| 单词 | substance |
| 释义 | substance (once / 91 pages) n Any material that possesses physical properties is called a substance. The word also refers to the gist or main idea of something. If you remember the main point of a lesson, you've got the substance. The meaning of the noun substance has evolved over time, yet it has always been related to something sound and solid — from the Latin root substare, which means "to stand firm," to the Middle English definition as an "essential nature." Nowadays, we use the word to define someone who possesses honesty and intelligence, or when we examine a message to find its essence. To be thought of as a "person of substance" is a good thing, but to be thought of as a "substance abuser" is not so good. WORD FAMILYsubstance: substances, substantial+/insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial/substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised USAGE EXAMPLESThat is the substance, in many cases, of depression. Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017) “It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said. Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017) A spokeswoman said Mr. Baker shared a desire with state lawmakers to thoroughly prepare for the start of a new industry distributing a controlled substance. New York Times(Dec 31, 2016) 1n the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists DNA is the substance of our genes Hypo|Hyper body substance the substance of the body living substance, protoplasmthe substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus) chemistrythe chemical composition and properties of a substance or object material, stuffthe tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object phlogistona hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning mixture(chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding) atom(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element chemical element, elementany of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter activator(biology) any agency bringing about activation; a molecule that increases the activity of an enzyme or a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcription substratethe substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment elementone of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe mediuman intervening substance through which something is achieved medium(biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed fluida substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure volatilea volatile substance; a substance that changes readily from solid or liquid to a vapor essenceany substance possessing to a high degree the predominant properties of a plant or drug or other natural product from which it is extracted ballastany heavy material used to stabilize a ship or airship bedding, bedding material, littermaterial used to provide a bed for animals solid body substancethe solid parts of the body bodily fluid, body fluid, humor, humour, liquid body substancethe liquid parts of the body cytol, cytoplasmthe protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism karyoplasm, nucleoplasmthe protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell germ plasm, plasmthe protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes chromatin, chromatin granulethe readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes achromatinthe part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes lininan obsolete term for the network of viscous material in the cell nucleus on which the chromatin granules were thought to be suspended ground substance, intercellular substance, matrixthe body substance in which tissue cells are embedded humor, humour(Middle Ages) one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed to determine your emotional and physical state rindthe natural outer covering of food (usually removed before eating) precursora substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction) atom, corpuscle, molecule, mote, particle, speck(nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything ammunitionany nuclear or chemical or biological material that can be used as a weapon of mass destruction floc, flocculea small loosely aggregated mass of flocculent material suspended in or precipitated from a liquid HAZMATan abbreviation for `hazardous material' used on warning signs alloy, metala mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten colloida mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension compositiona mixture of ingredients mechanical mixturea mixture whose components can be separated by mechanical means eutectica mixture of substances having a minimum melting point solutiona homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution suspensiona mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy aggregatematerial such as sand or gravel used with cement and water to make concrete, mortar, or plaster raw material, staplematerial suitable for manufacture or use or finishing sorbatea material that has been or is capable of being taken up by another substance by either absorption or adsorption sorbent, sorbent materiala material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption diamagneta substance that exhibits diamagnetism isotopeone of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons monad(chemistry) an atom having a valence of one allotropea structurally different form of an element transuranic elementany element having an atomic number greater than 92 (which is the atomic number of uranium); all are radioactive argonon, inert gas, noble gasany of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table metal, metallic elementany of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc. nonmetala chemical element lacking typical metallic properties transactinideany of the artificially produced elements with atomic numbers greater than 103 Ac, actinium, atomic number 89a radioactive element of the actinide series; found in uranium ores Ar, argon, atomic number 18a colorless and odorless inert gas; one of the six inert gases; comprises approximately 1% of the earth's atmosphere As, arsenic, atomic number 33a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar At, astatine, atomic number 85a highly unstable radioactive element (the heaviest of the halogen series); a decay product of uranium and thorium