| 单词 | hard |
| 释义 | adjective | adverb hardhard1 /hɑrd/ ●●● S1 W1 adjective 1FIRM not soft, and difficult to press down, bend, break, or cut OPP soft: Diamond is the hardest substance known to man. He chipped his tooth on a piece of hard candy. The hard wooden chair was very uncomfortable.THESAURUSfirm – not completely hard, but not soft and not easy to press down: Brownies are done when the edges are firm but the middle is still soft.stiff – difficult to bend or move: He made the sign with a piece of stiff cardboard.solid – firm and usually hard, without spaces or holes: They blasted the tunnel through solid rock.rigid – stiff and impossible to bend: Old airplanes had a rigid frame with cloth stretched tightly over it.crisp – slightly hard and making a pleasant sound when broken. Used about food, dry leaves, and snow: She bit into the crisp apple.stale – hard, dry, and no longer fresh. Used especially about food such as bread or cake: The bread was so stale it was hard to chew.2difficult not easy to do, understand, or deal with OPP easy: Chemistry was one of the hardest classes I’ve ever taken.be hard for somebody It was hard for him, as he didn’t speak any English.be hard to do something The print was small and hard to read. The hard part is going to be telling my mother. We lost the game in the last few seconds; that was really hard to take (=difficult to accept or believe). It’s hard to believe that no one saw what happened. It was hard to tell whether Katie really wanted to go (=difficult to know). I had a hard time finding his house. I was finding it hard to concentrate. At that time, jobs were hard to come by (=difficult to find).► see thesaurus at difficultTHESAURUSdifficult – difficult means the same as hard but is a little more formal: It was a difficult test, so I was surprised I passed.tough – very difficult to do or deal with: Doctors have to make tough decisions about who to treat first.complicated/complex – difficult to understand because of having a lot of different parts: The rules of the game are very complicated.tricky – complicated and full of problems: The contract negotiations have been tricky.challenging – difficult in a way that is interesting and enjoyable: The class is intended to be challenging for students.daunting formal – so difficult that you do not feel confident about being able to do it: The task may seem a little daunting.formidable formal – seeming very difficult and needing a lot of skill to deal with: The city still has a formidable problem of homelessness to deal with.3INVOLVING EFFORT [usually before noun] using or involving a lot of mental or physical effort: Give the door a hard push. She’s earned a spot on the team with hard work. She had a really hard day at school. He knows how to have fun after a hard day’s work.► see thesaurus at tiringTHESAURUSdifficult – difficult means the same as hard but sounds a little more formal: Getting the couch into the apartment was really difficult.demanding – hard and needing a lot of time, effort, and skill. Used about jobs: Being a nurse is a demanding job.strenuous – hard and needing a lot of effort and strength: Is strenuous exercise all right while you are pregnant?grueling/arduous formal – hard, tiring, and continuing for a long time: The race is a grueling 24-hour run across the desert.laborious – difficult and long and needing to be done very slowly and carefully: Making a movie is a laborious process involving a huge amount of work.4be hard on somebody a)to treat someone in a way that is unfair or too strict, especially by criticizing someone a lot: You’re harder on Donald than you are on Monica. b)to cause someone problems: It’s going to be hard on the kids if you move away.5be hard on something to have a bad effect on something: Aspirin can be hard on your stomach.6full of problems a situation or time that is hard is one in which you have a lot of problems or bad experiences, especially when you do not have enough money: Times were hard, and we were forced to sell our home. She’s had a hard life.fall on/come on hard times The family had fallen on hard times. He’s had a hard time in school, but he’s doing better now.7USING FORCE using a lot of force: Jane gave the door a good hard push.8not nice showing no feelings of kindness or sympathy: He’s a hard man to work for, but he’s fair. Her voice was hard and cold.9hard facts/information/evidence etc. facts, information, etc. that are definitely true and can be proven: There is now hard evidence that global warming is happening.10hard news news stories that are about serious and important subjects or events11learn/do something the hard way informal a)to learn about something by a bad experience or by making mistakes: I learned the hard way that my computer didn’t have enough memory. b)to learn or achieve something by working and having a lot of experience: Kate Forrest had earned her position in the company the hard way.12give somebody a hard time informal a)to deliberately make someone feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, especially by joking: hard about Bob was giving her a hard time about her new boyfriend. b)to treat someone badly or cause problems for him or her: Is your boss giving you a hard time again? c)to criticize someone a lot: It’s not my fault, John. Don’t give me a hard time.13hard-earned/hard-won achieved after a lot of effort: your hard-earned dollars14hard feelings a)anger between people because of something that has happened: Sarcasm can lead to arguments and hard feelings. b)No hard feelings spoken used to tell someone after an argument that you do not want anyone to stay angry15WATER hard water contains a lot of minerals and does not mix easily with soap OPP soft16drugs/alcohol very strong, difficult to stop using, and sometimes illegal: I never touch the hard stuff (=strong alcohol). beer and hard liquor the risks of hard drugs17hard line a strict way of dealing with someone or something: They’ve taken a hard line in contract negotiations.18hard winter a very cold winter OPP mild19take a (long) hard look at something to think about something carefully without being influenced by your feelings, with the result that you change your opinions or behavior: We need to take a long hard look at the whole system of welfare payments.20hard left/right a)a sharp turn to the left or right: Make a hard left just after crossing Lindley Avenue. b)people who have extreme left-wing or right-wing political aims and ideas: Is the Republican Party moving to the hard right?21hard-luck story if someone tells you a hard-luck story, he or she tells you about bad things that have happened in order to make you feel sorry for him or her22hard-luck kids/town etc. hard-luck people or places have had a lot of bad things happen to them23PRONUNCIATION eng. lang. arts a hard “c” is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/; a hard “g” is pronounced /g/ rather than /dʒ/24light literary hard light is bright and unpleasant SYN harsh[Origin: Old English heard]—hardness noun [uncountable] → see also drive a hard bargain at drive1 (18) adjective | adverb hardhard2 ●●● S1 W2 adverb 1USING ENERGY/EFFORT using a lot of effort, energy, or attention: Elaine had been working hard all morning. We try hard to keep our customers happy. You need to think hard about what you want to do next.2WITH FORCE with a lot of force: It’s raining hard. Tyson hit him hard on the chin. She ran all that way and she wasn’t even breathing hard.3baked/set hard made firm and stiff by being heated, glued, etc.4be hard hit (also be hit hard) to be badly affected by something that has happened: Bridgeport was hard hit by economic troubles.5be hard pressed/put/pushed (to do something) informal to have difficulty doing something: Small companies are hard pressed to provide health insurance for their employees.6laugh/cry etc. hard to laugh, cry, etc. a lot and loudly: We were laughing so hard we could hardly breathe.7take something hard informal to feel upset about something, especially bad news: Dad didn’t say much, but I could tell he took it hard.8hard on the heels of something happening soon after something: The warm weather has come hard on the heels of the coldest December on record.9be hard on somebody’s heels to follow close behind or soon after someone → see also hard up, play hard to get at play1 (24)WORD CHOICE: hard, hardly• Use hard to mean “using a lot of effort or force”: We studied hard for the test. You have to push hard or the door won’t open. Note that hard comes after the verb.• Use hardly to mean “almost not”: I could hardly believe it. Laura hardly studied for the test, so it was no surprise that she failed. Note that hardly comes before the verb. |
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