| 单词 | glucagon | |||
| 释义 | glucagonglu·ca·gonG0158700 (glo͞o′kə-gŏn′)glucagon(ˈɡluːkəˌɡɒn; -ɡən)glu•ca•gon(ˈglu kəˌgɒn)n. glucagon
glucagonglucagon(glo͞o`kəgŏn), hormonehormone,secretory substance carried from one gland or organ of the body via the bloodstream to more or less specific tissues, where it exerts some influence upon the metabolism of the target tissue. ..... Click the link for more information. secreted by the α cells of the islets of Langerhans, specific groups of cells in the pancreaspancreas , glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones. In humans, the pancreas is a yellowish organ about 7 in. (17.8 cm) long and 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) wide. It lies beneath the stomach and is connected to the small intestine at the duodenum (see digestive system). ..... Click the link for more information. . It tends to counteract the action of insulininsulin, hormone secreted by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans, specific groups of cells in the pancreas. Insufficiency of insulin in the body results in diabetes. Insulin was one of the first products to be manufactured using genetic engineering. ..... Click the link for more information. , i.e., it raises the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucagon was first purified and crystallized in 1955; the amino acid sequence of this 29-amino acid polypeptide (see peptidepeptide, organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the α-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid. ..... Click the link for more information. ) was published in 1956–57. One of the most important actions of glucagon is the promotion of glycogenolysis, i.e., the degradation of glycogenglycogen , starchlike polysaccharide (see carbohydrate) that is found in the liver and muscles of humans and the higher animals and in the cells of the lower animals. Chemically it is a highly branched condensation polymer of glucose; it is readily hydrolyzed to glucose. ..... Click the link for more information. to glucose, in the liver. Glucagon stimulates adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphateadenosine triphosphate (ATP) , organic compound composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP serves as the major energy source within the cell to drive a number of biological processes such as photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and the synthesis of ..... Click the link for more information. to 3′5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphateadenosine monophosphate (AMP) , organic compound composed of an adenine base, the sugar ribose, and one phosphate unit. AMP is one of the possible products of the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is therefore important in the transfer of chemical energy during ..... Click the link for more information. (cyclic AMP). GlucagonThe protein hormone secreted by the pancreas which is known to influence a wide variety of metabolic reactions. Glucagon, along with insulin and other hormones, plays a role in the complex and dynamic process of maintaining adequate supplies of sugar in the blood. Glucagon has often been called the hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor because it causes the breakdown of liver glycogen to sugar (a process known as glycogenolysis) and thereby increases the concentration of sugar in the bloodstream (a condition known as hyperglycemia). Glucagon may also be involved in the regulation of protein and fat metabolism, gastric acid secretion and gut motility, excretion of electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium and chloride) by the kidney, contractility of heart muscle, and release of insulin from the pancreas. Glucagon is used in human medicine chiefly in certain diabetic conditions when a dangerously low blood sugar must be rapidly raised. See Carbohydrate metabolism, Glycogen, Hormone, Insulin, Pancreas glucagon[′glü·kə‚gän]glucagonglucagon[gloo´kah-gon]glucagonPharmacologic class: Antihypoglycemic Therapeutic class: Insulin antagonist Pregnancy risk category B ActionIncreases blood glucose concentration by converting glycogen in liver to glucose. Also relaxes GI smooth muscle. AvailabilityPowder for injection: 1-mg vials Indications and dosages➣ Severe hypoglycemia Adults and children weighing more than 20 kg (44 lb): 1 mg subcutaneously, I.M., or I.V. Children weighing 20 kg (44 lb) or less: 20 to 30 mcg/kg or 0.5-mg dose subcutaneously, I.M., or I.V. ➣ Diagnostic aid for radiologic examination Adults: 0.25 to 2 mg I.V. or 1 to 2 mg I.M. before radiologic procedure Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to drug • Pheochromocytoma PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • cardiac disease, adrenal insufficiency, chronic hypoglycemia • history suggesting insulinoma or pheochromocytoma • elderly patients • pregnant or breastfeeding patients. AdministrationSee Use only in hypoglycemic emergencies for patients with diabetes mellitus. • Mix drug in 1-mg vial with 1 ml of diluent supplied by manufacturer. • For I.V. injection, give 1 mg over 1 minute. • Use drug immediately after preparing; discard unused portion. See Patient should respond within 15 minutes. Because of potential serious adverse reactions linked to prolonged cerebral hypoglycemia, give I.V. glucose if patient fails to respond to glucagon. • Give patient carbohydrate-rich foods as soon as he's alert. • Dilute diagnostic aid doses above 2 mg with sterile water for injection.  Adverse reactionsCV: hypotension GI: nausea, vomiting Metabolic: hypokalemia (with overdose) Respiratory: bronchospasm, respiratory distress Skin: urticaria, rash InteractionsDrug-drug. Anticoagulants: enhanced anticoagulant effect Drug-diagnostic tests. Potassium: decreased level Patient monitoring• Monitor blood glucose level. • Monitor patient for aspiration. • Assess blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and respiratory status. Patient teaching• Teach patient and family members the proper technique and timing for using this emergency drug. See Emphasize importance of contacting prescriber right away if hypoglycemic emergency occurs. See Tell caregiver or family member to arouse patient immediately and give additional carbohydrate by mouth as soon as patient can tolerate it. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs and tests mentioned above. glu·ca·gon(glū'kă-gon), [MIM*138030]glucagon(glo͞o′kə-gŏn′)glucagonEndocrinology A 29-residue polypeptide hormone, produced by pancreatic islet α cells that opposes insulin, activates hepatic phosphorylase, ↓ gastric motility, secretion and muscle mass, promotes glycogenolysis, ↑ serum glucose, ↑ ketogenesis and liver incorporation of amino acids and urinary excretion of Na+ and K+ ↑ in Neonates, glucagonoma, DM ↓ in Some Pts with DM, hypoglyecemiaglu·ca·gon(glū'kă-gon)glucagonOne of the four hormones produced by the Islet cells of the PANCREAS, the others being insulin, somatostatin and a polypeptide of unknown function. The action of glucagon opposes that of insulin. It causes liver glycogen, a polysaccharide, to break down to glucose, thereby increasing the amount of sugar in the bloodstream. It can also mobilize fatty acids for energy purposes. Glucagon is a 20-amino acid peptide secreted by the alpha Islet cells. A brand name is Glucagen.glucagona polypeptide of 29 amino acids produced by the alpha cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas of vertebrates. Glucagon acts as a hormone, having the opposite effect to INSULIN, in causing the breakdown of liver GLYCOGEN and the release of glucose into the blood.Glucagonglu·ca·gon(glū'kă-gon) [MIM*138030]glucagon
Words related to glucagon
|
|||
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。