Bh, atomic number 107, bohrium, element 107a transuranic element B, atomic number 5, borona trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder Br, atomic number 35, brominea nonmetallic heavy volatile corrosive dark brown liquid element belonging to the halogens; found in sea water C, atomic number 6, carbonan abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds carbon atoman atom of carbon Cl, atomic number 17, chlorinea common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water) Ds, atomic number 110, darmstadtium, element 110a radioactive transuranic element Db, atomic number 105, dubnium, element 105, hahniuma transuranic element F, atomic number 9, fluorinea nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens; usually a yellow irritating toxic flammable gas; a powerful oxidizing agent; recovered from fluorite or cryolite or fluorapatite Ge, atomic number 32, germaniuma brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors; occurs in germanite and argyrodite Hs, atomic number 108, element 108, hassiuma radioactive transuranic element He, atomic number 2, heliuma very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas) H, atomic number 1, hydrogena nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe hydrogen atoman atom of hydrogen I, atomic number 53, iodin, iodinea nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks) Kr, atomic number 36, kryptona colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; occurs in trace amounts in air Lr, atomic number 103, lawrenciuma radioactive transuranic element synthesized from californium Mt, atomic number 109, element 109, meitneriuma radioactive transuranic element Md, Mv, atomic number 101, mendeleviuma radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles (Md is the current symbol for mendelevium but Mv was formerly the symbol) Ne, atomic number 10, neona colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts N, atomic number 7, nitrogena common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues No, atomic number 102, nobeliuma radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding curium with carbon ions; 7 isotopes are known O, atomic number 8, oxygena nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust P, atomic number 15, phosphorusa multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms Pu, atomic number 94, plutoniuma solid silvery grey radioactive transuranic element whose atoms can be split when bombarded with neutrons; found in minute quantities in uranium ores but is usually synthesized in nuclear reactors; 13 isotopes are known with the most important being plutonium 239 Rn, atomic number 86, radona radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health Rg, atomic number 111, element 111, roentgeniuma radioactive transuranic element Rf, Unq, atomic number 104, element 104, rutherfordium, unnilquadiuma radioactive transuranic element which has been synthesized Sg, atomic number 106, element 106, seaborgiuma transuranic element Se, atomic number 34, seleniuma toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores (as pyrite) Si, atomic number 14, silicona tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors S, atomic number 16, sulfur, sulphuran abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions) Te, atomic number 52, telluriuma brittle silver-white metalloid element that is related to selenium and sulfur; it is used in alloys and as a semiconductor; occurs mainly as tellurides in ores of copper and nickel and silver and gold Uub, atomic number 112, element 112, ununbiuma radioactive transuranic element Uuh, atomic number 116, element 116, ununhexiuma radioactive transuranic element Uup, atomic number 115, element 115, ununpentiuma radioactive transuranic element Uuq, atomic number 114, element 114, ununquadiuma radioactive transuranic element Uut, atomic number 113, element 113, ununtriuma radioactive transuranic element Xe, atomic number 54, xenona colorless odorless inert gaseous element occurring in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts mineralsolid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition rock, stonematerial consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust adhesive, adhesive agent, adhesive materiala substance that unites or bonds surfaces together sealing materialany substance used to seal joints or fill cracks in a porous surface activating agent(mineral extraction) a surface-active chemical used in flotation process to increase the attraction to a specific mineral accelerator, catalyst(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected sensitiser, sensitizer(chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction animal materialmaterial derived from animals fluffany light downy material bimetalmaterial made by bonding together sheets of two different metals abradant, abrasive, abrasive materiala substance that abrades or wears down chemical, chemical substancematerial produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules composite materialstrong lightweight material developed in the laboratory; fibers of more than one kind are bonded together chemically conductora substance that readily conducts e.g. electricity and heat dielectric, insulator, nonconductora material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity contaminant, contaminationa substance that contaminates coolanta fluid agent (gas or liquid) that produces cooling; especially one used to cool a system by transferring heat away from one part to another particulate, particulate mattera small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant) dustfree microscopic particles of solid material elastomerany of various elastic materials that resemble rubber (resumes its original shape when a deforming force is removed) aironce thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) fireonce thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) earth, groundthe loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface earthonce thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) ether, quintessencethe fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water; was believed to be the substance composing all heavenly bodies wateronce thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) discharge, emissiona substance that is emitted or released detritusloose material (stone fragments and silt etc) that