Definition of congested in English:

congested

adjective kənˈdʒɛstɪdkənˈdʒɛstəd

1(of a road or place) so crowded with traffic or people as to hinder or prevent freedom of movement.
the congested streets of the West End
the streets are often heavily congested with traffic
Example sentencesExamples
- The proposal for this was made three months back to bypass the congested city roads and help the bus drivers drive safely to various destinations.
- The streets are often heavily congested with traffic such that a chauffeur driven car hire is almost a must.
- Barring a few participants, who used four-wheelers, the rest meandered through the congested roads and lanes of the city in two-wheelers.
- The aim of the £47.9 million project is to take 60 per cent of the traffic out of the congested town centre.
- Many of them said there was no reason to wear a seat belt because most of the streets in the city were so congested with traffic.
- There were also warnings that property prices around the edge of the zone could fall as streets became congested with traffic trying to avoid the charge.
- The traffic snarls and congested roads near schools hardly mattered for motorists, as they welcomed them with warm smiles and long grins.
- The noise, the increased traffic in an already congested area, the effect it will have on the price of goods sold at the market and the changing of the neighbourhood's very make-up are all at stake, they say.
- Then the widened roads become congested with traffic again, sometimes immediately.
- After all, life on our congested city roads is stressful.
- Are we still in doubt about why our roads are so congested and traffic jams are the order of the day?
- One would have thought that this area is already congested by traffic without introducing more by having buses in the area.
- And what better time to do it than on a Sunday afternoon, when the congested city roads and bazaars are not as maddening a proposition to wade your way through as they are on a week day.
- But the group insists that the size of the development is too large for the conservation area and would bring traffic havoc to already congested lanes.
- Heavy loads will be transported through York and Selby on a special boat in a bid to cut traffic jams on the region's congested roads.
- Traffic jams and congested spaces under flyovers, where people stopped to escape getting wet, were a common sight.
- A good dual carriageway with two lanes for ordinary traffic and one for buses has been reduced to a congested road with one lane for traffic and one bus lane each way.
- They say they are worried about the impact of extra traffic on already congested roads, the density of housing proposed for the site, and what will happen to electricity pylons which cross the land.
- Like many old Mylai streets, it is also a narrow and congested road with several street houses.
- It can clear the traffic out of a congested area or impede your opponents.
Synonyms
crowded, overcrowded, full, overfull, overflowing, full to overflowing/bursting, crammed full, cram-full, thronged, packed, jammed, teeming, swarming, overloaded
obstructed, impeded, blocked (up), clogged, choked, plugged, stopped up
informal snarled up, gridlocked, jam-packed
British informal like Piccadilly Circus
2(of a part of the body) abnormally full of blood.
congested arteries
Example sentencesExamples
- The liver and-kidneys were grossly icteric and congested.
- Our main sign is most often a wiry and choppy pulse, and congested purplish veins in the inner eye lids.
- The older and more congested arteries get, the more subject they are to blood clots, the body's version of traffic jams.
- Thus, according to the Chinese, people in whom the liver is too full of blood and hence hard and congested, will be naturally irritable.
- When the liver becomes congested, serum transaminase and bilirubin levels may become elevated, and jaundice may be present.
- It is used to treat delayed menses and congested blood (especially in the lower pelvic cavity) and abdominal pains.
- The brain weighed 1620 g, and macroscopic examination revealed congested leptomeninges covering the cerebral hemispheres.
- Blood vitalizing, which has often been used in modern times for its ability to penetrate congested tissues, may be valuable in overcoming tissue resistance, as well.
- In the case of congested arteries, it is usually plaque in the arteries restricting the blood flow.
- The stroma of the papillary fronds consisted of loose fibrous tissue with abundant, thin-walled, congested blood vessels.
- To make matters worse, thick, fibrous adhesions are often formed anchoring the congested, fatty tissue to the muscular layer below.
- He described that the leeches were placed on the body and would clear out blood and congested fluids.
1. 2.1 (of the respiratory tract) blocked with mucus so as to hinder breathing.
  his nose was congested
  Example sentencesExamples
  After their night's respite, my congested bronchial tubes once more begin their noisy rattle.
  The symptoms include itchy eyes, sneezing, and congested nostrils.
  The results of this battle mimic signs and symptoms of a cold - stuffy nose, itchy eyes, cough - and may cause congested sinuses.
  It reduces the histamine-based swelling produced by allergic reactions, so turn to it when congested sinuses or food alergies contribute to sleeplessness.
  But this week, she became congested, and yesterday, the dizziness returned; it got so bad she went to the school nurse, where lying down made it worse.
  I felt well-rested, but my nose was still congested.
  He was still coughing occasionally, but his chest didn't feel congested.
  I've had a cold that won't quit and I coughed through a bunch of the tape as I lay flat on my purple yoga mat and my nose and throat got more congested.
  Not so with allergies, which can leave you feeling congested, with itchy eyes and sneezing.
  On the other hand, bronchodilator inhalers that open congested airways are a big part of asthma treatment, though they aren't used to treat allergies.
  To stave off colds, she should combine it with aconite at the first sign of a scratchy throat or a congested feeling in the head.
  She was taking two decongestants and a nasal steroid daily for allergies, but they weren't helping - she was always congested anyway.
  The first sign of a cold is often a congested or runny nose.
  Also, some mind-body practitioners believe a congested throat may signal that you're not expressing your feelings.
  So by all means, if you think your child's cold has gone on for more than seven days, and your child is still congested and perhaps coughing heavily, see your pediatrician.
  My daughter, she's congested and she's stopped breathing.
  I was feeling super sick, congested, and not able to breathe, but with only another two days left to my trip, I didn't want to waste time laying in bed.
  My ancestors employed the most infamous of techniques - the eyelash in the eye, the one congested nostril, and, of course, the itch on the back that couldn't be reached without an implement.
  A congested feeling in the chest and difficulty in breathing are the most common symptoms of this chronic respiratory disease.
  One should be on watch for any soreness in the throat, a stuffy nose or congested chest because they are the early symptoms of the onset of disease.

