glyoxylate cycle

glyoxylate cycle:

see Krebs cycleKrebs cycle,
series of chemical reactions carried out in the living cell; in most higher animals, including humans, it is essential for the oxidative metabolism of glucose and other simple sugars.
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Glyoxylate Cycle

a sequence of biochemical transformations of acetic acid in which glyoxylic acid (CHOCOOH) is an intermediate product. It is a variation of the Krebs cycle. It is observed in microorganisms growing in a medium that contains acetic acid as the sole carbon source, as well as in molds and in some plants.

The glyoxylate cycle starts with the condensation of oxalic acid with acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to give citric acid, which by way of cis-aconitic acid is transformed into isocitric acid. The latter decomposes into succinic and glyoxylic acids, which then converts to malic acid by condensation with another molecule of acetyl-CoA. These two reactions are catalyzed by the enzymes isocitratase and malate synthetase, which are characteristic of the glyoxylate cycle. As in the Krebs cycle, malic acid is converted into oxaloacetic acid. (See Figure 1.)

Figure 1. The glyoxylate cycle

The glyoxylate cycle may be regarded as a mechanism for the regeneration of Krebs-cycle intermediates. In the higher plants, malate synthetase and especially isocitratase are present in tissues that actively degrade fats. During the germination of the seeds of oleaginous plants, the glyoxylate cycle is responsible for the transformation of fats into carbohydrates. The occurrence of the glyoxylate cycle in animal tissues is still open to question. The formation of glyoxylic acid in animals occurs during the deamination of glycine in the presence of glycine oxidase.

REFERENCES

Biokhimiia rastenii. Edited by V. L. Kretovich. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.)
Kretovich, V. L. Osnovy biokhimii rastenii, 5th ed. Moscow, 1971.

G. A. SOLOV’EVA

glyoxylate cycle

[glī′äk·sə‚lāt ‚sī·kəl] (biochemistry) A sequence of biochemical reactions related to respiration in germinating fatty seeds by which acetyl coenzyme A is converted to succinic acid and then to hexose.

glyoxylate cycle

a modification of the KREBS CYCLE which is found in higher plants (particularly germinating seeds) and some microorganisms, enabling them to grow on acetate or other compounds that yield ACETYL COA. The cycle involves certain reactions of the Krebs cycle, but bypasses the two decarboxylation reactions. Oxaloacetate condenses with acetyl CoA to form citrate, which isomerizes to isocitrate. Isocitrate lyase is then involved in cleaving isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. Acetyl CoA condenses with glyoxylate to form malate catalysed by malate synthase, and malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate. Two molecules of acetyl CoA enter per turn of the glyoxylate cycle compared with one in the Krebs cycle. In plants the glyoxylate cycle takes place in organelles called GLYOXYSOMES.

单词	glyoxylate cycle
释义	DictionarySeeKrebs cycle glyoxylate cycle glyoxylate cycle: see Krebs cycleKrebs cycle, series of chemical reactions carried out in the living cell; in most higher animals, including humans, it is essential for the oxidative metabolism of glucose and other simple sugars. ..... Click the link for more information. . Glyoxylate Cycle a sequence of biochemical transformations of acetic acid in which glyoxylic acid (CHOCOOH) is an intermediate product. It is a variation of the Krebs cycle. It is observed in microorganisms growing in a medium that contains acetic acid as the sole carbon source, as well as in molds and in some plants. The glyoxylate cycle starts with the condensation of oxalic acid with acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to give citric acid, which by way of cis-aconitic acid is transformed into isocitric acid. The latter decomposes into succinic and glyoxylic acids, which then converts to malic acid by condensation with another molecule of acetyl-CoA. These two reactions are catalyzed by the enzymes isocitratase and malate synthetase, which are characteristic of the glyoxylate cycle. As in the Krebs cycle, malic acid is converted into oxaloacetic acid. (See Figure 1.) Figure 1. The glyoxylate cycle The glyoxylate cycle may be regarded as a mechanism for the regeneration of Krebs-cycle intermediates. In the higher plants, malate synthetase and especially isocitratase are present in tissues that actively degrade fats. During the germination of the seeds of oleaginous plants, the glyoxylate cycle is responsible for the transformation of fats into carbohydrates. The occurrence of the glyoxylate cycle in animal tissues is still open to question. The formation of glyoxylic acid in animals occurs during the deamination of glycine in the presence of glycine oxidase. REFERENCES Biokhimiia rastenii. Edited by V. L. Kretovich. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.) Kretovich, V. L. Osnovy biokhimii rastenii, 5th ed. Moscow, 1971. G. A. SOLOV’EVA glyoxylate cycle [glī′äk·sə‚lāt ‚sī·kəl] (biochemistry) A sequence of biochemical reactions related to respiration in germinating fatty seeds by which acetyl coenzyme A is converted to succinic acid and then to hexose. glyoxylate cycle glyoxylate cycle a modification of the KREBS CYCLE which is found in higher plants (particularly germinating seeds) and some microorganisms, enabling them to grow on acetate or other compounds that yield ACETYL COA. The cycle involves certain reactions of the Krebs cycle, but bypasses the two decarboxylation reactions. Oxaloacetate condenses with acetyl CoA to form citrate, which isomerizes to isocitrate. Isocitrate lyase is then involved in cleaving isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. Acetyl CoA condenses with glyoxylate to form malate catalysed by malate synthase, and malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate. Two molecules of acetyl CoA enter per turn of the glyoxylate cycle compared with one in the Krebs cycle. In plants the glyoxylate cycle takes place in organelles called GLYOXYSOMES.
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