is worn away from rocks waste, waste material, waste matter, waste productany materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted fiber, fibrea slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn fill, fillingany material that fills a space or container filtratethe product of filtration; a gas or liquid that has been passed through a filter foama lightweight material in cellular form; made by introducing gas bubbles during manufacture free radical, radicalan atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule freezing mixturea mixture of substances (usually salt and ice) to obtain a temperature below the freezing point of water Greek firea mixture used by Byzantine Greeks that was often shot at adversaries; catches fire when wetted contrast material, contrast mediuma substance that is opaque to x-rays; when administered it allows a radiologist to examine the organ or tissue it fills gummitea gummy orange mixture of uranium oxides and silicates occurring naturally in the hydration and oxidation of pitchblende homogenatematerial that has been homogenized (especially tissue that has been ground and mixed) humatematerial that is high in humic acids impregnationmaterial with which something is impregnated lamellar mixturea mixture in which substances occur in distinct layers ichor(Greek mythology) the rarified fluid said to flow in the veins of the Gods liquida substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure mattea mixture of sulfides that forms when sulfide metal ores are smelted oxyacetylenea mixture of oxygen and acetylene; used to create high temperatures for cutting or welding metals papera material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses packing, packing material, waddingany material used especially to protect something mineral jelly, petrolatum, petroleum jellya semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum; used in medicinal ointments and for lubrication color, coloring material, colour, colouring materialany material used for its color plant material, plant substancematerial derived from plants plastera mixture of lime or gypsum with sand and water; hardens into a smooth solid; used to cover walls and ceilings radioactive materialmaterial that is radioactive blood platelet, platelet, thrombocytetiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting soda limea mixture of sodium and calcium hydroxides; absorbs liquids and gases dissolvent, dissolver, dissolving agent, resolvent, solventa liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances thickener, thickeningany material used to thicken tonera black or colored powder used in a printer to develop a xerographic image trace elementan element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes translucent substance, transparent substancea material having the property of admitting light diffusely; a partly transparent material undercutthe material removed by a cut made underneath builder, detergent buildera substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action vernix, vernix caseosaa white cheeselike protective material that covers the skin of a fetus wada small mass of soft material matter that which has mass and occupies space component, component part, constituent, part, portionsomething determined in relation to something that includes it 2n material of a particular kind or constitution the immune response recognizes invading substances Hyper physical entity an entity that has physical existence 3n a particular kind or species of matter with uniform properties shigella is one of the most toxic substances known to man Hypo|Hyper food, nutrient any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue nutrientany substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis elixir, philosopher's stone, philosophers' stonehypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold allergenany substance that can cause an allergy assaya substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components pyrectic, pyrogenany substance that can cause a rise in body temperature pyrogenany substance characterized by its great flammability hydrocolloida substance that forms a gel with water adulterant, adulteratorany substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance propellant, propellentany substance that propels denaturantany substance that serves as a denaturing agent inhibitora substance that retards or stops an activity fermenta substance capable of bringing about fermentation agenta substance that exerts some force or effect carcinogenany substance that produces cancer digestiveany substance that promotes digestion fomentationa substance used as a warm moist medicinal compress or poultice fuela substance that can be consumed to produce energy lube, lubricant, lubricating substance, lubricatora substance capable of reducing friction by making surfaces smooth or slippery humectantany substance that is added to another substance to keep it moist inoculant, inoculuma substance (a virus or toxin or immune serum) that is introduced into the body to produce or increase immunity to a particular disease jellyany substance having the consistency of jelly or gelatin leaven, leaveninga substance used to produce fermentation in dough or a liquid refrigerantany substance used to provide cooling (as in a refrigerator) lysinany substance (such as an antibody) or agent that can cause lysis poison, poisonous substance, toxicantany substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism chemical irritanta substance producing irritation antigenany substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies) liganda substance (an atom or molecule or radical or ion) that forms a complex around a central atom metaboliteany substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism) vehicleany substance that facilitates the use of a drug or pigment or other material that is mixed with it vitellus, yolknutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg) angiotensin II inhibitoran agent that retards or restrains the action of angiotensin II antiflatulentany agent that reduces intestinal gas antifungal, antifungal agent, antimycotic, antimycotic agent, fungicideany agent that destroys or prevents the growth of fungi atropinea poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family; used as an antispasmodic and to dilate the eye pupil; also administered in