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单词 archimedes
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Archimedes


Ar·chi·me·des

A0408200 (är′kə-mē′dēz) 287?-212 bc. Greek mathematician, engineer, and physicist. Among the most important intellectual figures of antiquity, he discovered formulas for the area and volume of various geometric figures, applied geometry to hydrostatics and mechanics, devised numerous ingenious mechanisms, such as the Archimedean screw, and discovered the principle of buoyancy.
Ar′chi·me′de·an (-mē′dē-ən, -mĭ-dē′-) adj.

Archimedes

(ˌɑːkɪˈmiːdiːz) n (Biography) ?287–212 bc, Greek mathematician and physicist of Syracuse, noted for his work in geometry, hydrostatics, and mechanics Archimedean adj

Archimedes

(ˌɑːkɪˈmiːdiːz) n (Celestial Objects) a walled plain in the NE quadrant of the moon, about 80 km in diameter

Ar•chi•me•des

(ˌɑr kəˈmi diz)

n. 287?–212 B.C., Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor. Ar`chi•me•de′an, adj.

Ar·chi·me·des

(är′kə-mē′dēz) 287?-212 b.c. Greek mathematician, engineer, and inventor. He made numerous mathematical discoveries, including the ratio of the radius of a circle to its circumference as well as formulas for the areas and volumes of various geometric figures. Archimedes created the science of mechanics, devising the first general theory of levers and finding methods for determining the center of gravity of a variety of bodies.Biography Archimedes would still be famous today even without the legend that he ran through the streets of his home in Sicily naked. One of his most important discoveries was that of buoyancy: an object placed in water displaces a volume of water equal to its own volume. The story goes that the king of Archimedes's hometown of Syracuse wanted Archimedes to test a golden crown to make sure it was made of pure gold (and not gold mixed with silver). According to the story, Archimedes puzzled over the problem until one day when he was taking a bath he saw how his body made the water overflow, and in a flash of insight discovered the principle of displacement. He dashed through the neighborhood yelling "Eureka!" (Greek for "I've found it!"), forgetting to dress first. He knew that gold was heavier than silver and now realized that a given weight of gold would have less volume—and therefore displace less water—than an equal weight of silver. He determined the volume of the crown from the volume of water it displaced, weighed the crown, and found that indeed it was too light to be made of pure gold.
Thesaurus
Noun1.Archimedes - Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)Archimedes - Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)
Translations
ArchimedeАрхимед

Archimedes


Archimedes

(ärkĭmē`dēz), 287–212 B.C., Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor. He is famous for his work in geometry (on the circle, sphere, cylinder, and parabola), physics, mechanics, and hydrostatics. He lived most of his life in his native Syracuse, where he was on intimate terms with the royal family. Few facts of his life are known, but tradition has made at least two stories famous. In one story, he was asked by Hiero II to determine whether a crown was pure gold or was alloyed with silver. Archimedes was perplexed, until one day, observing the overflow of water in his bath, he suddenly realized that since gold is more dense (i.e., has more weight per volume) than silver, a given weight of gold represents a smaller volume than an equal weight of silver and that a given weight of gold would therefore displace less water than an equal weight of silver. Delighted at his discovery, he ran home without his clothes, shouting "Eureka," which means "I have found it." He found that Hiero's crown displaced more water than an equal weight of gold, thus showing that the crown had been alloyed with silver (or another metal less dense than gold). In the other story he is said to have told Hiero, in illustration of the principle of the lever, "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." He invented machines of war (Second Punic War) so ingenious that the besieging armies of Marcus Claudius Marcellus were held off from Syracuse for three years. When the city was taken, the general gave orders to spare the scientist, but Archimedes was killed. Nine of Archimedes' treatises, which demonstrate his discoveries in mathematics and in floating bodies, are extant. They are On the Sphere and Cylinder, On the Measurement of the Circle, On the Equilibrium of Planes, On Conoids and Spheroids, On Spirals, On the Quadrature of the Parabola, Arenarius [or sand-reckoner], On Floating Bodies, and On the Method of Mechanical Theorems. Archimedes' many contributions to mathematics and mechanics include calculating the value of π, devising a mathematical exponential system to express extremely large numbers (he said he could numerically represent the grains of sand that would be needed to fill the universe), developing Archimedes' principleArchimedes' principle,
principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. The principle applies to both floating and submerged bodies and to all fluids, i.e., liquids and gases.
..... Click the link for more information. , and inventing Archimedes' screwArchimedes' screw,
a simple mechanical device believed to have been invented by Archimedes in the 3d cent. B.C. It consists of a cylinder inside of which a continuous screw, extending the length of the cylinder, forms a spiral chamber.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Bibliography

