| 单词 | disease |
| 释义 | disease (once / 86 pages) n A disease is a health condition that has a specific set of symptoms and traits — such as malaria or heart disease. Disease is not always about the human body being sick. Plants and animals are often the victims of disease. People also use the word disease in a more figurative sense to illustrate just how bad or damaging a negative influence can be — like the disease of greed among capitalists or the disease of plagiarism among college students. WORD FAMILYdisease: diseases USAGE EXAMPLESSome poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease. New York Times(Jan 02, 2017) After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000. Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017) In the first Creek episode, a mother and her children mysteriously dying was lazily put-to-bed with a last-minute mention of a rare blood disease. The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017) n an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning Hypo|Hyper disease of the neuromuscular junction a disease characterized by impairment of neuromuscular junctions aspergillosisdisease especially in agricultural workers caused by inhalation of Aspergillus spores causing lumps in skin and ears and respiratory organs anthraxa disease of humans that is not communicable; caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis followed by septicemia blackwaterany of several human or animal diseases characterized by dark urine resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells cat scratch diseasea disease thought to be transmitted to humans by a scratch from a cat complicationany disease or disorder that occurs during the course of (or because of) another disease crudan ill-defined bodily ailment endemic, endemic diseasea disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location enteropathya disease of the intestinal tract incompetenceinability of a part or organ to function properly Kawasaki disease, mucocutaneous lymph node syndromean acute disease of young children characterized by a rash and swollen lymph nodes and fever; of unknown cause pycnosis, pyknosisa degenerative state of the cell nucleus Indian tick fever, Kenya fever, Marseilles fever, boutonneuse fevera disease (common in India and around the Mediterranean area) caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by a reddish brown tick (ixodid) that lives on dogs and other mammals Meniere's diseasea disease of the inner ear characterized by episodes of dizziness and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss (usually unilateral) milk sicknesscaused by consuming milk from cattle suffering from trembles mimesisany disease that shows symptoms characteristic of another disease industrial disease, occupational diseasedisease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts) onychosisany disease or disorder of the nails rheumatismany painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues periarteritis nodosa, polyarteritis nodosaa progressive disease of connective tissue that is characterized by nodules along arteries; nodules may block the artery and result in inadequate circulation to the particular area periodontal disease, periodontitisa disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth liver diseasea disease affecting the liver communicable diseasea disease that can be communicated from one person to another exanthema subitum, pseudorubella, roseola infantilis, roseola infantuma viral disease of infants and young children; characterized by abrupt high fever and mild sore throat; a few days later there is a faint pinkish rash that lasts for a few hours to a few days respiratory disease, respiratory disorder, respiratory illnessa disease affecting the respiratory system congenital disease, genetic abnormality, genetic defect, genetic disease, genetic disorder, hereditary condition, hereditary disease, inherited disease, inherited disordera disease or disorder that is inherited genetically inflammatory diseasea disease characterized by inflammation autoimmune disease, autoimmune disorderany of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues deficiency diseaseany disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient (as a vitamin or mineral) cystic breast disease, cystic mastitis, fibrocystic breast disease, fibrocystic disease of the breastthe presence of one or more cysts in a breast goiter, goitre, struma, thyromegalyabnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet pappataci fever, phlebotomus, sandfly fevera mild viral disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasii disease of the skin, skin disease, skin disordera disease affecting the skin malignance, malignancy(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death eye diseaseany disease of the eye animal diseasea disease that typically does not affect human beings plant diseasea disease that affects plants ozaena, ozenaa chronic disease of the nose characterized by a foul-smelling nasal discharge and atrophy of nasal structures filariasisa disease caused by nematodes in the blood or tissues of the body causing blockage of lymphatic vessels warblea lumpy abscess under the hide of domestic mammals caused by larvae of a botfly or warble fly ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome, wet lung, white lungacute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the lungs which become stiff and fibrous and cannot