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单词 fungicide
释义

fungicide


fun·gi·cide

F0364500 (fŭn′jĭ-sīd′, fŭng′gĭ-)n. A substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi.
fun′gi·cid′al (-sīd′l) adj.

fungicide

(ˈfʌndʒɪˌsaɪd) n (Chemistry) a substance or agent that destroys or is capable of destroying fungi ˌfungiˈcidal adj

fun•gi•cide

(ˈfʌn dʒəˌsaɪd, ˈfʌŋ gə-)

n. a substance used for destroying fungi. [1885–90] fun`gi•cid′al, adj. fun`gi•cid′al•ly, adv.

fun·gi·cide

(fŭn′jĭ-sīd′, fŭng′gĭ-sīd′) A chemical used to kill fungal diseases. Compare herbicide, insecticide, pesticide.

fungicide

a substance that kills fungi or retards the growth of spores.See also: Killing, Plants
Thesaurus
Noun1.fungicide - any agent that destroys or prevents the growth of fungiantifungal, antifungal agent, antimycotic, antimycotic agentBordeaux mixture - antifungal agent consisting of a solution of copper sulphate and quicklimeFulvicin, griseofulvin - a kind of penicillin (a fungicidal antibiotic with the trade name Fulvicin) produced by molds of the genus PenicilliumClioquinol, iodochlorhydroxyquin - drug used to treat certain fungal infection (as athlete's foot)itraconazole, Sporanox - an oral antifungal drug (trade name Sporanox) taken for cases of fungal nail diseasemiconazole, Monistat - an antifungal agent usually administered in the form of a nitrate (trade name Monistat)Mycostatin, Nystan, nystatin - an antifungal and antibiotic (trade names Mycostatin and Nystan) discovered in New York State; derived from soil fungi actinomycetesLamisil, terbinafine - an oral antifungal drug (trade name Lamisil) used to treat cases of fungal nail diseasethiabendazole - an antifungal agent and anthelminticcrystal violet, gentian violet - a green crystal (violet in water) used as a dye or stain or bactericide or fungicide or anthelmintic or burn treatmentagent - a substance that exerts some force or effect
Translations
杀菌剂

fungus

(ˈfaŋgəs) plurals ˈfungi (-gai) ˈfunguses noun any of several kinds of soft spongy plants without any leaves or green part. A mushroom is one type of fungus; That tree has a fungus growing on it. 真菌,菌類,蘑菇 真菌,菌类,蘑菇 ˈfungicide (-dʒisaid) noun a substance used to kill fungus. 殺真菌劑 杀菌剂

fungicide


fungicide

(fŭn`jəsīd', fŭng`gə–), any substance used to destroy fungiFungi
, kingdom of heterotrophic single-celled, multinucleated, or multicellular organisms, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. The organisms live as parasites, symbionts, or saprobes (see saprophyte).
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. Some fungi are extremely damaging to crops (see diseases of plantsdiseases of plants.
Most plant diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Although the term disease is usually used only for the destruction of live plants, the action of dry rot and the rotting of harvested crops in storage or transport is similar to the rots
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), and others cause diseases in humans and other animals (see fungal infectionfungal infection,
infection caused by a fungus (see Fungi), some affecting animals, others plants. Fungal Infections of Human and Animals

Many fungal infections, or mycoses, of humans and animals affect only the outer layers of skin, and although they are sometimes
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).

Surface fungicides, which keep harmful fungi from penetrating the tissues of a plant, include inorganic and organic compounds. Sulfur compounds, long used on plants, have been supplemented for some time by other chemicals, especially by compounds of copper, such as Bordeaux mixtureBordeaux mixture
, fungicide consisting of cupric sulfate and lime in water. Its fungicidal activity is associated with the slow formation of copper compounds, the ultimate toxicant being the cupric ion.
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. After 1945, organic salts of iron, zinc, and mercury were synthesized as fungicides. Most post-1965 fungicides are systemic, acting directly on fungal cells. Antifungal drugs, such as miconazole and terbinafine, are used for human fungal infections.