Derivatives

congest

verb kənˈdʒɛstkənˈdʒɛst

[with object]

1Crowd (a road or place) so as to hinder or prevent freedom of movement.
uncontrolled development will congest our streets
Example sentencesExamples
- police claimed the marchers were congesting the area
- no object the traffic flow will congest in this area
- This would further congest the outer ring road, it was suggested.
- They fill passing lanes, congest the middle of the park and provide a much needed safety blanket.
- It is ludicrous to have practically empty vehicles belching out fumes and congesting our streets all day, all year.
- high-pressured adrenaline congested my veins
- no object the tonsils congest and swell
- drinking alcohol in the evening can congest nasal passages
2Cause (a part of the body) to fill abnormally with blood or other fluid.
1. 2.1 Block (the respiratory tract) with mucus so as to hinder breathing.

Origin

Late Middle English (as congest in the sense 'heap up, accumulate'): from Latin congerere 'heap up', from con- 'together' + gerere 'bring'.

Definition of congested in US English:

congested

adjectivekənˈjestədkənˈdʒɛstəd

1(of a road or place) so crowded with traffic or people as to hinder freedom of movement.
one of the most congested airports in the world
the streets are often heavily congested with traffic
Example sentencesExamples
- And what better time to do it than on a Sunday afternoon, when the congested city roads and bazaars are not as maddening a proposition to wade your way through as they are on a week day.
- The streets are often heavily congested with traffic such that a chauffeur driven car hire is almost a must.
- But the group insists that the size of the development is too large for the conservation area and would bring traffic havoc to already congested lanes.
- Heavy loads will be transported through York and Selby on a special boat in a bid to cut traffic jams on the region's congested roads.
- Like many old Mylai streets, it is also a narrow and congested road with several street houses.
- Are we still in doubt about why our roads are so congested and traffic jams are the order of the day?
- One would have thought that this area is already congested by traffic without introducing more by having buses in the area.
- The noise, the increased traffic in an already congested area, the effect it will have on the price of goods sold at the market and the changing of the neighbourhood's very make-up are all at stake, they say.
- Barring a few participants, who used four-wheelers, the rest meandered through the congested roads and lanes of the city in two-wheelers.
- The proposal for this was made three months back to bypass the congested city roads and help the bus drivers drive safely to various destinations.
- The aim of the £47.9 million project is to take 60 per cent of the traffic out of the congested town centre.
- It can clear the traffic out of a congested area or impede your opponents.
- Traffic jams and congested spaces under flyovers, where people stopped to escape getting wet, were a common sight.
- Then the widened roads become congested with traffic again, sometimes immediately.
- There were also warnings that property prices around the edge of the zone could fall as streets became congested with traffic trying to avoid the charge.
- They say they are worried about the impact of extra traffic on already congested roads, the density of housing proposed for the site, and what will happen to electricity pylons which cross the land.
- The traffic snarls and congested roads near schools hardly mattered for motorists, as they welcomed them with warm smiles and long grins.
- After all, life on our congested city roads is stressful.
- Many of them said there was no reason to wear a seat belt because most of the streets in the city were so congested with traffic.
- A good dual carriageway with two lanes for ordinary traffic and one for buses has been reduced to a congested road with one lane for traffic and one bus lane each way.
Synonyms
crowded, overcrowded, full, overfull, overflowing, full to bursting, full to overflowing, crammed full, cram-full, thronged, packed, jammed, teeming, swarming, overloaded
