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单词 longitudinal
释义

Definition of longitudinal in English:

longitudinal

adjective ˌlɒn(d)ʒɪˈtjuːdɪn(ə)lˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪn(ə)lˌlɑndʒəˈt(j)ud(ə)nəl
  • 1Running lengthwise rather than across.

    longitudinal muscles
    longitudinal stripes
    Example sentencesExamples
    • The upper one-third of the esophagus is striated muscle, and the remainder contains inner circular layers and outer longitudinal layers of muscle.
    • Reed's figures show surface ornament, but this consists of longitudinal rather than transverse elements.
    • The dorsal longitudinal muscles (indicated by arrowhead) are clearly visible.
    • The cuticle of the anterior margin of each segment is thickened towards the interior of the animal in order to form a pachycyclus for the attachment of longitudinal muscles.
    • This rendering shows a sharp contrast between the tongue's core, comprised of the vertical and transverse muscles, and its sheath of longitudinal muscles.
    • The opening of the pylorus after it has contracted may represent, in part, the dilating effect of the contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the stomach.
    • The fibers of this thick muscle stratum all lie in the direction of the axis of the esophagus, making it, in effect, a second, strong, longitudinal muscle layer.
    • During walking, the epaxial muscles, organized into longitudinal tracts, function to stabilize the vertebral column.
    • In this work, seizures were monitored by dorsal longitudinal muscle activity.
    • Campylostoma exhibits rather rectilinear lateral longitudinal ridges whereas those of Corazzatocarcinus n. gen. are sinuous.
    • In Drosophila, the presumptive central nervous system is specified at an early stage of embryonic development as two longitudinal stripes of cells, just dorsal to the ventral mesoderm.
    • Flower coloration is mostly tan, with some external dark brown longitudinal stripes on the sepals and lateral petals.
    • It also includes longitudinal and circular muscle fibers.
    • Nematodes move by contraction of the longitudinal muscles.
    • The body of the esophagus begins at the lower edge of the cricopharyngeus muscle and contains two layers of muscle, the outer longitudinal and the inner circular.
    • Interadambulacral contact facets lie beneath the ambulacral and overlie tissue depressions for the longitudinal muscles that lower the arm.
    • This motion must represent contraction of both the outer longitudinal muscle layer and the powerful longitudinal muscle of the mucosa.
    • This stretch is made possible by the presence of nitrergic inhibitory nerves, excited in a swallow, in both longitudinal muscle layers within this short segment.
    • Since he had a differentiated ectoderm separate from the gut, and also had a longitudinal layer of muscle and bilateral symmetry, he probably had some degree of motility.
    • During the day, it has three dark longitudinal stripes that run the length of the body.
  • 2Relating to longitude; measured from east to west.

    longitudinal positions
    Example sentencesExamples
    • Official maps of Taiwan currently include only approximate data on the islands' surface area and topography, as well as inexact data on their latitudinal and longitudinal position.
    • Accurate time, which enabled seamen to establish their longitudinal position, was among the preconditions for safe and regular passage to Australia.
  • 3(of research or data) involving information about an individual or group gathered over a long period of time.

    a longitudinal study of ten patients
    Example sentencesExamples
    • The religious orders study is a longitudinal observation of Alzheimer's disease in older members of the Catholic clergy.
    • The subjects for this study were participating in a longitudinal research project, the Utrecht Study of Adolescent Development.
    • Dormann and Zapf found only 10 studies that investigated work-related social support using a longitudinal research design.
    • Four hundred male and female New Zealand police officers were invited to participate in a longitudinal research project, involving the completion of two questionnaire surveys.
    • The timing of these variables may be particularly critical and need to be studied further in longitudinal investigations.
    • A fruitful research design for intensified studies could be to do longitudinal studies with the individuals as the focus.
    • Knowledge of causal risk factors thus relies heavily on the results of experimental trials as opposed to even the most elegant observational, longitudinal research.
    • Such studies require longitudinal measurement of individual behavior from adolescence through young adulthood.
    • This result is a particular problem for rating scales, which tend to be cross sectional, rather than longitudinal, in character.
    • Further longitudinal research is clearly needed to clarify the potential role of early proactive aggression in the prediction of subsequent partner violence.
    • Morgan reviewed extensive longitudinal studies and other research and found, to the chagrin of adoption opponents, that outcomes for adopted children are good.
    • Since there are longitudinal variations in muscle activity in most fish species, data from the anterior and posterior regions of the fish must be considered separately.
    • It might be argued that these reflections are somewhat risky, because the data from which the authors derive their findings are cross-sectional in research design terms rather than longitudinal.
    • First, the study relied on cross-sectional rather than longitudinal data.
    • The longitudinal analyses in this study were based on the responses of these 150 students.
    • In quantitative research, unless the research is longitudinal in character, the person will be interviewed on one occasion only.
    • Last, it is important to note that the effect sizes for the longitudinal analyses in this study were in the small-to-medium range.
    • Future longitudinal research can use family of origin retrospective reports over time to see if they change substantially.
    • Additional prospective, longitudinal research is needed to further elucidate the experiences and outcomes associated with lung transplantation.
    • Beyond the four limitations mentioned above, this study constitutes an interesting base for further longitudinal researches.

