| 单词 | genotype | ||||||
| 释义 | genotypegen·o·typeG0086600 (jĕn′ə-tīp′, jē′nə-)genotype(ˈdʒɛnəʊˌtaɪp)gen•o•type(ˈdʒɛn əˌtaɪp, ˈdʒi nə-)n. gen·o·type(jĕn′ə-tīp′, jē′nə-tīp′)genotype
genotypegenotype(jēn`ətīp'): see geneticsgenetics,scientific study of the mechanism of heredity. While Gregor Mendel first presented his findings on the statistical laws governing the transmission of certain traits from generation to generation in 1856, it was not until the discovery and detailed study of the ..... Click the link for more information. . genotype (and phenotype)the unique collection of genes an individual receives from both parents as a result of cell division (meiosis) and fusion of the ovum and sperm (fertilization). All these genes have the potential to determine, or help determine, characteristics of the individual, but not all will in fact exert an influence since they are received from both parents and the gene for a characteristic, e.g. eye colour, from one parent may be dominant over that from the other parent. The genotype therefore expresses genetic potential, and even though genes may not be expressed in the individual they will be passed on to the offspring.While the genotype is the total genetic potential of the individual, the phenotype is the actual expression of the genes as the individual. The phenotype therefore describes the pattern of genes that have influenced the development of the individual, e.g. the gene for the individual's eye colour, but not for the eye colour not exhibited, though still carried in the genotype. Genotypethe sum total of all the genes localized in the chromosomes of a given organism. In a broader sense, the genotype is the sum total of all the hereditary factors of the organism, both nuclear (genome) and nonnuclear, or extrachromosomal (that is, cytoplasmic and plastid hereditary factors). The term was introduced by the Danish biologist W. Johannsen in 1909. The genotype is the carrier of hereditary information, transmitted from generation to generation. It is the system that controls the development, structure, and vital activity of the organism, that is, the sum total of all the characteristics of the organism—its phenotype. The genotype is an integral system of interacting genes, so that the expression of each gene depends on the genotypic environment in which it is located. For example, the red coloration of the blossoms in some varieties of the sweet pea arises only during the simultaneous presence in the genotype of dominant alleles of two different genes, whereas separately each of these alleles causes a white coloration of the blossoms. The interaction of the genotype with the complex of factors of the internal and external environment of the organism cause a phenotypic manifestation of characteristics. The coloration of the fur of rabbits of the so-called Himalayan line serves as an example of the influence of the environment on phenotypic manifestation of genotype. Although they have one and the same genotype, these rabbits when raised in cold temperatures have black fur; when raised in moderate temperatures they have the Himalayan coloration (white with black noses, ears, feet, and tail). When raised in hot temperatures they have white fur. The offspring of these three groups of animals inherit not one immutable coloration of fur but, rather, the ability to produce a particular coloring depending on environmental conditions. Thus, in a general sense, it is more correct to say that the genotype determines the inheritance not of concrete traits but of the norm of reaction of the organism to all possible conditions of the environment. Some genes are in an active state at certain times in an individual’s development, while other genes may become active at other times; therefore, in ontogenesis the genotype functions as a changeable mobile system. The term “genotype” is sometimes used in a much narrower sense to denote simply groups of genes or even individual genes whose inheritance is being studied. For example, the splitting offspring of the monohybrid cross AA x aa are commonly said to have genotypes AA, Aa, and aa, and the possible differences based on other genes between corresponding individuals (or groups of individuals) is disregarded. V. I. IVANOV genotype[′jē·nə‚tīp]genotypegenotype[jen″o-tīp]gen·o·type(jen'ō-tīp),genotype(jĕn′ə-tīp′, jē′nə-)genotypeGenetics The entire genetic makeup of an organism, the type species of a genus, defined by the complement of allelic forms of each gene or genetic markers present in an organism's genome. See Gene, Genetic marker, Nucleus, Phenotype.gen·o·type(jē'nō-tīp)genotypegenotypethe genetic constitution of an individual, usually referring to specific CHARACTERS under consideration. Thus, the two alleles of the human albino gene can be written A and a , with three possible genotypes: a/a, A/a and A/A. See DOMINANCE (1) for the expression of the genotype in the PHENOTYPE.genotypegen·o·type(jē'nō-tīp)genotype
Synonyms for genotype
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