| 释义 |
free trade
free traden. Trade between nations without regulatory barriers such as tariffs or quotas.
free trader n.free trade n 1. (Economics) international trade that is free of such government interference as import quotas, export subsidies, protective tariffs, etc. Compare protection3 2. (Commerce) archaic illicit trade; smuggling free′ trade′
n. international trade free from protective duties and quotas and subject only to such tariffs as are needed for revenue. [1815–25] free′-trade′, adj. free′ trad′er, n. Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  free trade - international trade free of government interferencetrade - the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services; "Venice was an important center of trade with the East"; "they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade"NAFTA, North American Free Trade Agreement - an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years |
Translationsfree (friː) adjective1. allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc. The prison door opened, and he was a free man. 自由的 自由的2. not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way. free speech; You are free to think what you like. 無拘束的 无拘束的3. (with with) generous. He is always free with his money/advice. 大方的 大方的4. frank, open and ready to speak. a free manner. 直爽的 直爽的5. costing nothing. a free gift. 免費的 免费的6. not working or having another appointment; not busy. I shall be free at five o'clock. 空閒的 空闲的7. not occupied, not in use. Is this table free? 空餘的 空余的8. (with of or from) without or no longer having (especially something or someone unpleasant etc). She is free from pain now; free of charge. 沒有...的 没有...的 verb – past tense, past participle freed – 1. to make or set (someone) free. He freed all the prisoners. 使自由 使自由2. (with from or of) to rid or relieve (someone) of something. She was able to free herself from her debts by working at an additional job. 使擺脫 使摆脱ˈfreedom noun the state of not being under control and being able to do whatever one wishes. The prisoner was given his freedom. 自由 自由ˈfreely adverb1. in a free manner. to give freely to charity; to speak freely. 無拘束地 无拘束地2. willingly; readily. I freely admit it was my fault. 直率地 直率地Freefone® noun (also freephone ; American toll-free number) a telephone number of a business or an organization that can be used free of charge by their customers etc; the system giving this service. 免費電話 免费电话ˌfree-for-ˈall noun a contest, debate etc in which anyone can take part. 任何人可以參加的競賽（辯論），自由論戰 任何人可以参加的竞赛（辩论），自由论战 ˈfreehand adjective, adverb (of a drawing etc) (done) without any instruments (eg a ruler) to guide the hand. 徒手畫的（地） 徒手画的（地） ˈfreehold adjective (of land, property etc) belonging completely to the owner, not just for a certain time. 完全保有地產的 完全保有地产的ˈfreelance noun, adjective (of or done by) a person who is working on his own, not for any one employer. a freelance journalist; freelance work. 自由工作者（的） 自由工作者（的） verb to work in this way. He is freelancing now. 自由工作 自由工作Freepost noun a system in Britain in which a business or an organization pays the cost of the post sent to it. 免費郵寄 免费邮寄free ˈskating noun a free style in ice-skating competitions. 自由式滑冰 自由式滑冰free speech the right to express an opinion freely. I believe in free speech. 言論自由 言论自由free trade trade with foreign countries without customs duties, taxes etc. 自由貿易 自由贸易ˈfreeway noun a motorway. 高速公路 高速公路ˌfreeˈwheel verb to travel (downhill) on a bicycle, in a car etc without using mechanical power. 慣性滑行 惯性滑行free will the ability to choose and act freely. He did it of his own free will. 自願 自愿a free hand freedom to do whatever one likes. He gave her a free hand with the servants. 給予某人行動自由 给予某人行动自由set free to make (someone) free. The soldiers set the terrorists' prisoners free. 釋放 释放free trade
free trade, in modern usage, trade or commerce carried on without such restrictions as import duties, export bounties, domestic production subsidies, trade quotas, or import licenses. The basic argument for free trade is based on the economic theory of comparative advantage: each region should concentrate on what it can produce most cheaply and efficiently and should exchange its products for those it is less able to produce economically. Internal Free Trade Free trade within national borders is in some countries a comparatively recent development. Jean Baptiste ColbertColbert, Jean Baptiste
, 1619–83, French statesman. The son of a draper, he was trained in business and was hired by Cardinal Mazarin to look after his financial affairs.
