dormancy
dor·mant
D0345800 (dôr′mənt)dor•man•cy
(ˈdɔr mən si)n.
dormancy
dormancy
| Noun | 1. |  dormancy - a state of quiet (but possibly temporary) inaction; "the volcano erupted after centuries of dormancy" |
| 2. | dormancy - quiet and inactive restfulness |
| 单词 | dormancy | ||||||
| 释义 | dormancydor·mantD0345800 (dôr′mənt)dor•man•cy(ˈdɔr mən si)n. dormancydormancy
dormancynounDormancyDormancyIn the broadest sense, the state in which a living plant organ (seed, bud, tuber, bulb) fails to exhibit growth, even when environmental conditions are considered favorable. In a stricter context, dormancy pertains to a condition where the inhibition of growth is internally controlled by factors restricting water and nutrient absorption, gas exchange, cell division, and other metabolic processes necessary for growth. By utilizing the latter definition, dormancy can be distinguished from other terms such as rest and quiescence which reflect states of inhibited development due to an unfavorable environment. Physically induced dormancy can be separated into two distinct classes, based on external conditions imposed by the environment (light, temperature, photoperiod) and restraints induced by structural morphology (seed-coat composition and embryo development). The physical environment plays a key role in dormancy induction, maintenance, and release in several plant species. 1. Temperature. The onset of dormancy in many temperate-zone woody species coincides with decreasing temperature in the fall. However, it is the chilling temperature of the oncoming winter which is more crucial, particularly in regard to spring budbreak. 2. Light duration and quality. Possibly the single most important environmental variable affecting dormancy is day length or photoperiod. See Photoperiodism 3. Water and nutrient status. Dormancy is affected by the availability of water and nutrients as demonstrated by many grasses, desert species, and subtropical fruits which go into dormancy when confronted by drought or lack of soil fertility. See Plant mineral nutrition, Plant-water relations 4. Environmental interactions. Several of the factors previously discussed do not simply act independently, but combine to influence dormancy. Examples of dormancy imposed by physical restrictions are most evident in the structural morphology of dormant seeds. These restrictions specifically pertain to the physical properties of the seed coat and developmental status of the embryo. 1. Seed-coat factors. The seed-coat material surrounding embryos of many plants consists of several layers of tissue, termed integuments, which are infiltrated with waxes and oils. In effect these waterproofing agents enable the seed coat to inhibit water absorption by the embryo. This results in a type of seed dormancy very characteristic of legume crops (clover and alfalfa). The environment itself can break this type of seed-coat dormancy through alternating temperature extremes of freezing and thawing. The extreme heat induced by forest fires is especially effective. Seed-coat-induced dormancy can also result from mechanical resistance due to extremely hard, rigid integuments commonly found in conifer seeds and other tree species with hard nuts. 2. Embryonic factors. The morphological state of the embryo is yet another physical factor affecting dormancy. Often the embryo is in a rudimentary stage when the seed is shed from the maternal plant; dormancy will usually cease in these plants as the embryos reach an adequate state of maturation. Studies dealing with dormancy have resulted in searches for endogenous plant hormones which regulate the process. Studies involving dormant buds of ash (Fraxinus americana) and birch (Betula pubescens) revealed the presence of high concentrations of a growth inhibitor or dormancy-inducing and -maintaining compound. This compound was later identified as abscisic acid. As buds of these trees began to grow and elongate, the levels of abscisic acid fell appreciably, supporting the role for abscisic acid in the regulation of dormancy. Abscisic acid is also important in the regulation of seed dormancy, as exemplified by seeds of ash in which abscisic acid levels are high during the phase of growth inhibition, but then decline rapidly during stratification, resulting in germination. In conjunction with decreased levels of abscisic acid, the endogenous supply of many growth promoters, such as gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins, have been reported to rise during budbreak in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) as well as in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Levels of these dormancy-releasing compounds also correlate well with the breaking of seed dormancy. The hormonal regulation of dormancy can best be perceived as a balance between dormancy inducers or maintainers and dormancy-releasing agents. See Auxin, Plant hormones In addition to endogenous hormones, there are a variety of compounds that can break dormancy in plant species when they are applied exogenously. Many of these substances are synthetic derivatives or analogs of naturally occurring, dormancy-releasing agents. The physical environment exerts a marked influence on dormancy. The plant, however, needs a receptor system to perceive changes in the environment so it can translate them into physiological responses which in most cases are under hormonal control. In the case of changing day length or photoperiod, phytochrome may serve as a receptor pigment. Phytochrome essentially favors the production of either abscisic acid (short days) or gibberellic acid (long days). Stress conditions, such as limited water or nutrient availability, favor the production of abscisic acid, whereas a period of chilling often promotes synthesis of gibberellic acid and other compounds generally considered as growth promoters. See Phytochrome The mode of action of endogenous growth regulators can only be postulated at this time. Whatever the specific mechanism, it probably involves the regulation of gene action at the level of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which subsequently controls protein synthesis. In this framework, abscisic acid is believed to repress the functioning of nucleic acids responsible for triggering enzyme and protein synthesis needed for growth. Gibberellic acid, on the other hand, promotes synthesis of enzymes essential for germination as in the case of α-amylase production that is crucial for barley