large amounts as an antidote for organophosphate nerve agents or organophosphate insecticides antimicrobial, antimicrobic, disinfectant, germicidean agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease druga substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic hyoscyaminea poisonous crystalline alkaloid (isometric with atropine but more potent); used to treat excess motility of the gastrointestinal tract immunizing agent, immunogenany substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body vermicidean agent that kills worms (especially those in the intestines) comfort foodfood that is simply prepared and gives a sense of wellbeing; typically food with a high sugar or carbohydrate content that is associated with childhood or with home cooking comestible, eatable, edible, pabulum, victual, victualsany substance that can be used as food farethe food and drink that are regularly served or consumed food product, foodstuffa substance that can be used or prepared for use as food aliment, alimentation, nourishment, nutriment, nutrition, sustenance, victualsa source of materials to nourish the body commissariat, provender, provisions, viands, victualsa stock or supply of foods Jell-O, jellofruit-flavored dessert (trade mark Jell-O) made from a commercially prepared gelatin powder feed, provenderfood for domestic livestock manna, manna from heaven, miraculous food(Old Testament) food that God gave the Israelites during the Exodus beverage, drink, drinkable, potableany liquid suitable for drinking watera liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants soul foodfood traditionally eaten by African-Americans in the South micronutrienta substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function (e.g., vitamins or minerals) chymea semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum ragweed pollenpollen of the ragweed plant is a common allergen biomassplant materials and animal waste used as fuel butaneoccurs in natural gas; used in the manufacture of rubber and fuels charcoal, wood coala carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air coal gasgaseous mixture produced by distillation of bituminous coal and used for heating and lighting cokecarbon fuel produced by distillation of coal diesel fuel, diesel oila heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines firefuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking fossil fuelfuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content fuel oil, heating oila petroleum product used for fuel gasohola gasoline substitute consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% grain alcohol from corn gas, gasolene, gasoline, petrola volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines illuminantsomething that can serve as a source of light coal oil, kerosene, kerosine, lamp oila flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood spirita light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol nuclear fuelfuel (such as uranium) that can be used in nuclear reactors as a source of electricity propanecolorless gas found in natural gas and petroleum; used as a fuel rocket fuel, rocket propellant, rocket propellentan explosive charge that propels a rocket red firecombustible material (usually salts of lithium or strontium) that burns bright red; used in flares and fireworks antioxidantsubstance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides anticatalyst(chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst moderatorany substance used to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactors baking powderany of various powdered mixtures used in baking as a substitute for yeast alkaliser, alkalizer, antacid, antiacid, gastric antacidan agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (especially in the stomach) bacteriostata chemical or biological material that inhibits bacterial growth blanching agent, bleach, bleaching agent, whiteneran agent that makes things white or colorless chemical agentan agent that produces chemical reactions coagulant, coagulatoran agent that produces coagulation combustible, combustible materiala substance that can be burned to provide heat or power coolanta fluid agent (gas or liquid) that produces cooling; especially one used to cool a system by transferring heat away from one part to another cryogena liquid that boils at below -160 C and is used as a refrigerant cytolysina substance that partly or completely destroys animal cells diluent, dilutant, thinnera diluting agent drilling fluid, drilling muda mixture of clays and chemicals and water; pumped down the drill pipe to lubricate and cool the drilling bit and to flush out the cuttings and to strengthen the sides of the hole compressed gasgas at a high pressure that can be used as a propellant propanediol, propylene glycola sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid and also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects emmenagogueany agent that promotes menstrual discharge galactagogueagent that induces milk secretion water gasa mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with small amounts of other gases; made by blowing steam over hot coke or coal culture medium, medium(bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms hypnagoguean agent that induces drowsiness or sleep hypoglycaemic agent, hypoglycemic agentany of various agents that decrease the level of glucose in the blood and are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus induceran agent capable of activating specific genes lactifugeany agent that reduces milk secretion (as given to a woman who is not breast feeding) lactogenany agent that enhances milk production mitogenan agent that triggers mitosis motor oiloil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor nerve agent, nerve gasa toxic gas that is inhaled or absorbed through the skin and has harmful effects on the nervous and respiratory system mineral jelly, petrolatum, petroleum jellya semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum; used in medicinal ointments and for lubrication precipitantan agent that causes a precipitate to form agglutinogenany substance that acts as an antigen to cause agglutinin production capsaicincolorless pungent crystalline compound derived from capsicum; source of the hotness of hot peppers of the genus Capsicum such as chili and cayenne and jalapeno gingerolderived from