..... Click the link for more information. tried to abolish internal trade barriers in France in the 17th cent., but that was not accomplished until the French Revolution, a hundred years later. In the German states Prussia took the lead in organizing the ZollvereinZollverein
[Ger.,=customs union], in German history, a customs union established to eliminate tariff barriers. Friedrich List first popularized the idea of a combination to abolish the customs barriers that were inhibiting trade among the numerous states of the German
..... Click the link for more information. movement after 1818. The desire to assure freedom from internal trade barriers in the United States was a factor in calling the Constitutional Convention. In Britain, the classic home of the free-trade movement, the term free trade was first used during the agitation for removal of the privileges of the chartered companies in the 17th cent. International Free Trade In 18th-century Britain, free trade eventually came to mean the desire for a moderate tariff policy in international trade, especially with France. The rapid growth of British industry in the late 1700s (see Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution,
term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools.
..... Click the link for more information. ) gave added force to the attack on international trade restrictions (see mercantilismmercantilism
, economic system of the major trading nations during the 16th, 17th, and 18th cent., based on the premise that national wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776) provided a powerful intellectual basis for the free trade movement, and the later work of David Ricardo was important in developing the notion of comparative advantage as an argument in its favor. The most important practical blow in favor of the free-trade movement came with the formation (1839) of the Anti-Corn-Law LeagueAnti-Corn-Law League,
organization formed in 1839 to work for the repeal of the English corn laws. It was an affiliation of groups in various cities and districts with headquarters at Manchester and was an outgrowth of the smaller Manchester Anti-Corn-Law Association.
..... Click the link for more information. , and the repeal (1846) of the corn lawscorn laws,
regulations restricting the export and import of grain, particularly in England. As early as 1361 export was forbidden in order to keep English grain cheap. Subsequent laws, numerous and complex, forbade export unless the domestic price was low and forbade import
..... Click the link for more information. . The Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1860 represented perhaps the high-water mark of free trade. After World War I, Britain reintroduced protection and a system of imperial preference in an attempt to establish a greater measure of economic autonomy. France, along with other European nations, historically followed a policy of protectionprotection,
practice of regulating imports and exports with the purpose of shielding domestic industries from foreign competition. To accomplish that end, certain imports may be excluded entirely, import quotas may be established, or bounties paid on certain exports.
..... Click the link for more information. . In the period of international economic dislocation in the mid-1930s, the United States reversed earlier policy and signed reciprocal trade treaties with many foreign governments, embracing a policy of selective tariff reduction for economic and political reasons. At present the United States is a relatively low tariff nation, although it still maintains a fairly restrictive system of import quotas. Japan also has restrictive import quotas, as well as high tariffs and other trade restrictions. After World War II, strong sentiment developed throughout the world against protection and high tariffs and in favor of freer trade. The results were new organizations and agreements on international trade such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), former specialized agency of the United Nations. It was established in 1948 as an interim measure pending the creation of the International Trade Organization.
..... Click the link for more information. (1948), the Benelux Economic UnionBenelux Economic Union
, economic treaty among Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. It arose out of a customs convention signed in 1944, but was not fully established until 1958.
..... Click the link for more information. (1948), the European Economic CommunityEuropean Economic Community
(EEC), organization established (1958) by a treaty signed in 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany (now Germany); it was known informally as the Common Market.
..... Click the link for more information. (Common Market, 1957), the European Free Trade AssociationEuropean Free Trade Association
(EFTA), customs union and trading bloc; its current members are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. EFTA was established in 1960 by Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland.
..... Click the link for more information. (1959), MercosurMercosur
or Mercosul,
officially the Common Market of the South, Latin American trade organization established in 1991 to increase economic cooperation among the countries of E South America.
..... Click the link for more information. (1991), and the World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade Organization
(WTO), international organization established in 1995 as a result of the final round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations, called the Uruguay Round.
..... Click the link for more information. (1995). In 1993 the North American Free Trade AgreementNorth American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), accord establishing a free-trade zone in North America; it was signed in 1992 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States and took effect on Jan. 1, 1994.