Plant fungicides are usually applied by spraying or dusting, but some types are applied to seeds and soil for the destruction of vegetative spores. Fungicides used on wood, including creosote, prevent dry rot, and certain compounds are used to make fabrics resistant to mildews. Most agricultural fungicides are preventive; those applied after infection are called eradicant, or contact, fungicides.

In the United States, fungicides are governed by the 1972 federal Environmental Protection and Control Act. They must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency and must conform to specifications. They must control the disease without injuring the plant and must leave no poisonous residue on edible crops. Antifungal drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

See also pesticidepesticide,
biological, physical, or chemical agent used to kill plants or animals that are harmful to people; in practice, the term pesticide is often applied only to chemical agents.
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.

Fungicide

Substance that kills fungi, including mold and mildew, and yeasts.

Fungicide

 

in agriculture, any one of several chemical substances capable of completely (fungicides proper) or partially (fungistats) suppressing the development of disease-causing fungi in crops; one of the groups of pesticides.

Fungicides may be classified as inorganic or organic, depending on their chemical composition. Inorganic fungicides include compounds of sulfur (lime-sulfur solution, sulfur powder, sulfur colloid), copper (copper sulfate, copper oxychloride), and mercury

Table 1. Principal organic fungicides used in the USSR
PreparationChemical nameLD50 (mg per kg body weight)FormPurpose
Vitavax ...............5,6-dihidro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide3,20075% wetting powderTo combat smut and Rhizoctonia disease in grain crops
Granozan ...............Ethylmercuric chloride26.41.8–2.3% powderTo treat seeds of grain crops, flax, sugar beets, against smut, fusarium wilt, anthracnoses
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) ...............Sodium or ammonium salt of 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol5040% water-soluble powderTo combat a complex of diseases affecting fruit and berry crops
Captan ...............N-trichlorome-thylthio-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide9,000–15,0000.25–0.6% suspensionTo treat apple and pear trees against scab
Karathane ...............2,4-dinitro-6-(2-octyl)-phenyl crotonate98025% wetting powderEffective against powdery mildew on fruit and berry crops and cucumbers
Zineb ...............Zinc ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate)5,200Slightly watersoluble powderEffective against downy mildew of grapes, late blight of potato, southern blight of tomato

(mercuric chloride, or corrosive sublimate). Organic fungicides (see Table 1) constitute a larger group; they include carbamic acid derivatives (zineb, kuprosin-1, poiimartsin, polikarbatsin), phthalimides (captan, ftalan), quiñones (Phygon), dinitroalkal-phenol esters (Karathane), organomercury compounds (granozan, Mercurohexane), oxathiin compounds (Vitavax), and benzimidazole-based preparations (benomyl). Depending on their effect on the causative agent, fungicides may be classified as protectants or eradicants. Protectants prevent contamination of the plant or stop the development and spread of the causative agent at the site of infection before contamination can occur, primarily by acting on the fungus’s reproductive organs; the majority of fungicides are of this type. Eradicants act on the mycelium, reproductive organs, and wintering forms of the causative agent, which is destroyed after contamination of the plant.

Fungicides are used in various ways: as seed-treating materials to combat diseases in which the causative agents are propagated with seeds or are found in the soil; as soil-treatment preparations that destroy soil-borne causative agents (particularly effective in hotbeds and greenhouses); as preparations for the treatment of plants during dormancy, when they destroy the wintering forms of the causative agent (used in early spring before blossoming, in late autumn, and in winter); as preparations for treatment during the vegetation period (mainly preparations with a protective effect, applied in summer); and as preparations for spraying and fumigating storehouses, especially granaries and vegetable cellars.