exchange oxygen; occurs among persons exposed to irritants such as corrosive chemical vapors or ammonia or chlorine etc. cutaneous anthrax, malignant pustulea form of anthrax infection that begins as papule that becomes a vesicle and breaks with a discharge of toxins; symptoms of septicemia are severe with vomiting and high fever and profuse sweating; the infection is often fatal anthrax pneumonia, inhalation anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, ragpicker's disease, ragsorter's disease, woolsorter's disease, woolsorter's pneumoniaa form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea and rapid pulse) are followed by extreme cardiovascular collapse monogenic disease, monogenic disorderan inherited disease controlled by a single pair of genes polygenic disease, polygenic disorderan inherited disease controlled by several genes at once hypogonadismincompetence of the gonads (especially in the male with low testosterone); results in deficient development of secondary sex characteristics and (in prepubertal males) a body with long legs and a short trunk valvular incompetenceinability of a bodily valve to close completely myasthenia, myasthenia gravisa chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck); caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions Eaton-Lambert syndrome, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, carcinomatous myopathy, myasthenic syndromea disease seen in patients with lung cancer and characterized by weakness and fatigue of hip and thigh muscles and an aching back; caused by antibodies directed against the neuromuscular junctions onycholysisseparation of a nail from its normal attachment to the nail bed Riggs' disease, pyorrhea, pyorrhea alveolaris, pyorrhoeachronic periodontitis; purulent inflammation of the teeth sockets alveolar resorptionwasting of the bony socket gingivitisinflammation of the gums ulatrophiarecession of the gums MS, disseminated multiple sclerosis, disseminated sclerosis, multiple sclerosisa chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers cirrhosis, cirrhosis of the livera chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver; the major cause is chronic alcoholism fatty liveryellow discoloration as a result of the accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) in the liver; can be caused by alcoholic cirrhosis or pregnancy or exposure to certain toxins IDDM, autoimmune diabetes, growth-onset diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes, ketoacidosis-prone diabetes, ketosis-prone diabetes, type I diabetessevere diabetes mellitus with an early onset; characterized by polyuria and excessive thirst and increased appetite and weight loss and episodic ketoacidosis; diet and insulin injections are required to control the disease Graves' disease, exophthalmic goiterexophthalmos occurring in association with goiter; hyperthyroidism with protrusion of the eyeballs achondroplasia, achondroplasty, chondrodystrophy, osteosclerosis congenitaan inherited skeletal disorder beginning before birth; cartilage is converted to bone resulting in dwarfism contagion, contagious diseaseany disease easily transmitted by contact flu, grippe, influenzaan acute febrile highly contagious viral disease infectious diseasea disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact hepatitisinflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin cancer of the liver, liver cancermalignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer; symptoms include loss of appetite and weakness and bloating and jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort NEC, necrotizing enterocolitisan acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants; necrosis of intestinal tissue may follow pertussis, whooping cougha disease of the respiratory mucous membrane cold, common colda mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs) asthma, asthma attack, bronchial asthmarespiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin bronchitisinflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes emphysema, pulmonary emphysemaan abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age pneumoniarespiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants atypical pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia, primary atypical pneumoniaan acute respiratory disease marked by high fever and coughing; caused by mycoplasma; primarily affecting children and young adults interstitial pneumoniachronic lung disease affecting the interstitial tissue of the lungs pneumoconiosis, pneumonoconiosischronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles hyaline membrane disease, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome of the newbornan acute lung disease of the newborn (especially the premature newborn); lungs cannot expand because of a wetting agent is lacking; characterized by rapid shallow breathing and cyanosis and the formation of a glassy hyaline membrane over the alveoli abetalipoproteinemiaa rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism; characterized by severe deficiency of beta-lipoproteins and abnormal red blood cells (acanthocytes) and abnormally low cholesterol levels inborn error of metabolismany of a number of diseases in which an inherited defect (usually a missing or inadequate enzyme) results in an abnormality of metabolism Hirschsprung's disease, congenital megacoloncongenital condition in which the colon does not have the normal