..... Click the link for more information. (NAFTA) was approved by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In the early 1990s the nations of the European UnionEuropean Union
(EU), name given since the ratification (Nov., 1993) of the Treaty of European Union, or Maastricht Treaty, to the European Community (EC), an economic and political confederation of European nations, and other organizations (with the same member nations)
..... Click the link for more information. (the successor organization to the Common Market) undertook to remove all barriers to the free movement of trade and employment across their mutual borders. Critics of free trade zones argue that such measures are detrimental to domestic economies. In the case of NAFTA, for example, opponents contended that the jobs of some American workers would be "exported" to Mexico, where labor costs are lower. Many have continued to oppose the international impetus toward freer trade, arguing the accords not only fail to protect jobs in more developed nations but also harm workers and the environment in less developed nations, where the laws are more lax or less enforced. Despite such objections, support for free trade continued. In 2001, for example, 34 nations of the Western Hemisphere committed themselves to the development of a Free Trade Area of the Americas, though movement toward such an organization subsequently stalled. In 2004 the Central American Free Trade Agreement was finalized by the United States and five Central American nations; the Dominican Republic is also a member of the group. Twelve Pacific Rim nations, including the United States, signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), an agreement to reduce or eliminate many tariffs and to set common standards on a number of trade-related issues, in 2016, but criticism of it and other free-trade agreements in the United States during the 2016 elections called into question the ratification of the TPP. The United States, Japan, China, and other countries have also negotiated bilateral free-trade agreements with individual nations or regional trade associations; such agreements generally open trade in some areas while preserving the protection of politically sensitive economic sectors. Donald Trump, who accused free-trade agreements of harming U.S. workers, withdrew (2017) the United States from the TPP and called for renegotiating NAFTA after becoming president. Subsequently Japan and the European Union announced (2017) an agreement in principle on free-trade deal covering most exports, and the TPP nations signed (2018) a renegotiated Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership without the United States, which became effective at the end of 2018. Also in 2018, most African nations (but notably not Nigeria and South Africa) signed an agreement to establish the African Continental Free Trade Area, envisioned as a continent-wide single market. The effectiveness of the agreement was unclear, given that the several regional African free trade agreements have generally not succeeded in promoting greater and freer trade. See also reciprocal trade agreementreciprocal trade agreement,
international commercial treaty in which two or more nations grant equally advantageous trade concessions to each other. It usually refers to treaties dealing with tariffs.
..... Click the link for more information. . Bibliography See G. B. Doern and B. W. Tomlin, Faith and the Free Trade Story (1991); D. B. Yoffie, Beyond Free Trade: Firms, Governments, and Global Competition (1993); A. E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America's Market (1995); J. J. Schott, The World Trading System (1997). free trade economic exchange between states without tariff or other restrictions. This first became a major issue in 18th-century Europe when states were still enforcing mercantilist policies through international monopolies of trading arrangements and protection of their economies from goods from outside. Increasingly, pressure came from some countries, and then from industrialists, to withdraw these barriers, thus opening up markets and increasing competition. In the UK, this culminated in the debates over the Corn Laws in the early 19th-century, resulting in the victory of the proponents of free trade. Behind the movement towards free trade was the economic theory that there would be economic benefit if countries concentrated their economic activities in areas in which they had a comparative advantage and could produce more efficiently than others. The counter-argument to this is that free trade benefited, and continues to benefit, the most economically advanced countries. Thus, many countries which industrialized later than Europe and the US instituted import controls to protect their nascent manufacturing industries. Free Trade a trend in economic theory and politics of the industrial bourgeoisie that demanded no restrictions on trade and noninterference by the state in private enterprise. The free-trade movement originated in Great Britain in the last third of the 18th century and was linked with the incipient industrial revolution. However, the demand for a free-trade system had been expressed even earlier by the French economist E. Crucé, the British economist N. Barbon, and the French Physiocrats F. Quesnay and P. Mercier de la Rivière. A comprehensive theoretical groundwork for free trade was provided by A. Smith and D. Ricardo, who presented the policy as an ideal, one that would always be advantageous to all countries and peoples. The British free traders directed their efforts against agricultural customs duties, which by resulting in high prices on farm produce served the interests of the large-scale landowners. The British industrial bourgeoisie sought low prices on farm produce, since this would assure less