ginger; source of the hotness of ginger piperin, piperinederived from pepper (especially black pepper); source of the hotness of black and white pepper isothiocyanatea family of compounds derived from horseradish and radishes and onions and mustards; source of the hotness of those plants and preparations fetoprotein, foetoproteinany of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer toxina poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species anatoxin, toxoida bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin Rh, Rh factor, rhesus factora blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people; if an Rh-negative person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person it can result in hemolysis and anemia solvating agentan agent that converts something into a solvate viricide, virucidean agent (physical or chemical) that inactivates or destroys viruses sourdougha leaven of dough in which fermentation is active; used by pioneers for making bread firewoodwood used for fuel igniter, ignitor, lightera substance used to ignite or kindle a fire barm, yeasta commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells; used to raise the dough in making bread and for fermenting beer or whiskey matter that which has mass and occupies space 4n the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience Syn|Hypo|Hyper center, centre, core, essence, gist, heart, heart and soul, inwardness, kernel, marrow, meat, nitty-gritty, nub, pith, sum bare bones (plural) the most basic facts or elements hypostasis(metaphysics) essential nature or underlying reality haecceity, quidditythe essence that makes something the kind of thing it is and makes it different from any other quintessencethe purest and most concentrated essence of something stuffa critically important or characteristic component cognitive content, content, mental object the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned 5n what a communication that is about something is about Syn|Exp|Hypo|Hyper content, message, subject matter Articles of Confederation a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens Communist Manifestoa socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views First Amendmentan amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression; includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech Fifth Amendmentan amendment to the Constitution of the United States that imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes; mandates due process of law and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy; requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use Fourteenth Amendmentan amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1868; extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government Eighteenth Amendmentan amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1932 Nineteenth Amendmentan amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; guarantees that no state can deny the right to vote on the basis of sex Annunciation(Christianity) the announcement to the Virgin Mary by the angel Gabriel of the incarnation of Christ Parkinson's lawC. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that the number of subordinates in an organization will increase linearly regardless of the amount of work to be done Parkinson's lawC. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that work will expand so as to fill the time available for its completion Canterbury Talesan uncompleted series of tales written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer Arabian Nights' Entertainmenta collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century Hippocratic oathan oath taken by physicians to observe medical ethics deriving from Hippocrates Robert's Rules of Ordera book of rules for presiding over a meeting; written by Henry M. Martin in 1876 and subsequently updated through many editions ASCII character set(computer science) 128 characters that make up the ASCII coding scheme Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Systemrelational database of the United States National Library of Medicine for the storage and retrieval of bibliographical information concerning the biomedical literature Princeton WordNeta machine-readable lexical database organized by meanings; developed at Princeton University Dow-Jones Industrial Averagean indicator of stock market prices; based on the share values of 30 blue-chip stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange Standard and Poor's Indexa broadly based stock market index Lateran Treatythe agreement signed in the Lateran Palace in 1929 by Italy and the Holy See which recognized the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent papal state North Atlantic Treatythe treaty signed in 1949 by 12 countries that established NATO SALT Ithe first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SALT IIthe second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Peace of Westphaliathe peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 Chemical Weapons Conventiona global treaty banning the production or acquisition or stockpiling or transfer or use of chemical weapons Geneva Conventionan agreement first drawn up in Geneva in 1864 and later revised concerning the treatment of captured and wounded military personnel and civilians in wartime Treaty of Versaillesthe treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans Missouri Compromisean agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories body the central message of a communication corker(dated slang) a remarkable or excellent thing or person remindera message that helps you remember something petition, postulation, requesta formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority memoriala written statement of facts submitted in conjunction with a petition to an authority latent content(psychoanalysis) hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream subject, theme, topicthe subject matter of a conversation or discussion aside, digression, divagation, excursus, parenthesisa message that departs from the main subject import, meaning, significance, significationthe message that is intended or expressed or signified bunk, hokum, meaninglessness, nonsense, nonsensicalitya message that seems to convey no meaning drivel, garbagea worthless message acknowledgement, acknowledgmenta statement acknowledging