2(of a part of the body) abnormally full of blood.
congested arteries
Example sentencesExamples
- In the case of congested arteries, it is usually plaque in the arteries restricting the blood flow.
- The older and more congested arteries get, the more subject they are to blood clots, the body's version of traffic jams.
- He described that the leeches were placed on the body and would clear out blood and congested fluids.
- Thus, according to the Chinese, people in whom the liver is too full of blood and hence hard and congested, will be naturally irritable.
- The brain weighed 1620 g, and macroscopic examination revealed congested leptomeninges covering the cerebral hemispheres.
- When the liver becomes congested, serum transaminase and bilirubin levels may become elevated, and jaundice may be present.
- Our main sign is most often a wiry and choppy pulse, and congested purplish veins in the inner eye lids.
- The stroma of the papillary fronds consisted of loose fibrous tissue with abundant, thin-walled, congested blood vessels.
- To make matters worse, thick, fibrous adhesions are often formed anchoring the congested, fatty tissue to the muscular layer below.
- Blood vitalizing, which has often been used in modern times for its ability to penetrate congested tissues, may be valuable in overcoming tissue resistance, as well.
- It is used to treat delayed menses and congested blood (especially in the lower pelvic cavity) and abdominal pains.
- The liver and-kidneys were grossly icteric and congested.
1. 2.1 (of the respiratory tract) blocked with mucus so as to hinder breathing.
  his nose was congested
  Example sentencesExamples
  I was feeling super sick, congested, and not able to breathe, but with only another two days left to my trip, I didn't want to waste time laying in bed.
  So by all means, if you think your child's cold has gone on for more than seven days, and your child is still congested and perhaps coughing heavily, see your pediatrician.
  Not so with allergies, which can leave you feeling congested, with itchy eyes and sneezing.
  The results of this battle mimic signs and symptoms of a cold - stuffy nose, itchy eyes, cough - and may cause congested sinuses.
  The first sign of a cold is often a congested or runny nose.
  On the other hand, bronchodilator inhalers that open congested airways are a big part of asthma treatment, though they aren't used to treat allergies.
  She was taking two decongestants and a nasal steroid daily for allergies, but they weren't helping - she was always congested anyway.
  One should be on watch for any soreness in the throat, a stuffy nose or congested chest because they are the early symptoms of the onset of disease.
  He was still coughing occasionally, but his chest didn't feel congested.
  I've had a cold that won't quit and I coughed through a bunch of the tape as I lay flat on my purple yoga mat and my nose and throat got more congested.
  My daughter, she's congested and she's stopped breathing.
  I felt well-rested, but my nose was still congested.
  The symptoms include itchy eyes, sneezing, and congested nostrils.
  A congested feeling in the chest and difficulty in breathing are the most common symptoms of this chronic respiratory disease.
  After their night's respite, my congested bronchial tubes once more begin their noisy rattle.
  Also, some mind-body practitioners believe a congested throat may signal that you're not expressing your feelings.
  My ancestors employed the most infamous of techniques - the eyelash in the eye, the one congested nostril, and, of course, the itch on the back that couldn't be reached without an implement.
  It reduces the histamine-based swelling produced by allergic reactions, so turn to it when congested sinuses or food alergies contribute to sleeplessness.
  But this week, she became congested, and yesterday, the dizziness returned; it got so bad she went to the school nurse, where lying down made it worse.
  To stave off colds, she should combine it with aconite at the first sign of a scratchy throat or a congested feeling in the head.