network of nerves; there is little urge to defecate so the feces accumulate and cause megacolon mucopolysaccharidosisany of a group of genetic disorders involving a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides resulting in greater than normal levels of mucopolysaccharides in tissues hyperbetalipoproteinemiaa genetic disorder characterized by high levels of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol; can lead to atherosclerosis at an early age ichthyosisany of several congenital diseases in which the skin is dry and scaly like a fish branched chain ketoaciduria, maple syrup urine diseasean inherited disorder of metabolism in which the urine has a odor characteristic of maple syrup; if untreated it can lead to mental retardation and death in early childhood McArdle's diseasean inherited disease in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in skeletal muscle; results in weakness and cramping dystrophy, muscular dystrophyany of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles oligodactylycongenital condition in which some fingers or toes are missing oligodontiacongenital condition in which some of the teeth are missing otosclerosishereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness autosomal dominant disease, autosomal dominant disordera disease caused by a dominant mutant gene on an autosome autosomal recessive defect, autosomal recessive diseasea disease caused by the presence of two recessive mutant genes on an autosome Fanconi's anaemia, Fanconi's anemia, congenital pancytopeniaa rare congenital anemia characterized by pancytopenia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow Spielmeyer-Vogt disease, juvenile amaurotic idiocya congenital progressive disorder of lipid metabolism having an onset at age 5 and characterized by blindness and dementia and early death congenital afibrinogenemiaa rare congenital disorder of blood coagulation in which no fibrinogen is found in the blood plasma gastroenteritis, intestinal flu, stomach fluinflammation of the stomach and intestines; can be caused by Salmonella enteritidis PID, pelvic inflammatory diseaseinflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge empyemaa collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity) pleurisyinflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer) pyelitisinflammation of the renal pelvis pharyngitis, raw throat, sore throatinflammation of the fauces and pharynx anginaany disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain SARS, severe acute respiratory syndromea respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003; characterized by fever and coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia; can be fatal arthritisinflammation of a joint or joints atrophic arthritis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritisa chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint malnutritiona state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods zinc deficiencya deficiency caused by inadequate zinc in the diet or by liver disease or cystic fibrosis or other diseases Albers-Schonberg disease, marble bones disease, osteopetrosisan inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated blightany plant disease resulting in withering without rotting leaf diseaseany plant disease localized in the foliage Marie-Strumpell disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid spondylitisa chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine; sometimes leads to ankylosis DLE, discoid lupus erythematosusa chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose Hashimoto's diseaseautoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland; most common in middle-aged women LE, lupus erythematosusa chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints) acantholysisa breakdown of a cell layer in the epidermis (as in pemphigus) acanthosisan abnormal but benign thickening of the prickle-cell layer of the skin (as in psoriasis) acanthosis nigricans, keratosis nigricansa skin disease characterized by dark wartlike patches in the body folds; can be benign or malignant acnean inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin; characterized by papules or pustules or comedones dermatosisdisorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin (in which there is usually no inflammation) eczemageneric term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages erythrodermaany skin disorder involving abnormal redness furunculosisacute skin disease characterized by the presence of many furuncles impetigoa very contagious infection of the skin; common in children; localized redness develops into small blisters that gradually crust and erode jungle rotskin disorder induced by a tropical climate keratoderma, keratodermiaany skin disorder consisting of a growth that appears horny keratonosisany abnormal condition of the outer skin (epidermis) keratosisa skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin leukodermaa congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands of unpigmented skin lichenany of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks livedoskin disorder characterized by patchy bluish discolorations on the skin lupusany of several forms of ulcerative skin disease melanism, melanosisa condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin) molluscumany skin disease characterized by soft pulpy nodules necrobiosis lipoidica, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorumskin disease marked by thin shiny patches (especially on the legs); often associated with diabetes mellitus pemphigusa skin disease characterized by large thin-walled blisters (bullae) arising from normal skin or mucous membrane prurigochronic inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by blister capped papules and intense itching psoriasisa chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences rhagadescracks or fissures in the skin (especially around the mouth or anus) Saint Anthony's fireany of several inflammatory or gangrenous skin conditions seborrheaa condition in which overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily vitiligoan acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border) xanthomaa skin problem marked by the development (on the eyelids and neck and back) of irregular yellow nodules; sometimes attributable to disturbances of cholesterol metabolism xanthosisan abnormal yellow discoloration of the skin malignant neoplasm, malignant tumor, metastatic tumora tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body cataractan eye disease that involves the clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye macular edemaan eye disease caused by a swelling of the macula resulting from leakage and accumulation of fluid cystoid macular edemaa specific pattern of swelling in the central retina drusen(plural) an eye disease resulting from small accumulations of hyaline bodies underneath the retina glaucomaan eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness) keratonosusany disease of the cornea macular degenerationeye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness retinopathya disease of the retina that can result in loss of vision trachomaa chronic contagious viral disease marked by inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye and the formation of scar tissue leucoma, leukomaeye disease consisting of an opaque white spot on the cornea anaplasmosisa disease of cattle that is transmitted by cattle ticks; similar to Texas fever aspergillosis, brooder pneumoniasevere respiratory disease of birds that takes the form of an acute rapidly fatal pneumonia in young chickens and turkeys bigheadany of various diseases of animals characterized by edema of the head and neck BSE, bovine spongiform encephalitis, mad cow diseasea fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation bull nosea disease of pigs resulting in swelling of the snout camelpoxa viral disease of camels closely related to smallpox canine chorea, choreachorea in dogs catarrhal feverany of several disease of livestock marked by fever and edema of the respiratory tract chronic wasting diseasea wildlife disease (akin to bovine spongiform encephalitis) that affects deer and elk costiasisa fatal disease of freshwater fish caused by a flagellated protozoan invading the skin cowpox, vacciniaa viral disease of cattle causing a mild skin disease affecting the udder; formerly used to inoculate humans against smallpox creepsa disease of cattle and sheep attributed to a dietary deficiency; characterized by anemia and softening of the bones and a slow stiff gait hemorrhagic septicemia, pasteurellosisan acute infectious disease characterized by pneumonia and blood infection fistula, fistulous withersa chronic inflammation of the withers of a horse fowl choleraan acute diarrheal disease (especially of chickens) caused by the microorganism that causes hemorrhagic septicemia fowl pesteither of two acute viral diseases of domestic fowl; characterized by refusal to eat and high temperature and discoloration of the comb hog cholerahighly infectious virus disease of swine distemperany of various infectious viral diseases of animals enterotoxemiaa disease of cattle and sheep that is attributed to toxins absorbed from the intestines foot-and-mouth disease, hoof-and-mouth diseaseacute contagious disease of cloven-footed animals marked by ulcers in the mouth and around the hoofs foot rotcontagious degenerative infection of the feet of hoofed animals (especially cattle and sheep) black disease, distomatosis, liver rot, sheep rota disease of the liver (especially in sheep and cattle) caused by liver flukes and their by-products broken wind, heavesa chronic emphysema of the horse that causes difficult expiration and heaving of the flanks red watera disease of cattle; characterized by hematuria rhinotracheitisa respiratory infection of the nose and throat in cattle cattle plague, rinderpestan acute infectious viral disease of cattle (usually fatal); characterized by fever and diarrhea and inflammation of mucous membranes scoursdiarrhea in livestock scrapiea fatal disease of sheep characterized by chronic itching and loss of muscular control and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system shipping fever, shipping pneumoniaa deadly form of septicemia in cattle and sheep; involves high fever and pneumonia; contracted under conditions of exposure or exhaustion (as often happens when the animals are shipped to market) spavina swelling of the hock joint of a horse; resulting in lameness loco disease, locoisma disease of livestock caused by locoweed poisoning; characterized by weakness and lack of coordination and trembling and partial paralysis looping illan acute viral disease of the nervous system in sheep; can be transmitted by Ixodes ricinus mangea persistent and contagious disease of the skin causing inflammation and itching and loss of hair; affects