Derivatives

  • longitudinally

  • adverb lɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪnəliˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnəliˌlɑndʒəˈt(j)ud(ə)nəli
    • I've previously walked through the desert longitudinally.
      Example sentencesExamples
      • Each floret was cut with a razor longitudinally into three or four sections so that the entire surface could be clearly observed in a dissecting microscope, and the number of stomata was counted without confusion.
      • The existing Passat shares its mechanical layout with the Audi A4, with engines mounted longitudinally driving the front or all four wheels.
      • Cylinders of tissue were removed longitudinally from the developing tubers and were cut into 1 mm thick discs.
      • There is the prospect of analysing the data both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

Rhymes

attitudinal, latitudinal
 
 

Definition of longitudinal in US English:

longitudinal

adjectiveˌlänjəˈt(y)o͞od(ə)nəlˌlɑndʒəˈt(j)ud(ə)nəl
  • 1Running lengthwise rather than across.

    longitudinal muscles
    longitudinal stripes
    longitudinal extent
    Example sentencesExamples
    • During the day, it has three dark longitudinal stripes that run the length of the body.
    • In this work, seizures were monitored by dorsal longitudinal muscle activity.
    • The upper one-third of the esophagus is striated muscle, and the remainder contains inner circular layers and outer longitudinal layers of muscle.
    • The body of the esophagus begins at the lower edge of the cricopharyngeus muscle and contains two layers of muscle, the outer longitudinal and the inner circular.
    • The fibers of this thick muscle stratum all lie in the direction of the axis of the esophagus, making it, in effect, a second, strong, longitudinal muscle layer.
    • It also includes longitudinal and circular muscle fibers.
    • Campylostoma exhibits rather rectilinear lateral longitudinal ridges whereas those of Corazzatocarcinus n. gen. are sinuous.
    • This motion must represent contraction of both the outer longitudinal muscle layer and the powerful longitudinal muscle of the mucosa.
    • Flower coloration is mostly tan, with some external dark brown longitudinal stripes on the sepals and lateral petals.
    • Interadambulacral contact facets lie beneath the ambulacral and overlie tissue depressions for the longitudinal muscles that lower the arm.
    • Nematodes move by contraction of the longitudinal muscles.
    • In Drosophila, the presumptive central nervous system is specified at an early stage of embryonic development as two longitudinal stripes of cells, just dorsal to the ventral mesoderm.
    • During walking, the epaxial muscles, organized into longitudinal tracts, function to stabilize the vertebral column.
    • The dorsal longitudinal muscles (indicated by arrowhead) are clearly visible.
    • Reed's figures show surface ornament, but this consists of longitudinal rather than transverse elements.
    • Since he had a differentiated ectoderm separate from the gut, and also had a longitudinal layer of muscle and bilateral symmetry, he probably had some degree of motility.
    • The opening of the pylorus after it has contracted may represent, in part, the dilating effect of the contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the stomach.
    • This rendering shows a sharp contrast between the tongue's core, comprised of the vertical and transverse muscles, and its sheath of longitudinal muscles.
    • This stretch is made possible by the presence of nitrergic inhibitory nerves, excited in a swallow, in both longitudinal muscle layers within this short segment.
    • The cuticle of the anterior margin of each segment is thickened towards the interior of the animal in order to form a pachycyclus for the attachment of longitudinal muscles.
  • 2Relating to longitude; measured from east to west.

    longitudinal positions
    Example sentencesExamples
    • Accurate time, which enabled seamen to establish their longitudinal position, was among the preconditions for safe and regular passage to Australia.
    • Official maps of Taiwan currently include only approximate data on the islands' surface area and topography, as well as inexact data on their latitudinal and longitudinal position.
  • 3(of research or data) involving information about an individual or group gathered over a long period of time.

    Example sentencesExamples
    • Four hundred male and female New Zealand police officers were invited to participate in a longitudinal research project, involving the completion of two questionnaire surveys.
    • In quantitative research, unless the research is longitudinal in character, the person will be interviewed on one occasion only.
    • Further longitudinal research is clearly needed to clarify the potential role of early proactive aggression in the prediction of subsequent partner violence.
    • The timing of these variables may be particularly critical and need to be studied further in longitudinal investigations.
    • Morgan reviewed extensive longitudinal studies and other research and found, to the chagrin of adoption opponents, that outcomes for adopted children are good.
    • Dormann and Zapf found only 10 studies that investigated work-related social support using a longitudinal research design.
    • It might be argued that these reflections are somewhat risky, because the data from which the authors derive their findings are cross-sectional in research design terms rather than longitudinal.
    • The subjects for this study were participating in a longitudinal research project, the Utrecht Study of Adolescent Development.
    • A fruitful research design for intensified studies could be to do longitudinal studies with the individuals as the focus.
    • First, the study relied on cross-sectional rather than longitudinal data.
    • Last, it is important to note that the effect sizes for the longitudinal analyses in this study were in the small-to-medium range.
    • Additional prospective, longitudinal research is needed to further elucidate the experiences and outcomes associated with lung transplantation.
    • Since there are longitudinal variations in muscle activity in most fish species, data from the anterior and posterior regions of the fish must be considered separately.
    • Knowledge of causal risk factors thus relies heavily on the results of experimental trials as opposed to even the most elegant observational, longitudinal research.
    • The longitudinal analyses in this study were based on the responses of these 150 students.
    • This result is a particular problem for rating scales, which tend to be cross sectional, rather than longitudinal, in character.
    • The religious orders study is a longitudinal observation of Alzheimer's disease in older members of the Catholic clergy.
    • Such studies require longitudinal measurement of individual behavior from adolescence through young adulthood.
    • Beyond the four limitations mentioned above, this study constitutes an interesting base for further longitudinal researches.
    • Future longitudinal research can use family of origin retrospective reports over time to see if they change substantially.
 
 
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更新时间:2024/12/23 22:05:57