Origin

Late Middle English (as congest in the sense ‘heap up, accumulate’): from Latin congerere ‘heap up’, from con- ‘together’ + gerere ‘bring’.

单词	congested
释义	Definition of congested in English: congested adjective kənˈdʒɛstɪdkənˈdʒɛstəd 1(of a road or place) so crowded with traffic or people as to hinder or prevent freedom of movement. the congested streets of the West End the streets are often heavily congested with traffic Example sentencesExamples The proposal for this was made three months back to bypass the congested city roads and help the bus drivers drive safely to various destinations. The streets are often heavily congested with traffic such that a chauffeur driven car hire is almost a must. Barring a few participants, who used four-wheelers, the rest meandered through the congested roads and lanes of the city in two-wheelers. The aim of the £47.9 million project is to take 60 per cent of the traffic out of the congested town centre. Many of them said there was no reason to wear a seat belt because most of the streets in the city were so congested with traffic. There were also warnings that property prices around the edge of the zone could fall as streets became congested with traffic trying to avoid the charge. The traffic snarls and congested roads near schools hardly mattered for motorists, as they welcomed them with warm smiles and long grins. The noise, the increased traffic in an already congested area, the effect it will have on the price of goods sold at the market and the changing of the neighbourhood's very make-up are all at stake, they say. Then the widened roads become congested with traffic again, sometimes immediately. After all, life on our congested city roads is stressful. Are we still in doubt about why our roads are so congested and traffic jams are the order of the day? One would have thought that this area is already congested by traffic without introducing more by having buses in the area. And what better time to do it than on a Sunday afternoon, when the congested city roads and bazaars are not as maddening a proposition to wade your way through as they are on a week day. But the group insists that the size of the development is too large for the conservation area and would bring traffic havoc to already congested lanes. Heavy loads will be transported through York and Selby on a special boat in a bid to cut traffic jams on the region's congested roads. Traffic jams and congested spaces under flyovers, where people stopped to escape getting wet, were a common sight. A good dual carriageway with two lanes for ordinary traffic and one for buses has been reduced to a congested road with one lane for traffic and one bus lane each way. They say they are worried about the impact of extra traffic on already congested roads, the density of housing proposed for the site, and what will happen to electricity pylons which cross the land. Like many old Mylai streets, it is also a narrow and congested road with several street houses. It can clear the traffic out of a congested area or impede your opponents. Synonyms crowded, overcrowded, full, overfull, overflowing, full to overflowing/bursting, crammed full, cram-full, thronged, packed, jammed, teeming, swarming, overloaded obstructed, impeded, blocked (up), clogged, choked, plugged, stopped up informal snarled up, gridlocked, jam-packed British informal like Piccadilly Circus 2(of a part of the body) abnormally full of blood. congested arteries Example sentencesExamples The liver and-kidneys were grossly icteric and congested. Our main sign is most often a wiry and choppy pulse, and congested purplish veins in the inner eye lids. The older and more congested arteries get, the more subject they are to blood clots, the body's version of traffic jams. Thus, according to the Chinese, people in whom the liver is too full of blood and hence hard and congested, will be naturally irritable. When the liver becomes congested, serum transaminase and bilirubin levels may become elevated, and jaundice may be present. It is used to treat delayed menses and congested blood (especially in the lower pelvic cavity) and abdominal pains. The brain weighed 1620 g, and macroscopic examination revealed congested leptomeninges covering the cerebral hemispheres. Blood vitalizing, which has often been used in modern times for its ability to penetrate congested tissues, may be valuable in overcoming tissue resistance, as well. In the case of congested arteries, it is usually plaque in the arteries restricting the blood flow. The stroma of the papillary fronds consisted of loose fibrous tissue with abundant, thin-walled, congested blood vessels. To make matters worse, thick, fibrous adhesions are often formed anchoring the congested, fatty tissue to the muscular layer below. He described that the leeches were placed on the body and would clear out blood and congested fluids. 