seed growth. See Bud, Nucleic acid, Plant growth, Seed Dormancya physiological state in plants in which the rate of growth and the intensity of metabolism are sharply decreased. Dormancy evolved as an adaptation making possible survival under unfavorable environmental conditions in various periods of a plant’s life cycle or in certain seasons of the year. When plants are dormant, they are most resistant to frost, heat, and drought. Dormancy, for example, in the winter, may involve an entire plant. Sometimes only a plant’s seeds, buds, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, or spores are dormant. During the transition to a state of dormancy, tissues are formed that isolate the plant or its organs from the environment. Profound physiological and biochemical changes occur in the cells. These changes lead to isolation of the protoplasm, enrichment with lipids and carbohydrates, dehydration, and change in the ratio between inhibitors and stimulators of growth. Three types of dormancy are distinguished. The first is associated with the hardening and frost resistance of plants. It is caused by a specific combination of internal factors and their interaction with the environment. The second type of dormancy is associated with sharp deviations of the environmental factors from the normal conditions of life. The term “organic dormancy” is used when changes in nucleic acid and protein metabolism occur. It ends in the spring when normal growth of the plants and seeds is resumed. The state of dormancy is relative and cannot always be easily recognized by sight. For example, in the summer some dormant buds and bulbs do not change externally. Trees undergo dormancy in the winter after leaf fall and the maturation of shoots. The seeds of many plants are capable of prolonged dormancy, making possible their preservation in the soil for extended periods of time. Potato tubers are in a state of dormancy, thanks to which they do not sprout after they are harvested. Many tropical plants survive drought seasons in a state of dormancy. Seed stratification, seed scarification, and forcing are used to break dormancy in drupaceous and other plants that have a prolonged rest period. Potato tubers are treated with α-naphthyl acetate and other substances to keep them in a state of dormancy. REFERENCESMaksimov, N. A. Kratkii kurs fiziologii rastenii, 9th ed. Moscow, 1958.Nesterov, Ia. S. Period pokoia plodovykh kul’tur. Moscow, 1962. Fiziologiia sostoianiia pokoia u rastenii. Moscow, 1968. Kefeli, V. I. Rost rastenii. Moscow, 1973. V. V. SKRIPCHINSKII Dormancya state of low metabolic activity in warm-blooded, or homoiothermic, animals that occurs when food becomes scarce and continued activity and intensive metabolism would result in extreme exhaustion. In preparation for dormancy the animals store reserve substances, mainly fat (about 30–40 percent of the body weight), and seek shelter in places with a favorable microclimate (holes, nests, tree hollows, rock crevices). Dormancy is accompanied by a marked decrease in activity and metabolism, inhibition of nerve reactions (“deep sleep”), and a slowing down of respiration and heart rates. The body temperature is very low, about 4°-0°C, but control is maintained by the thermoregulatory centers of the brain (hypothalamus) and by metabolic thermoregulation. In small animals characterized by a high specific metabolism the metabolic rate cannot be reduced to a level ensuring the economic utilization of the reserve substances in the body without a lowering of body temperature. Unlike cold-blooded, or poikilothermic, animals, which enter a state of torpor, homoiothermic animals are able to control their physiological processes during dormancy by means of nerve centers and actively maintain homeostasis at a new level. If dormancy conditions are unfavorable, for example, if there is an extreme rise or fall of the temperature in the shelter or if the nest gets wet, the animal sharply increases heat production, “wakes up,” and takes action to restore comfortable conditions (for example, finding a new shelter). The animal then goes into dormancy again. Some large animals, for example, bears, maintain their normal body temperature in winter dormancy, or hibernation (sometimes called winter sleep). A distinction is made between diurnal dormancy (as seen in bats, hummingbirds), seasonal dormancy (summer dormancy, or aestivation, in desert animals and hibernation in many rodents and insectivores), and irregular dormancy, that is, dormancy occurring when there is a sudden onset of unfavorable conditions (as seen in squirrels, raccoon dogs, swifts, swallows). Dormancy may last eight months; for example, some desert animals pass from aestivation into hibernation. Unavailability of food is the main reason why animals enter a period of dormancy. Other unfavorable environmental conditions, such as drought or extreme temperature, may accelerate the start of dormancy. Some changes in natural conditions that precede the start of an unfavorable season, for example, a change in the day length, are signals that, upon reaching a certain level, trigger physiological mechanisms in an organism to prepare for dormancy. Dormancy is regulated by the nervous system (hypothalamus) and endocrine glands (pituitary glands, thyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas) and is accompanied by substantial changes in tissue metabolism. The resistance of many animals to poisons and microbial infections increases markedly during dormancy. REFERENCESKalabukhov, N. I. Spiachka zhivotnykh, 3rd ed. Kharkov, 1956.Shilov, I. A. Regulialsiia teploobmena u ptits. Moscow, 1968. Pages 78–92. Eisentraut, M. Der Winterschlaf mit seinen ökologischen und physiologischen Begleiterscheinungen. Jena, 1956. S. P. MASLOV dormancy[′dȯr·mən·sē]dormancydormancy(dor′măn-sē)dormancya state in which seeds and other structures (such as underground stems) reduce their metabolic activities to a minimum level during unfavourable conditions (e.g. low temperature, drought) so as to survive until conditions improve. In fungal spores dormancy can be EXOGENOUS, requiring an external stimulus (e.g. presence of nutrients) for germination; or ENDOGENOUS, where dormancy is controlled by an innate property of the spore and is unaffected by the ambient environment when in this state. See GERMINATION for events that occur when seed dormancy is broken.dormancy
Synonyms for dormancy
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