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glomerulonephritis
glo·mer·u·lo·ne·phri·tis G0154850 (glō-mĕr′yə-lō-nə-frī′tĭs)n. A form of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the renal glomeruli.
[glomerul(us) + nephritis.]glomerulonephritis (ɡlɒˌmɛrʊləʊnɪˈfraɪtɪs) n (Pathology) any of various kidney diseases in which the glomeruli are affectedglo•mer•u•lo•ne•phri•tis (gloʊˌmɛr yə loʊ nəˈfraɪ tɪs, glə-)
n. a kidney disease affecting the capillaries of the glomeruli, characterized by albuminuria, edema, and hypertension. [1885–90] glomerulonephritisInflammation of the glomeruli (part of the kidneys’ filtering network).Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | glomerulonephritis - nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; characterized by decreased production of urine and by the presence of blood and protein in the urine and by edemaBright's disease, nephritis - an inflammation of the kidney |
Translationsglomerulonephritis
glomerulonephritis: see nephritisnephritis
, inflammation of the kidney. The earliest finding is within the renal capillaries (glomeruli); interstitial edema is typically followed by interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and a small number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
..... Click the link for more information. .glomerulonephritis[glə¦mər·yə·lō·nə¦frīd·əs] (medicine) Inflammation of the kidney, primarily involving the glomeruli. glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis DefinitionAcute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory disease of both kidneys predominantly affecting children from ages two to 12. Chronic glomerulonephritis can develop over a period of 10-20 years and is most often associated with other systemic disease, including diabetes, malaria, hepatitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus.DescriptionAcute glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, bundles of tiny vessels inside the kidneys. The damaged glomeruli cannot effectively filter waste products and excess water from the bloodstream to make urine. The kidneys appear enlarged, fatty, and congested.Causes and symptomsAcute glomerulonephritis most often follows a streptococcal infection of the throat or skin. In children, it is most often associated with an upper respiratory infection, tonsillitis, or scarlet fever. Kidney symptoms usually begin two to three weeks after the initial infection. Exposure to certain paints, glue or other organic solvents may also be the causative agent. It is thought that the kidney is damaged with exposure to the toxins that are excreted into the urine.Mild glomerulonephritis may produce no symptoms, and diagnosis is made with laboratory studies of the urine and blood. Individuals with more severe cases of the disease may exhibit:- fatigue
- nausea and vomiting
- shortness of breath
- disturbed vision
- high blood pressure
- swelling, especially noted in the face, hands, feet, and ankles
- blood and protein in the urine, resulting in a smoky or slightly red appearance
The individual with chronic glomerulonephritis may discover their condition with a routine physical exam revealing high blood pressure, or an eye exam showing vascular or hemorrhagic changes. The kidneys may be reduced to as little as one-fifth their normal size, consisting largely of fibrous tissues.DiagnosisDiagnosis of glomerulonephritis is established based on medical history, combined with laboratory studies. A "dipstick" test of urine will reveal increased protein levels. A 24 hour urine collection allows measurement of the excretion of proteins and creatinine. Creatinine clearance from the bloodstream by the kidneys is considered an index of the glomerular filtration rate. Blood studies may reveal a low blood count, and may also be checked for the presence of a streptococcal antibody titer(a sophisticated blood test indicating presence of streptococcal infection). A kidney biopsy may also be performed, using ultrasound to guide the needle for obtaining the specimen.TreatmentThe main objectives in the treatment of acute glomerulonephritis are to:- decrease the damage to the glomeruli
- decrease the metabolic demands on the kidneys
- improve kidney function
Bedrest helps in maintaining adequate blood flow to the kidney. If residual infection is suspected, antibiotic therapy may be needed. In the presence of fluid overload, diuretics may be used to increase output with urination. Iron and vitamin supplements may be ordered if anemia develops, and antihypertensives, if high blood pressure accompanies the illness. In order to rest the kidney during the acute phase, decreased sodium and protein intake may be recommended. The amount of protein allowed is dependent upon the amount lost in the urine, and the requirements of the individual patient. Sodium limitations depend on the amount of edema present. Fluid restrictions are adjusted according to the patient's urinary output and body weight.An accurate daily record of the patient's weight, fluid intake and urinary output assist in estimating kidney function. The patient must be watched for signs of complications and recurrent infection. As edema is reduced and the urine becomes free of protein and red blood cells, the patient is allowed to increase activity. A woman who has had glomerulonephritis requires special medical attention during pregnancy.PrognosisIn acute glomerulonephritis, symptoms usually subside in two weeks to several months, with 90% of children recovering without complications and adults recovering more slowly. Chronic glomerulonephritis is a disease that tends to progress slowly, so that there are no symptoms until the kidneys can no longer function. The resultant renal failure may require dialysis or kidney transplant.PreventionPrevention of glomerulonephritis is best accomplished by avoiding upper respiratory infections, as well as other acute and chronic infections, especially those of a streptococcal origin. Cultures of the infection site, usually the throat, should be obtained and antibiotic sensibility of the offending organism determined. Prompt medical assessment for necessary antibiotic therapy should be sought when infection is suspected. The use of prophylactic immunizations is recommended as appropriate.ResourcesOrganizationsAmerican Association of Kidney Patients. 