2.1 (of the respiratory tract) blocked with mucus so as to hinder breathing. his nose was congested Example sentencesExamples After their night's respite, my congested bronchial tubes once more begin their noisy rattle. The symptoms include itchy eyes, sneezing, and congested nostrils. The results of this battle mimic signs and symptoms of a cold - stuffy nose, itchy eyes, cough - and may cause congested sinuses. It reduces the histamine-based swelling produced by allergic reactions, so turn to it when congested sinuses or food alergies contribute to sleeplessness. But this week, she became congested, and yesterday, the dizziness returned; it got so bad she went to the school nurse, where lying down made it worse. I felt well-rested, but my nose was still congested. He was still coughing occasionally, but his chest didn't feel congested. I've had a cold that won't quit and I coughed through a bunch of the tape as I lay flat on my purple yoga mat and my nose and throat got more congested. Not so with allergies, which can leave you feeling congested, with itchy eyes and sneezing. On the other hand, bronchodilator inhalers that open congested airways are a big part of asthma treatment, though they aren't used to treat allergies. To stave off colds, she should combine it with aconite at the first sign of a scratchy throat or a congested feeling in the head. She was taking two decongestants and a nasal steroid daily for allergies, but they weren't helping - she was always congested anyway. The first sign of a cold is often a congested or runny nose. Also, some mind-body practitioners believe a congested throat may signal that you're not expressing your feelings. So by all means, if you think your child's cold has gone on for more than seven days, and your child is still congested and perhaps coughing heavily, see your pediatrician. My daughter, she's congested and she's stopped breathing. I was feeling super sick, congested, and not able to breathe, but with only another two days left to my trip, I didn't want to waste time laying in bed. My ancestors employed the most infamous of techniques - the eyelash in the eye, the one congested nostril, and, of course, the itch on the back that couldn't be reached without an implement. A congested feeling in the chest and difficulty in breathing are the most common symptoms of this chronic respiratory disease. One should be on watch for any soreness in the throat, a stuffy nose or congested chest because they are the early symptoms of the onset of disease. Derivatives congest verb kənˈdʒɛstkənˈdʒɛst [with object] 1Crowd (a road or place) so as to hinder or prevent freedom of movement. uncontrolled development will congest our streets Example sentencesExamples police claimed the marchers were congesting the area no object the traffic flow will congest in this area This would further congest the outer ring road, it was suggested. They fill passing lanes, congest the middle of the park and provide a much needed safety blanket. It is ludicrous to have practically empty vehicles belching out fumes and congesting our streets all day, all year. high-pressured adrenaline congested my veins no object the tonsils congest and swell drinking alcohol in the evening can congest nasal passages 2Cause (a part of the body) to fill abnormally with blood or other fluid. 2.1 Block (the respiratory tract) with mucus so as to hinder breathing. Origin Late Middle English (as congest in the sense 'heap up, accumulate'): from Latin congerere 'heap up', from con- 'together' + gerere 'bring'. Definition of congested in US English: congested adjectivekənˈjestədkənˈdʒɛstəd 1(of a road or place) so crowded with traffic or people as to hinder freedom of movement. one of the most congested airports in the world the streets are often heavily congested with traffic Example sentencesExamples And what better time to do it than on a Sunday afternoon, when the congested city roads and bazaars are not as maddening a proposition to wade your way through as they are on a week day. The streets are often heavily congested with traffic such that a chauffeur driven car hire is almost a must. But the group insists that the size of the development is too large for the conservation area and would bring traffic havoc to already congested lanes. Heavy loads will be transported through York and Selby on a special boat in a bid to cut traffic jams on the region's congested roads. Like many old Mylai streets, it is also a narrow and congested road with several street houses. Are we still in doubt about why our roads are so congested and traffic jams are the order of the day? One would have thought that this area is already congested by traffic without introducing more by having buses in the area. The noise, the increased traffic in an already congested area, the effect it will have on the price of goods sold at the market and the changing of the neighbourhood's very make-up are all at stake, they say. Barring a few participants, who used four-wheelers, the rest meandered through the congested roads and lanes of the city in two-wheelers. The proposal for this was made three months back to bypass the congested city roads and help the bus drivers drive safely to various destinations. The aim of the £47.9 million project is to take 60 per cent of the traffic out of the congested town centre. It can clear the traffic out of a congested area or impede your opponents. Traffic jams and congested spaces under flyovers, where people stopped to escape getting wet, were a common sight. Then the widened roads become congested with traffic again, sometimes immediately. There were also warnings that property prices around the edge of the zone could fall as streets became congested with traffic trying to avoid the charge. They