expensive raw materials and manpower. Moreover, a reciprocal lowering of customs duties would facilitate the increased sale of British commodities abroad. The free traders were also opposed to the vestiges of the medieval regulation of industrial production. Under pressure from the free traders during the 1820’s, a reform of the customs system was carried out in Great Britain: customs duties on many commodities were abolished or significantly lowered; the high, protectionist customs duty on imported grain was replaced by a sliding scale of duties, in accordance with which the duty on imported grain rose with the decline in prices on domestic grain and, conversely, decreased when prices rose. During the 1830’s the free-trade movement in Great Britain was intensified. It was led by the textile mill owners R. Cobden and J. Bright, who in 1838 organized the Anti-Corn Law League. The city of Manchester became the center for the advocates of free trade (hence the second name for the free traders, “Man-chestrians”). Subsequently the free traders formed the left wing of Great Britain’s Liberal Party. The free traders attempted to win the Chartists over to their side. By the mid-19th century the free traders had won a complete victory in Great Britain; together with the elimination of legislative limitations on the import of grain, raw materials, and industrial goods, other protectionist limitations were also abolished. Only fiscal customs duties were retained. Free-trade tendencies were also manifested in the trade policy of France during the Second Empire (1852–70), Germany, Russia (the 1850’s and 1860’s), and other countries. However, in most capitalist countries protectionism was as predominant as ever. Protectionism was particularly intensified during the period of imperialism. Efforts to revive free trade by concluding bilateral and multilateral agreements, such as those undertaken during the 1920’s and 1930’s under the aegis of the League of Nations, did not meet with success because of acute conflicts between imperialist nations. Moreover, J. M. Keynes attempted to prove theoretically that free trade was unacceptable under the conditions of state-monopoly capitalism. However, under present-day conditions certain free-trade principles are being implemented within the framework of closed, integrated groupings, such as the European Economic Community and the European Free Trade Association. Within these organizations the elimination of customs barriers between member countries serves as a weapon for subordinating small-scale, middle-scale, and occasionally even large-scale capital to giant monopolies. It also bolsters the giant monopolies in their struggle against competitors who are not members of the organizations. During the 1960’s and 1970’s, the capitalist world observed an intensification of the advocacy of certain features of free trade. The governments of the large imperialist countries (the USA and the FRG, for example) have supported the idea of liberalized conditions for trade, under cover of which they are striving to create favorable conditions for the further economic expansion of their own monopolies. REFERENCESMarx, K. “Rech’ o svobode torgovli.” In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4.
Marx, K. “Chartisty.” Ibid., vol. 8.
Engels, F. “Protektsionizm i svoboda torgovli.” Ibid., vol. 21.
Lenin, V. I. “K kharakteristike ekonomicheskogo romantizma.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 2.
Goureau, C. O svobode mezhdunarodnoi torgovli: Razbor angliiskoi teorii svobodnoi torgovli, parts 1–2. Moscow, 1860. (Translated from French.)
Diumulen, 1.1. Sovremennyi tarifnyi i netarifnyiprotektsionizm. Moscow, 1975.
McCord, N. Free Trade: Theory and Practice From Adam Smith to Keynes. New York [1970].
Corden, W. Trade Policy and Economic Welfare. Oxford, 1974.G. G. ABRAMISHVILI free trade1. international trade that is free of such government interference as import quotas, export subsidies, protective tariffs, etc. 2. Archaic illicit trade; smuggling LegalSeefreefree trade
Free TradeThe state in which there are few or no tariffs or other trade barriers discouraging international trade. For example, a country with a free trade policy does not subsidize favored industries in order to make them less expensive compared to international competitors. Proponents of free trade argue that it is more economically efficient and helps consumers by promoting competition to keep prices low. Critics contend that free trade is detrimental to local jobs, especially in the developed world.free trade the EXPORT and IMPORT of goods and services between countries totally unhindered by restrictions such as TARIFFS and QUOTAS. In general, free trade leads to a higher level of economic welfare in so far as it favours the location of economic activities in those countries best suited to their production, resulting, through the trade mechanism, in worldwide consumption gains in the form of lower prices and greater product availability. See INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRADE INTEGRATION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION.free trade the INTERNATIONAL TRADE that takes place without barriers, such as TARIFFS, QUOTAS and FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROLS, being placed on the free movement of goods and services between countries. The aim of free trade is to secure the benefits of international SPECIALIZATION. Free trade as a policy objective of the international community has been fostered both generally by the WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION and on a more limited regional basis by the establishment of various FREE TRADE AREAS, CUSTOM UNIONS and COMMON MARKETS. See GAINS FROM TRADE, EUROPEAN UNION, EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION, TRADE