See studies by T. L. Heath (1953) and E. J. Dijksterhuis (1956).

Archimedes

 

Born circa 287 B.C.; died 212 B.C. Ancient Greek scientist, mathematician, and specialist in mechanics.

Archimedes developed methods for finding the areas of surfaces and also the volumes of various figures and bodies. His mathematical works were far ahead of his time, and they were correctly evaluated only during the time of the creation of differential and integral calculus. Archimedes was a pioneer in mathematical physics. The mathematics in his works is systematically utilized for investigating problems of natural science and technology. Archimedes was one of the founders of mechanics as a science. He also invented various mechanical devices.

Archimedes was born in Syracuse on the island of Sicily and lived in that city during the First and Second Punic Wars. It is thought that he was the son of the astronomer Pheidias. He began his scientific activity as a specialist in mechanics and technician. Archimedes made a journey to Egypt, and there he became closely associated with the Alexandrian scientists, including Conon and Eratosthenes. This association served as an impetus to the development of his outstanding abilities. Archimedes was also close to the king of Syracuse, Hieron II. During the Second Punic War, Archimedes organized the engineering defenses of Syracuse against the Roman Army. His military machines compelled the Romans to abandon their attempts to take the city by storm and forced them to begin a lengthy siege. After the capture of the city by Marcellus’ army, Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier whom, according to tradition, he had greeted with the words: “Don’t touch my drawings!” A monument with a depiction of a sphere inscribed within a cylinder was placed on Archimedes’ grave. The epitaph indicated that the volumes of these two bodies have a ratio of 2:3—a discovery of which Archimedes was particularly proud.

The works of Archimedes show that he was highly familiar with the mathematics and astronomy of his time; these works are astonishing because of Archimedes’ deep penetration into the essence of the problems. A number of his works are in the form of letters to friends and colleagues. At times Archimedes would communicate his discoveries to them beforehand, without proofs, adding several incorrect propositions with a fine sense of irony.

From the ninth to the 11th centuries the works of Archimedes were translated into Arabic, and beginning in the 13th century they appeared in Western Europe in Latin translation. Editions of Archimedes’ works began to be published from the 16th century on, and from the 17th to the 19th centuries they were translated into modern languages. The first edition of Archimedes’ individual works in Russian dates back to 1823. Certain works by Archimedes have not come down to us or are known only in fragments, and his Letter to Eratosthenes was discovered only in 1906.

The central theme running through Archimedes’ mathematical works is concerned with finding the areas of surfaces and volumes. Archimedes found a solution to many problems of this type using mechanical considerations which essentially correspond to the method of indivisibles, and then he rigorously proved it by the method of exhaustive approach, which he developed to a considerable extent. Archimedes’ examination of two-sided estimates of error in carrying through integration processes allows him to be considered a predecessor not only of I. Newton and G. Leibniz but also of G. Riemann. Archimedes calculated the area of an ellipse and a parabolic segment; he discovered the surface area of a cone and a sphere as well as the volume of a sphere, a spherical segment, and various rotating bodies and their segments. Archimedes studied the properties of the so-called Archimedean spiral. He constructed the tangent to this spiral and found the area of its pitch. Here Archimedes was a predecessor of the use of the methods of differential calculus. Archimedes also examined one problem of the isoperimetric type. In the course of his researches he discovered the sum of an infinite geometric progression with the ratio 1/4; this was the first appearance in mathematics of an infinite series. In studying one problem that led to a cubic equation, Archimedes elucidated the role of the characteristic that later came to be called the discriminant. The formula for determining the area of a triangle by means of its three sides (incorrectly called Hero’s formula) is attributed to him. Archimedes provided a theory (not completely comprehensive) of semiregular convex polyhedrons (Archimedean bodies). Especially important is the Axiom of Archimedes: of unequal segments, the smallest when repeated a sufficient number of times will surpass the largest. This axiom defines the so-called Archimedean principle of ordering, which plays an important role in modern mathematics. Archimedes constructed a number system that allowed him to note and name extremely large numbers. With great exactness he calculated the value of the number ir and demonstrated its limits of error as follows: 310/711/7.

