请输入您要查询的英文单词:

 

单词 gibberellins
释义 DictionarySeegibberellin

gibberellins


gibberellins

(jĭb'ərĕl`ĭnz), a group of growth-regulating substances of plants, having complex chemical structure, of which the best known, gibberellic acid, is noted for its promotion of stem growth. In Japan it was long known that when rice seedlings were attacked by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi they would grow to several times their normal height and then die, a phenomenon the Japanese called "the foolish seedling disease." A substance that caused these same effects was isolated from the fungus and named gibberellin. Other gibberellins exist rather widely in plants, and only an excess appears to cause abnormal effects. Gibberellins are used commercially in agriculture and horticulture to break dormancy, to speed up flowering and fruiting, and to stimulate the production of seedless fruits in the absence of pollination.

Gibberellins

 

growth substances of plants. Twenty-seven of them are known; they are all tetracyclic diterpenes and carboxylic acids. The basic structural unit of the gibberellins is gibberellin A9 (I); the other gibberellins are considered to be derivatives of it. The gibberellins are unstable and decompose rapidly in acid or alkaline mediums. The greatest biological activity is more often shown by gibberellic acid (A3), which differs from A9 by the presence of hydroxyls at the carbon atoms (shown by the arrows) and by a double bond (II); the molecular weight is 346.39, melting point 233°-235° C.

The gibberellins were discovered by the Japanese scientist E. Kurosawa in 1926 while studying a rice disease (excessive growth) caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi Sow. In 1935 the Japanese scientist T. Yabuta isolated crystalline gibberellins from this fungus and gave them their present name. In higher plants the fast-growing tissues are richest in gibberellins; they are present in unripe seeds and fruits, shoots, and developing cotyledons and leaves. The gibberellins are components of the system that regulates plant growth. They accelerate cell separation in the zone immediately adjacent to the tip of the stem and growth in the expansion phase. Gibberellins stimulate growth (mainly of stems and stalks) more strongly than auxins, and under some conditions they can accelerate the growth of leaves, flowers, and fruits. They stimulate the development of plants (depending on the temperature and photoperiod) and, under certain conditions, flowering and setting of fruits. Light promotes the formation of gibberellins in plants. An absence or excess of gibberellins causes some pathological symptoms—dwarfism or excessive growth.

In practice the gibberellins are used in plant growing to increase the yield of hemp and flax fibers, to increase the fruit size of seedless grapes, to accelerate the fruit-bearing of tomatoes, to raise yields of grasses, and to stimulate seed germination (treatment with gibberellins destroys the dormant state of the tissues and has a stratifying action on the seeds; with natural passage of seeds from a state of dormancy the content of endogenic gibberellins increases). Because gibberellins markedly accelerate the growth of plant verdure, their use should be accompanied by an increase in feeding of plants. Gibberellins are produced mainly by a microbiological method from the products of vital activity of molds of the genus Fusarium.

REFERENCES

Gibberelliny i ikh deistvie na rasteniia. Moscow, 1963.
Leopol’d, A. Rost i razvitie rastenii. Moscow, 1968.
Biokhimiia rastenii. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.)

A. G. VERESHCHAGIN

gibberellins


gib·ber·el·lins

(jib'ĕr-el'inz), A class of plant growth hormones (auxins) of which over 60 are known; these were first isolated in 1938 from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, the fungus causing Bakanese disease in rice. Also found in higher plants; diterpenoid acids available commercially.
随便看

 

英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2022 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2024/12/24 0:10:56