domestic animals (and sometimes people) moon blindness, mooneyerecurrent eye inflammation in horses; sometimes resulting in blindness murrainany disease of domestic animals that resembles a plague myxomatosisa viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits Newcastle diseasedisease of domestic fowl and other birds pipa disease of poultry parrot disease, psittacosisinfectious disease of birds bacillary white diarrhea, bacillary white diarrhoea, pullorum diseasea serious bacterial disease of young chickens gall, saddle sorean open sore on the back of a horse caused by ill-fitting or badly adjusted saddle sand cracka fissure in the wall of a horse's hoof often causing lameness blind staggers, staggersa disease of the central nervous system affecting especially horses and cattle; characterized by an unsteady swaying gait and frequent falling sweating sicknessa disease of cattle (especially calves) Texas feveran infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the cattle tick milk sickness, tremblesdisease of livestock and especially cattle poisoned by eating certain kinds of snakeroot zoonosis, zoonotic diseasean animal disease that can be transmitted to humans rusta plant disease that produces a reddish-brown discoloration of leaves and stems; caused by various rust fungi blackheartany of various diseases in which the central tissues blacken black knotdisease of plum and cherry trees characterized by black excrescences on the branches black rota fungous disease causing darkening and decay of the leaves of fruits and vegetables black spotany of several fungous diseases of plants that produce small black spots on the plant bottom rotfungous disease of lettuce that first rots lower leaves and spreads upward brown rotany of certain fungous diseases of plants characterized by browning and decay of tissues gummosispathological production of gummy exudates in citrus and various stone-fruit trees cankera fungal disease of woody plants that causes localized damage to the bark cotton balla fungus disease of cranberries crown galla bacterial disease of plants (especially pome and stone fruits and grapes and roses) which forms excrescences on the stem near the ground crown warta fungous disease of alfalfa which forms white excrescences at the base of the stem damping offa plant disease caused by a fungus; diseased condition of seedlings in excessive moisture diebacka disease of plants characterized by the gradual dying of the young shoots starting at the tips and progressing to the larger branches dry rota crumbling and drying of timber or bulbs or potatoes or fruit caused by a fungus heartrotany plant disease in which the central part of a plant rots (especially in trees) mosaicviral disease in solanaceous plants (tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco) resulting in mottling and often shriveling of the leaves rhizoctinia diseasedisease caused by rhizoctinia or fungi of Pellicularia and Corticium pink diseaseserious bark disease of many tropical crop trees (coffee, citrus, rubber); branches have a covering of pink hyphae potato wartfungous disease causing dark warty spongy excrescences in the eyes of potato tubers root rotdisease characterized by root decay; caused by various fungi scorcha plant disease that produces a browning or scorched appearance of plant tissues sweet-potato ring rotdisease of sweet potatoes in which roots are girdled by rings of dry rot sclerotium disease, sclerotium rotplant disease cause by fungi of the genus Sclerotium; also one in which sclerotia are formed Dutch elm diseasedisease of elms caused by a fungus ergota plant disease caused by the ergot fungus foot rotplant disease in which the stem or trunk rots at the base pinkroota fungal disease of onions wilt, wilt diseaseany plant disease characterized by drooping and shriveling; usually caused by parasites attacking the roots smutdestructive diseases of plants (especially cereal grasses) caused by fungi that produce black powdery masses of spores soft rotmushy or slimy decay of plants caused by bacteria or fungi yellow dwarfany of several virus diseases of plants characterized by stunting and yellowing of the leaves yellow spotany of several fungous or viral diseases characterized by yellow spotting on the leaves nevoid elephantiasis, pachydermathickening of the skin (usually unilateral on an extremity) caused by congenital enlargement of lymph vessel and lymph vessel obstruction dwarfism, nanisma genetic abnormality resulting in short stature lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, milk intolerancecongenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose porphyriaa genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion ileus, intestinal obstructionblockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel dermatosclerosis, sclerodermaan autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue; fibrous connective tissue is deposited in the skin Werlhof's disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, purpura hemorrhagica, thrombocytopenic purpurapurpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors urinary tract infectionany infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract Wilson's disease, hepatolenticular degenerationa rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain illness, malady, sickness, unwellness impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism |
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