Mechanics was one of Archimedes’ constant interests. In one of his first works he studied the distribution of loads on a beam between its supports. Archimedes defined the concept of a body’s center of gravity. In particular, using integration methods, he discovered the position of the center of gravity of various figures and bodies. Archimedes provided the mathematical derivation for the laws of the fulcrum. To him is attributed the proud phrase: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the earth.” Archimedes laid the foundations of hydrostatics. He formulated the basic propositions of this discipline, including the well-known Law of Archimedes. Archimedes’ last work was devoted to a study of the equilibrium of floating bodies. Here he distinguished stable positions of equilibrium. Archimedes invented a water-raising mechanism, the so-called Archimedes’ screw, which was the prototype of propellers for ships and airplanes. The story is told that the solution to the problem of determining the amounts of gold and silver in a crown that had been given to Hieron was discovered by Archimedes while he was stepping into a bath, whereupon he ran home naked, shouting “Eureka!” (“I have found it!”). Archimedes also studied astronomy. He constructed a device for determining the visible (angular) diameter of the sun, and he found the value of this angle with amazing precision. Here Archimedes introduced a correction owing to the size of the pupil of the eye. He was the first to conduct studies relating to the center of the earth. Finally, Archimedes constructed a celestial sphere—a mechanical device on which it was possible to observe planetary motions, lunar phases, and solar and lunar eclipses.

WORKS

Archimedis opera omnia cum commentariis Eutocii, vols. 1–3. Edited by J. L. Heiberg. Leipzig, 1910–15.
In Russian translation:
Sochineniia. Moscow, 1962. (Bibliography, pp. 635–637.)

REFERENCES

Czwalina, A.Arkhimed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1934. (Translatedfrom German.)
Lur’e, S. Ia. Arkhimed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1945.
Kagan, V. F. Arkhimed: Kratkii ocherk o zhizni i tvorchestve. Moscow-Leningrad, 1949.
Veselovskii, I. N. Arkhimed. Moscow, 1957.
Heath, T. L. Archimedes. London, 1920.

S. B. STECHKIN

Archimedes

(287–212 B.C.) discovered fluid displacement principle while bathing. [Gk. Hist.: Wallechinsky, 272]See: Discovery

Archimedes

(287–212 B. C.) invented military engine which saved Syracuse. [Gk. Hist.: Hall, 31]See: Inventiveness

Archimedes

?287--212 bc, Greek mathematician and physicist of Syracuse, noted for his work in geometry, hydrostatics, and mechanics

Archimedes

(computer)A family of microcomputers produced by Acorn Computers, Cambridge, UK. The Archimedes, launched in June1987, was the first RISC based personal computer(predating Apple Computer's Power Mac by some sevenyears). It uses the Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processorand includes Acorn's multitasking operating system andgraphical user interface, RISC OS on ROM, along with aninterpreter for Acorn's enhanced BASIC, BASIC V.

The Archimedes was designed as the successor to Acorn'ssucessful BBC Microcomputer series and includes somebackward compatibility and a 6502 emulator. Severalutilities are included free on disk (later in ROM) such as atext editor, paint and draw programs. Software emulatorsare also available for the IBM PC as well as add-on Intelprocessor cards.

There have been several series of Archimedes: A300, A400,A3000, A5000, A4000 and RISC PC.

Usenet FAQ.Archive site list.HENSA archive. Stuttgart archive.

See also Crisis Software, Warm Silence Software.

ARCHIMEDES


AcronymDefinition
ARCHIMEDES➣Architectural Methodologies for Advanced Testing of VLSI Systems

Archimedes


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