say they are worried about the impact of extra traffic on already congested roads, the density of housing proposed for the site, and what will happen to electricity pylons which cross the land. The traffic snarls and congested roads near schools hardly mattered for motorists, as they welcomed them with warm smiles and long grins. After all, life on our congested city roads is stressful. Many of them said there was no reason to wear a seat belt because most of the streets in the city were so congested with traffic. A good dual carriageway with two lanes for ordinary traffic and one for buses has been reduced to a congested road with one lane for traffic and one bus lane each way. Synonyms crowded, overcrowded, full, overfull, overflowing, full to bursting, full to overflowing, crammed full, cram-full, thronged, packed, jammed, teeming, swarming, overloaded 2(of a part of the body) abnormally full of blood. congested arteries Example sentencesExamples In the case of congested arteries, it is usually plaque in the arteries restricting the blood flow. The older and more congested arteries get, the more subject they are to blood clots, the body's version of traffic jams. He described that the leeches were placed on the body and would clear out blood and congested fluids. Thus, according to the Chinese, people in whom the liver is too full of blood and hence hard and congested, will be naturally irritable. The brain weighed 1620 g, and macroscopic examination revealed congested leptomeninges covering the cerebral hemispheres. When the liver becomes congested, serum transaminase and bilirubin levels may become elevated, and jaundice may be present. Our main sign is most often a wiry and choppy pulse, and congested purplish veins in the inner eye lids. The stroma of the papillary fronds consisted of loose fibrous tissue with abundant, thin-walled, congested blood vessels. To make matters worse, thick, fibrous adhesions are often formed anchoring the congested, fatty tissue to the muscular layer below. Blood vitalizing, which has often been used in modern times for its ability to penetrate congested tissues, may be valuable in overcoming tissue resistance, as well. It is used to treat delayed menses and congested blood (especially in the lower pelvic cavity) and abdominal pains. The liver and-kidneys were grossly icteric and congested. 2.1 (of the respiratory tract) blocked with mucus so as to hinder breathing. his nose was congested Example sentencesExamples I was feeling super sick, congested, and not able to breathe, but with only another two days left to my trip, I didn't want to waste time laying in bed. So by all means, if you think your child's cold has gone on for more than seven days, and your child is still congested and perhaps coughing heavily, see your pediatrician. Not so with allergies, which can leave you feeling congested, with itchy eyes and sneezing. The results of this battle mimic signs and symptoms of a cold - stuffy nose, itchy eyes, cough - and may cause congested sinuses. The first sign of a cold is often a congested or runny nose. On the other hand, bronchodilator inhalers that open congested airways are a big part of asthma treatment, though they aren't used to treat allergies. She was taking two decongestants and a nasal steroid daily for allergies, but they weren't helping - she was always congested anyway. One should be on watch for any soreness in the throat, a stuffy nose or congested chest because they are the early symptoms of the onset of disease. He was still coughing occasionally, but his chest didn't feel congested. I've had a cold that won't quit and I coughed through a bunch of the tape as I lay flat on my purple yoga mat and my nose and throat got more congested. My daughter, she's congested and she's stopped breathing. I felt well-rested, but my nose was still congested. The symptoms include itchy eyes, sneezing, and congested nostrils. A congested feeling in the chest and difficulty in breathing are the most common symptoms of this chronic respiratory disease. After their night's respite, my congested bronchial tubes once more begin their noisy rattle. Also, some mind-body practitioners believe a congested throat may signal that you're not expressing your feelings. My ancestors employed the most infamous of techniques - the eyelash in the eye, the one congested nostril, and, of course, the itch on the back that couldn't be reached without an implement. It reduces the histamine-based swelling produced by allergic reactions, so turn to it when congested sinuses or food alergies contribute to sleeplessness. But this week, she became congested, and yesterday, the dizziness returned; it got so bad she went to the school nurse, where lying down made it worse. To stave off colds, she should combine it with aconite at the first sign of a scratchy throat or a congested feeling in the head. Origin Late Middle English (as congest in the sense ‘heap up, accumulate’): from Latin congerere ‘heap up’, from con- ‘together’ + gerere ‘bring’.
随便看	ionising Ionism ionist ionium ionizable ionizable ionization ionization ionization chamber ionization constant ionization current ionization energy ionization gage ionization gauge ionization potential ionize ionized ionizer ionizer ionizers ionizing ionizing potential ionizing radiation ionogen ionogenic