Fungicides may be either contact (local) or systemic, depending on their distribution within the plant tissue. During treatment, contact fungicides remain on the surface and destroy the causative agent upon contact. Some have a local, subsurface effect; for example, they may penetrate the hull of the seed. The effectiveness of contact fungicides depends on the length of action, the rate of application of fungicide, surface contactness, photochemical and chemical stability, and weather conditions. Contact fungicides have been used in agriculture since the late 19th century. Systemic fungicides (therapeutants) penetrate the plant tissues, circulate through the vascular system, and suppress development of the causative agent by direct action or by means of metabolism in the plant. Their effectiveness is primarily determined by how rapidly they penetrate and, to a lesser degree, by meteorological conditions. Systemic fungicides came into use in the 1960’s, much later than contact fungicides. The division of fungicides into groups is arbitrary. For example, large doses or higher concentrations of preventive preparations may have a curative effect; thus, seed-treating materials may also destroy causative agents of disease in the soil.

There are various mechanisms involved in the action of fungicides on causative agents. For example, in the treatment of diseased plants with copper sulfate, the copper penetrates the mycelium or spores of the fungus and causes the coagulation of protoplasm; 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol dissociates the processes of respiratory phosphorylation, and zineb blocks enzyme activity. The spectrum of fungicidal activity also varies and depends mainly on the ability of the causative agent to absorb one or another preparation. Some fungicides, such as organomercury preparations and carbamic acid derivatives, suppress the causative agents of many plant diseases; others have a limited spectrum of activity (for example, Vitavax is toxic principally to Basidiomycetes, which cause smut and Rhizoctonia disease), and still others exhibit exclusive specificity (hexachlorobenzene, used against covered wheat smut, and copper preparations, used against downy mildew).

Application methods for fungicides include spraying and dusting of plants and soil, seed treatment, and fumigation of seeds and storehouses. The fungicides may be prepared as dusts, emulsions, suspensions, wetting powders, or aerosols. Systematic use may reduce the effectiveness of some fungicides, owing to the formation of resistant strains of fungi. This can be prevented by strictly observing the proper rates of application and by alternating fungicides. Fungicide production is constantly increasing as a result of the great importance of fungicides to agriculture.

The toxicity of fungicides for plant organisms depends on the chemical nature and concentration or dose of the preparation, the age of the plants, the anatomy and morphology of the plant tissues, the plant’s metabolic characteristics, weather conditions, and other factors. The treatment of vegetating plants with 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol or a nitrafenol, application of which is permitted only during dormancy, substantially lowers yield. Doses or concentrations of such fungicides as butyric solutions of Meta-fos or ftalan in excess of recommended amounts may induce burns and tissue necrosis. Some fungicides, such as hexachlorane derivatives, can contaminate plants and their products and impart a specific unpleasant odor and taste. Small doses of certain fungicides stimulate plant development.

Most fungicides are slightly toxic to warm-blooded animals and man; the lethal dose 50 ranges from 500 to 11,000 mg per kg of body weight. Work with fungicides is governed by safety rules, and the use of individual safety devices, such as protective clothing, protective footwear, and respirators, is mandatory. Most fungicides are not hazardous or only slightly hazardous to insects, such as bees. Certain fungicides, for example, organochlorine compounds, have a high stability in biological media and decompose slowly, which creates a danger of their accumulation, including in plants and plant products; permissible residual quantités are usually 0.05–2 mg per kg of product. Some fungicides affect all living organism they contact and may prove harmful to useful microorganisms, insects, birds, and fish; systematic application may lead to the disturbance of biological equilibrium in biocenoses.

In order to avoid the adverse effect of fungicides on the environment, strict observance of the instructions for fungicide use is essential, especially with respect to doses and periods of treatment. In many countries, including the USSR, the use of fungicides is controlled by law.

REFERENCES

Khimicheskaia zashchita rastenii. Edited by G. S. Gruzdev. Moscow, 1974.
Sistemnye fungitsidy. Moscow, 1975. (Translated from English.)

E. I. ANDREEVA

fungicide

[′fən·jə‚sīd] (materials) An agent that kills or destroys fungi.

fungicide

A substance that is poisonous to fungi; retards or prevents the growth of fungi.

fungicide

a substance or agent that destroys or is capable of destroying fungi
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