something or someone refusala message refusing to accept something that is offered info, informationa message received and understood counsel, counseling, counselling, direction, guidancesomething that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action commitment, dedicationa message that makes a pledge approval, commendationa message expressing a favorable opinion disapprovalthe expression of disapproval respects(often used with `pay') a formal expression of esteem discourtesy, disrespectan expression of lack of respect insertion, interpolationa message (spoken or written) that is introduced or inserted statementa message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc statementa nonverbal message humor, humour, wit, witticism, wittinessa message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter opinion, viewa message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof direction, instructiona message describing how something is to be done proposalsomething proposed (such as a plan or assumption) offer, offeringsomething offered (as a proposal or bid) entry, submissionsomething (manuscripts or architectural plans and models or estimates or works of art of all genres etc.) submitted for the judgment of others (as in a competition) narration, narrative, story, talea message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program packaging, promotion, promotional material, publicitya message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution sensationalismsubject matter that is calculated to excite and please vulgar tastes shockera sensational message (in a film or play or novel) guideline, road mapa detailed plan or explanation to guide you in setting standards or determining a course of action tearjerkeran excessively sentimental narrative sum-up, summarya brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form ammunitioninformation that can be used to attack or defend a claim or argument or viewpoint factoidsomething resembling a fact; unverified (often invented) information that is given credibility because it appeared in print creditsa list of acknowledgements of those who contributed to the creation of a film (usually run at the end of the film) applicationa verbal or written request for assistance or employment or admission to a school appeal, collection, ingathering, solicitationrequest for a sum of money receiptan acknowledgment (usually tangible) that payment has been made pleading(law) a statement in legal and logical form stating something on behalf of a party to a legal proceeding bone of contentionthe subject of a dispute precedenta subject mentioned earlier (preceding in time) lexical meaningthe meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express grammatical meaningthe meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form symbolisation, symbolizationthe use of symbols to convey meaning sense, signifiedthe meaning of a word or expression; the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted connotation, intensionwhat you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression referentsomething referred to; the object of a reference burden, core, effect, essence, gistthe central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work intent, purport, spiritthe intended meaning of a communication lesson, moralthe significance of a story or event nicety, nuance, refinement, shade, subtletya subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude overtone(usually plural) an ulterior implicit meaning or quality pointa brief version of the essential meaning of something absurdity, absurdness, ridiculousnessa message whose content is at variance with reason amphigory, nonsense versenonsensical writing (usually verse) balderdash, fiddle-faddle, piffletrivial nonsense buzzword, cantstock phrases that have become nonsense through endless repetition cobblersnonsense crocknonsense; foolish talk fa la, fal lameaningless syllables in the refrain of a partsong gibber, gibberishunintelligible talking incoherence, incoherency, unintelligibilitynonsense that is simply incoherent and unintelligible jabberwockynonsensical language (according to Lewis Carroll) flummery, mummerymeaningless ceremonies and flattery empty talk, empty words, hot air, palaver, rhetoricloud and confused and empty talk rigamarole, rigmarolea set of confused and meaningless statements schmegegge, shmegegge(Yiddish) baloney; hot air; nonsense hooey, poppycock, stuff, stuff and nonsensesenseless talk baloney, bilgewater, boloney, bosh, drool, humbug, taradiddle, tarradiddle, tommyrot, tosh, twaddlepretentious or silly talk or writing buncombe, bunk, bunkum, guff, hogwash, rotunacceptable behavior (especially ludicrously false statements) applesauce, codswallop, folderol, rubbish, trash, tripe, trumpery, wish-washnonsensical talk or writing pablum, papworthless or oversimplified ideas farewell, word of farewellan acknowledgment or expression of goodwill at parting greeting, salutation(usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting) aloha, ciaoan acknowledgment that can be used to say hello or goodbye (aloha is Hawaiian and ciao is Italian) handclasp, handshake, handshaking, shakegrasping and shaking a person's hand (as to acknowledge an introduction or to agree on a contract) apologyan expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone mea culpaan acknowledgment of your error or guilt commiseration, condolencean expression of sympathy with another's grief declination, regretsa polite refusal of an invitation misinformationinformation that is incorrect materialinformation (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form details, inside informationtrue confidential information facta statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened data format, data formatting, format, formattingthe organization of information according to preset specifications (usually for computer processing) geninformal term for information databasean organized body of related information intelligence, news, tidings, wordinformation about recent and important events newsinformal information of any kind that is not previously known to someone nuts and boltsdetailed practical information about how something works or how something can be accomplished intelligence, intelligence informationsecret information about an enemy (or potential enemy) confirmationinformation