INTEGRATION. References in periodicals archiveThe subjects of Sughd free trade zone produced products for over 16.4 million somoni and Dangara free trade zone for over 5.7 million somoni.Tajikistan, ADB discuss prospects of economic cooperationFree trade strengthens our economy and creates greater prosperity--in Germany, Europe and around the world.The argument for free tradeWhat accounts for the success of free trade against then prevailing mercantilist doctrines?What We Are Reading Today: Against the Tide by Douglas A. IrwinHis comments follow a breakthrough in US-Mexico bilateral talks to revamp the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that saw Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland interrupt a European trip to rejoin trilateral NAFTA negotiations in Washington.Canada explores free trade with southeast Asian blocThe seminar workshop was conducted under DTI-EMB's Doing Business in Free Trade Areas (DBFTA) program, a nationwide information campaign on Philippine FTAs covering discussions on market opportunities, preferential tariffs, ROO, and customs procedures.DTI-EMB holds 'FTAs through ROO' info session
On 13 May 2017, Georgia and China signed the free trade agreement to expand bilateral trade, BeijingEe's first-ever free trade agreement in the Eurasian region; The two countries launched the free trade agreement negotiations in March 2015.GEORGIA: FREE TRADE AGREEMENT WITH CHINAFree trade is not a liability for the US economy; it is a necessity.Make America trade againThere is also a free trade zone in Damascus and another one based at Damascus International Airport.Free trade zones' revenues reach SYP 1.450 billion, foreign invested capital put at SYP 96 billion"Iran's free trade zones should advance closer to their primary goal of export promotion instead of focusing on imports," President Rouhani said addressing a meeting in Tehran on Friday.Rouhani Stresses Strategic Importance of Free Trade ZonesChinaand members of the Gulf Cooperation Council -- Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates -- started free trade talks in 2004, and a deal will help China cut costs on energy imports from the region, the official China Daily said.China to Start Free Trade Talks with Israel in 2015It's entirely in the interest of the beneficiaries of this system of power to use language like "free trade" to conceal its origins and grant it ideological legitimacy.The myth of 'free trade'free trade
Related to free trade: Free trade zoneWords related to free tradenoun international trade free of government interferenceRelated Words- trade
- NAFTA
- North American Free Trade Agreement
References in periodicals archiveThe subjects of Tajikistan's free trade zones imported more products in 2 months of current year then exported abroad, the ministry said.Tajikistan, ADB discuss prospects of economic cooperationDiscussions about free trade are emotionally driven: fears about lower quality standards of food and products, migration and increasing unemployment are deliberately stirred up and are listened to.The argument for free tradeAbout 200 years ago, largely as a result of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations , free trade achieved an intellectual status unrivaled by any other doctrine in the field of economics.What We Are Reading Today: Against the Tide by Douglas A. IrwinCanada wants free trade with the ASEAN bloc, Trade Minister Jim Carr said on the eve of a trip to Thailand and Singapore for 'exploratory' talks.Canada explores free trade with southeast Asian blocThe seminar aimed to continuously update the business sector on how to avail itself of preferential tariffs when trading with countries where the Philippines has free trade agreements (FTAs) by complying with the rules of origin (ROO).DTI-EMB holds 'FTAs through ROO' info sessionAzerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree on March 17, 2016, on measures to create a Free Trade Zone type special economic area covering the territory of the Baku International Sea Trade Port in the Alat township of Baku's Garadagh district.Azerbaijani Parliament adopts bill on free-trade zone in Alat, BakuSummary:
On 13 May 2017, Georgia and China signed the free trade agreement to expand bilateral trade, BeijingEe's first-ever free trade agreement in the Eurasian region;GEORGIA: FREE TRADE AGREEMENT WITH CHINACOPENHAGEN -- No matter how much some US presidential candidates may deride free trade, it remains the backbone of the American economy.Make America trade againThis allows U.S.-sourced LNG to be exported to countries which do not have a free trade agreement with the U.S.Pieridae Energy gets Non-FTA export authorizationDamascus, SANA -- The revenues of the free trade zones up till September 2015 reached SYP 1.450 billion, with a trade movement of SYP 62 billion and customs fees of SYP 7 billion.Free trade zones' revenues reach SYP 1.450 billion, foreign invested capital put at SYP 96 billionTEHRAN (FNA)- Iranian President Hassan Rouhani underlined the important role that the free trade zones can play in the country's economy after implementation of a final agreement between Tehran and the world powers.Rouhani Stresses Strategic Importance of Free Trade ZonesChinawill speed up free trade talks with six countries on the Arabian peninsula and begin trade negotiations with Israel this year, Chinese state media said as Beijing accelerated efforts to sign such agreements.China to Start Free Trade Talks with Israel in 2015THE corporate state and its stooges in major political parties and the commentariat are heavily invested in passing off neo-liberal globalisation as "free trade".The myth of 'free trade'Macedonia is a signatory of three multilateral Free trade agreements:Invest in Macedonia--new business heaven in Europe: market of over 650 million consumers via Macedonia |