, “We are facing another ‘ism,’ just like we faced Nazism and fascism and imperialism and communism. The New Yorker(Dec 23, 2016) Forget minimalism, primitivism, expressionism and all the other “isms” of art history. Seattle Times(Dec 13, 2016) Last month, the ISM said the majority of industries surveyed offered positive comments about business conditions and the direction of the overall economy. Reuters(Dec 05, 2016) n a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school Syn\|Exp\|Hypo\|Hyper doctrine, philosophical system, philosophy, school of thought Augsburg Confession the document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice; is still in effect today nuclear deterrence the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence Cabalism, Kabbalism the doctrines of the Kabbalah abolitionism the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery absolutism the doctrine of an absolute being amoralism the doctrine that moral distinctions are invalid animalism the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature animism the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls antiestablishmentarianism, antiestablishmentism the doctrine of opposition to the social and political establishment asceticism the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state contextualism any doctrine emphasizing the importance of the context in solving problems or establishing the meaning of terms creationism the literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis credo, creed any system of principles or beliefs divine right, divine right of kings the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes dogma a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative dualism the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil dynamism any of the various theories or doctrines or philosophical systems that attempt to explain the phenomena of the universe in terms of some immanent force or energy epicureanism a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers establishmentarianism, establishmentism the doctrine of supporting the social or political establishment ethicism a doctrine that ethics and ethical ideas are valid and important expansionism the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country formalism the doctrine that formal structure rather than content is what should be represented functionalism any doctrine that stresses utility or purpose Girondism the doctrine of the Girondists gospel a doctrine that is believed to be of great importance gymnosophy the doctrine of a sect of Hindu philosophers who practiced nudity and asceticism and meditation imitation the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations individualism, laissez faire the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs internationalism the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences unilateralism the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations irredentism, irridentism the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related literalism the doctrine of realistic (literal) portrayal in art or literature democracy, majority rule the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group monism the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element multiculturalism the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country nationalism the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other nationalism the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals nihilism a revolutionary doctrine that advocates destruction of the social system for its own sake pacificism, pacifism, passivism the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable pluralism the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements populism the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite presentism the doctrine that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (as in the Book of Revelations) are presently in the course of being fulfilled freethinking, rationalism the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct reformism a doctrine of reform humanism, secular humanism the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural humanism, humanitarianism the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare egalitarianism, equalitarianism the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality feminism a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women reincarnationism a doctrine that on the death of the body the soul migrates to or is born again in another body secessionism a doctrine that maintains the right of secession secularism a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations phenomenology a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account philosophical doctrine, philosophical theory a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy states' rights a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states commandment, precept, teaching a doctrine that is taught theological doctrine the doctrine of a religious group utilitarianism doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number descriptivism (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics descriptivism (ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements have a truth value prescriptivism (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics prescriptivism (ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements prescribe appropriate attitudes and behavior church doctrine, creed, gospel, religious doctrine the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group millennium (New Testament) in Revelations it is foretold that those faithful to Jesus will reign with Jesus over the earth for a thousand years; the meaning of these words have been much debated; some denominations (e.g. Jehovah's Witnesses) expect it to be a thousand years of justice and peace and happiness original sin a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam theanthropism (theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine testament a profession of belief Golden Rule a command based on Jesus' words in the Sermon on the Mount Athanasian Creed a Christian profession of faith creation science an effort to give scientific support for the truth of the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis mimesis the imitative representation of nature and human behavior in art and literature one-way street unilateral interaction foreordination, predestination, predetermination, preordination (theology) being determined in advance; especially the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind) aesthetic, esthetic (philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful Aristotelianism, peripateticism (philosophy) the philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science conceptualism the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application Confucianism the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China deconstruction, deconstructionism a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning empiricism, empiricist philosophy, sensationalism (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience environmentalism the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth existential philosophy, existentialism, existentialist philosophy (philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves determinism (philosophy) a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the possibility of free will formalism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that formal (logical or mathematical) statements have no meaning but that its symbols (regarded as physical entities) exhibit a form that has useful applications hereditarianism the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment in determining intellectual growth idealism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality intuitionism (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired primarily by intuition logicism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derived from formal logic materialism, physicalism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality mechanism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes mentalism (philosophy) a doctrine that mind is the true reality and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness nativism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate naturalism (philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations Neoplatonism a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism; its most distinctive doctrine holds that the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable nominalism (philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name operationalism (philosophy) the doctrine that the meaning of a proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it Platonism, realism (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names pragmatism (philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value probabilism (philosophy) the doctrine that (since certainty is unattainable) probability is a sufficient basis for belief and action rationalism (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience naive realism, realism (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived relativism (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved Scholasticism the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers semiology, semiotics (philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols sensationalism, sensualism (philosophy) the ethical doctrine that feeling is the only criterion for what is good solipsism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that the self is all that you know to exist spiritualism (theology) any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God Stoicism (philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno subjectivism (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge and value are dependent on and limited by your subjective experience Daoism, Taoism philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events teleology (philosophy) a doctrine explaining phenomena by their ends or purposes traditionalism the doctrine that all knowledge was originally derived by divine revelation and that it is transmitted by traditions vitalism (philosophy) a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry nullification the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress mitsvah, mitzvah (Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law Christology a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings antinomianism the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) Thomism the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans Arianism heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son Athanasianism the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father Behmenism, Boehmenism the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers consubstantiation the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine Episcopalianism the theological doctrine of church government by bishops Byzantinism, Caesaropapism, Erastianism the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters Hinayanism the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism Jansenism the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition Mahayanism the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism Marcionism the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human chiliasm, millenarianism, millenarism, millenniumism belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations Monophysitism a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature Monothelitism the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine); condemned as heretical in the Third Council of Constantinople Nestorianism the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God) Pelagianism the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous; condemned as heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431 Quakerism the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry rationalism the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth reincarnation the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that a person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of Hell) depending on the person's own actions Rosicrucianism the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption; claims various occult powers synergism the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace total depravity the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin transubstantiation the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist universalism the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved Nativity, Virgin Birth the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas Docetism the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real Gnosticism a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element; considered heresy by Christian churches Zurvanism a heretical Zoroastrian doctrine holding that Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe and that both Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were Zurvan's offspring confession the document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century) ahimsa a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence dogma, tenet a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof ecumenicalism, ecumenicism, ecumenism (Christianity) the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity Immaculate Conception, Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary (Christianity) the Roman Catholic dogma that God preserved the Virgin Mary from any stain of original sin from the moment she was conceived Incarnation (Christianity) the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ Nicene Creed (Christianity) a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 325 and later expanded real presence (Christianity) the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist belief any cognitive content held as true
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