that confirms or verifies career counselingcounseling on career opportunities cynosuresomething that provides guidance (as Polaris guides mariners) genetic counselingguidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children marriage counselingcounseling on marital problems and disagreements confidential information, hint, lead, steer, tip, windan indication of potential opportunity insider informationimportant information about the plans or condition of a corporation that has not been released to the public; use for personal profit is illegal ruleany one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order prescript, ruleprescribed guide for conduct or action rubricdirections for the conduct of Christian church services (often printed in red in a prayer book) advicea proposal for an appropriate course of action arcanum, secretinformation known only to a special group secretsomething that should remain hidden from others (especially information that is not to be passed on) propagandainformation that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause course of study, curriculum, program, programme, syllabusan integrated course of academic studies newsinformation reported in a newspaper or news magazine oath, swearinga commitment to tell the truth (especially in a court of law); to lie under oath is to become subject to prosecution for perjury affirmation(religion) a solemn declaration that serves the same purpose as an oath (if an oath is objectionable to the person on religious or ethical grounds) approbationofficial recognition or approval countenance, endorsement, imprimatur, indorsement, sanction, warrantformal and explicit approval credit, recognitionapproval connivance, secret approval, tacit consent(law) tacit approval of someone's wrongdoing permissionapproval to do something encouragementthe expression of approval and support acclaim, acclamation, eclat, plaudit, plauditsenthusiastic approval applause, clapping, hand clappinga demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together cheera cry or shout of approval congratulations, extolment, kudos, praisean expression of approval and commendation testimonial, tributesomething given or done as an expression of esteem condemnation, disapprobationan expression of strong disapproval; pronouncing as wrong or morally culpable criticism, unfavorable judgmentdisapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings abuse, contumely, insult, revilement, vilificationa rude expression intended to offend or hurt derisioncontemptuous laughter ridiculelanguage or behavior intended to mock or humiliate contempt, scornopen disrespect for a person or thing depreciation, derogation, disparagementa communication that belittles somebody or something cheek, impertinence, impudencean impudent statement amendmenta statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.) thinga statement regarded as an object true statement, trutha true statement description, verbal descriptiona statement that represents something in words declarationa statement that is emphatic and explicit (spoken or written) announcement, annunciation, declaration, proclamationa formal public statement Bill of Rightsa statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) formulaa conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle mathematical statementa statement of a mathematical relation evidence(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved bid, bidding(bridge) the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make worda brief statement account, explanationa statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc. explanandum, explicandum(logic) a statement of something (a fact or thing or expression) to be explained explanans(logic) statements that explain the explicandum; the explanatory premises value statementa statement of the desirability of something representationa statement of facts and reasons made in appealing or protesting answer, resolution, result, solution, solventa statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem answer, reply, responsea statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation announcement, promulgationa public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen forecasting, foretelling, prediction, prognosticationa statement made about the future proposition(logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false quotationa statement of the current market price of a security or commodity falsehood, falsity, untrutha false statement understatementa statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said qualification, reservationa statement that limits or restricts some claim cautious statementa statement made with careful qualifications comment, commentarya written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material comment, input, remarka statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information rhetorical questiona statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered misstatementa statement that contains a mistake restatementa revised statement agreement, understandingthe statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises condition, term(usually plural) a statement of what is required as part of an agreement jeu d'esprita witty comment or writing bon mot, mota clever remark esprit de l'escaliera witty remark that occurs to you too late bite, pungencywit having a sharp and caustic quality caustic remark, irony, sarcasm, satirewitty language used to convey insults or scorn reparteeadroitness and cleverness in reply gag, jape, jest, joke, laugha humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter caricature, imitation, impersonationa representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect cartoon, sketcha humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazine fun, play, sportverbal wit or mockery (often at another's expense but not to be taken seriously) ribaldryribald humor topperan exceedingly good witticism that surpasses all that have gone before adverse opinionan opinion concerning financial statements (usually based on an audit by a CPA) that the statements as a whole do not present results fairly or are not in conformity with the generally accepted accounting practices of the United States conjecture, guess, hypothesis, speculation, supposition, surmisal, surmisea message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence position, sidean opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute estimatea statement indicating the likely cost of some job head, questionthe subject matter at issue misdirectionincorrect directions or instructions address, destination, name and addresswritten directions for finding some location; written on letters or packages that are to be delivered to that location markupdetailed stylistic instructions for typesetting something that is to be printed; manual markup is usually written on the copy (e.g. underlining words that are to be set in italics) prescriptiondirections prescribed beforehand; the action of prescribing authoritative rules or directions formula, recipedirections for making something ruledirections that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted stage directionan instruction written as part of the script of a play styleeditorial directions to be followed in spelling and punctuation and capitalization and typographical display chemical formula, formulaa representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements read-out, readoutthe information displayed or recorded on an electronic device phylactery, tefillin(Judaism) either of two small leather cases containing texts from the Hebrew Scriptures (known collectively as tefillin); traditionally worn (on the forehead and the left arm) by Jewish men during morning prayer tabular matter, tabulationinformation set out in tabular form blasphemyblasphemous language (expressing disrespect for God or for something sacred) contract offeroffer by an employer to contract to pay an employee at a given rate marriage offer, marriage proposal, proposal, proposal of marriagean offer of marriage propositionan offer for a private bargain (especially a request for sexual favors) counterproposala proposal offered as an alternative to an earlier proposal hypothesisa proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations proffer, proposition, suggestiona proposal offered for acceptance or rejection introductiona new proposal re-introductiona proposal of something previously rejected motion, questiona formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote counterofferan offer made by someone who has rejected a prior offer bid, tendera formal proposal to buy at a specified price prospectusa formal written offer to sell securities (filed with the SEC) that sets forth a plan for a (proposed) business enterprise tender offeran offer to buy shares in a corporation (usually above the market price) for cash or securities or both rewardthe offer of money for helping to find a criminal or for returning lost property rights issue, rights offeringan offering of common stock to existing shareholders who hold subscription rights or pre-emptive rights that entitle them to buy newly issued shares at a discount from the price at which they will be offered to the public later speciala special offering (usually temporary and at a reduced price) that is featured in advertising olive branch, peace offeringsomething offered to an adversary in the hope of obtaining peace twoferan offer of two for the price of one filingthe entering of a legal document into the public record demandan urgent or peremptory request representationa factual statement made by one party in order to induce another party to enter into a contract declarationa statement of taxable goods or of dutiable properties admissionan acknowledgment of the truth of something skinnyconfidential information about a topic or person stuffinformation in some unspecified form report, report carda written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment tall talean improbable (unusual or incredible or fanciful) story folk tale, folktalea tale circulated by word of mouth among the common folk sob story, sob stuffa sentimental story (or drama) of personal distress; designed to arouse sympathy fairy story, fairy tale, fairytalea story about fairies; told to amuse children nursery rhymea tale in rhymed verse for children promisea verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future assurancea statement intended to inspire confidence assurance, pledgea binding commitment to do or give or refrain from something thanksan acknowledgment of appreciation recitala detailed statement giving facts and figures keynotethe principal theme in a speech or literary work builduphighly favorable publicity and praise PR, public relationsa promotion intended to create goodwill for a person or institution blurb, endorsement, indorsementa promotional statement (as found on the dust jackets of books) ballyhoo, hoopla, hype, plugblatant or sensational promotion pitch, sales pitch, sales talkpromotion by means of an argument and demonstration ad, advert, advertisement, advertising, advertizement, advertizinga public promotion of some product or service sales promotionpromotion that supplements or coordinates advertising discouragementthe expression of opposition and disapproval system commanda computer user's instruction (not part of a program) that calls for action by the computer's executive program negationa negative statement; a statement that is a refusal or denial of some other statement communication something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups 6n the idea that is intended Syn|Hypo|Hyper meaning semantics the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text implication, import, significancea meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred strain, tenorthe general meaning or substance of an utterance undercurrent, undertonea subdued emotional quality underlying an utterance; implicit meaning denotation, extension, referencethe most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression; the class of objects that an expression refers to referencethe relation between a word or phrase and the object or idea it refers to connotationan idea that is implied or suggested drift, purportthe pervading meaning or tenor idea, thought the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about 7n considerable capital (wealth or income) Syn|Hypo|Hyper means pocketbook your personal financial means wherewithalthe necessary means (especially financial means) capital wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
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英语词典包含147318条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。