100 S. Ashley Dr., #280, Tampa, FL 33602. (800) 749-2257. http://www.aakp.org.American Kidney Fund (AKF). Suite 1010, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8299. http://216.248.130.102/Default.htm.National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd St., New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. http://www.kidney.org.National Kidney Foundation and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390. 〈http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm〉.Key termsDialysis — A process of filtering and removing waste products from the bloodstream. Two main types are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, the blood flows out of the body into a machine that filters out the waste products and routes the cleansed blood back into the body. In peritoneal dialysis, the cleansing occurs inside the body. Dialysis fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and wastes are filtered through the peritoneum, the thin membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs.Glomeruli — Groups of tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that function as filters in the kidney. Glomeruli become inflamed and are destroyed in the disease process of glomerulonephritis.Renal — Relating to the kidneys, from the Latin word renes.glomerulonephritis [glo-mer″u-lo-nĕ-fri´tis] a variety of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic forms and may be secondary to an infection, especially with the hemolytic streptococcus. Histologic appearance of acute glomerulonephritis. A, Normal glomerulus. B, Glomerulonephritis. The glomerulus appears hypercellular and the capillaries are narrowed or occluded. From Damjanov, 2000.diffuse glomerulonephritis a severe form of glomerulonephritis with proliferative changes in more than half the glomeruli, frequently with epithelial crescent formation and necrosis; it is often seen in cases of advanced systemic lupus erythematosus.IgA glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy.lobular glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) a chronic glomerulonephritis characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and irregular thickening of the glomerular capillary wall. There are two subtypes: Type I is marked by subendothelial deposits and activation of the classic complement pathway. Type II is marked by heavy deposits in the glomerular basement membrane and activation of the alternative complement pathway. Both types occur in older children and young adults and follow a slowly progressing course with irregular remissions ultimately resulting in renal failure.membranous glomerulonephritis a form characterized by proteinaceous deposits on the glomerular capillary membrane" >basement membrane or by thickening of the membrane, with circulating complexes" >antigen-antibody complexes indicating immune complex disease; it may be secondary to any of numerous other conditions. In some cases it may develop into the nephrotic syndrome. Called also membranous nephropathy.mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis acute glomerulonephritis marked by a rapid progression to end-stage renal disease and histologically by profuse epithelial proliferation, often with epithelial crescents; principal signs are anuria, proteinuria, hematuria, and anemia. Plasmapheresis or high doses of corticosteroids may lead to recovery of renal function.glo·mer·u·lo·ne·phri·tis (glō-mer'yū-lō-ne-frī'tis), Renal disease characterized by diffuse inflammatory changes in glomeruli that are not the acute response to infection of the kidneys. Synonym(s): glomerular nephritis [glomerulus + G. nephros, kidney, + -itis, inflammation] glomerulonephritis (glō-mĕr′yə-lō-nə-frī′tĭs)n. A form of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the renal glomeruli.glomerulonephritis Nephrology Inflammation of the renal glomeruli, associated with fluid retention, edema, HTN, proteinuria. See Acute glomerulonephritis, Capsular 'drops. ', Casts, Chronic glomerulonephritis, Heymann glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1 and 2, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, Crescents, Deciduous tree in winter appearance, Dense deposits, Fingerprints, Fusion of foot processes, Heymann glomerulonephritis, Humps, Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis,'Shunt' nephritis, Spike, Tramtrack pattern.glo·mer·u·lo·ne·phri·tis, pl. glomerulonephritides (glō-mer'yū-lō-nĕ-frī'tis, -frit'i-dēz) Renal disease characterized by inflammatory changes in glomeruli that are not the result of infection of the kidneys.
Synonym(s): glomerular nephritis. [glomerulus + G. nephros, kidney, + -itis, inflammation]glomerulonephritis Acute or chronic inflammation of the GLOMERULI of the kidneys. The condition is mainly caused by immune complexes. These are bacteria, such as streptococci, to which are linked quantities of antibody insufficient to destroy them. Glomerulonephritis commonly affects children causing fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting and puffiness of the face and body (oedema). The urine contains blood and protein and the kidneys may, briefly, cease to function. Recovery is usual but there may be persistent abnormality of kidney function.AcronymsSeegrid northglomerulonephritis
Related to glomerulonephritis: nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritisWords related to glomerulonephritisnoun nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneyRelated Words- Bright's disease
- nephritis
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