| 单词 | feldspar | |||
| 释义 | feldsparfeld·sparF0070600 (fĕld′spär′, fĕl′-) also fel·spar (fĕl′-)feldspar(ˈfɛldˌspɑː; ˈfɛlˌspɑː) orfelsparfeld•spar(ˈfɛldˌspɑr, ˈfɛl-)also felsparn. feld·spar(fĕld′spär′, fĕl′spär′)feldspar
feldsparfeldspar(fĕl`spär, fĕld`–) orfelspar(fĕl`spär), an abundant group of rock-forming minerals which constitute 60% of the earth's crust. Chemically the feldspars are silicates of aluminum, containing sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, or barium or combinations of these elements. Feldspar is found in association with all rock types, including granitegranite,coarse-grained igneous rock of even texture and light color, composed chiefly of quartz and feldspars. It usually contains small quantities of mica or hornblende, and minor accessory minerals may be present. ..... Click the link for more information. , gneissgneiss , coarse-grained, imperfectly foliated, or layered, metamorphic rock. Gneiss is characterized by alternating light and dark bands differing in mineral composition and having coarser grains than those of schist. ..... Click the link for more information. , basaltbasalt , fine-grained rock of volcanic origin, dark gray, dark green, brown, reddish, or black in color. Basalt is an igneous rock, i.e., one that has congealed from a molten state. ..... Click the link for more information. , and other crystalline rocks, and are essential constituents of most igneous rocks. Feldspars weatherweather, state of the atmosphere at a given time and place with regard to temperature, air pressure (see barometer), wind, humidity, cloudiness, and precipitation. The term weather ..... Click the link for more information. to yield a large part of the clay found in soils. Feldspar crystals are either monoclinic or triclinic (see crystalcrystal, Orthoclase and microcline are called potassium or potash feldspars. They usually range from flesh color to brick red, although other colors are found, and are used in the making of porcelain and as a source of aluminum in making glass. Moonstone is usually a milky, bluish variety of orthoclase used as a gem, and a green variety of microcline known as amazonite, or Amazon stone, is used for ornamental purposes. The plagioclase feldspars are most commonly gray and occasionally red. A milky variety of plagioclase feldspar oligoclase also is used as the gem moonstone, and a reddish or golden variety that exhibits flashes of reddish color is used as the gem sunstone. Another form of feldspar, labradorite, exhibits a play of colors, which makes it valuable for decorative purposes. Feldsparthe most widely distributed group of rock-forming minerals, constituting more than 50 percent of earth and lunar rocks; they are also found in meteorites. The composition of feldspars is basically determined by the component ratio in a ternary system: NaAlSi3O8—KAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8; that is, feldspars are aluminosilicates of Na, K, and Ca, with admixtures of Ba, Sr, Pb, Fe, Li, Rb, Cs, Eu, Ce, and other elements. All feldspars have a basic three-dimensional framework composed of tetrahedral (Al, Si)O4 groups in which one-third to one-half of the Si atoms are replaced by Al. Univalent K+ and Na+ cations, with an Al/Si ratio of 1:3, or bivalent Ca2+ and Ba2+ cations, with an Al/Si ratio of 1: 2, are arranged in the large vacancies within this framework. Two series of solid solutions are differentiated in the feldspar group: anorthoclases, or alkali feldspars (KAISi3O8—NaAlSi3O8), and plagioclases (NaAlSi3O8–CaAl2Si2O8). The barium feldspar BaAl2Si2O8, known as celsian, is rare, as are solid solutions with compositions between KAlSi3O0 and BaAl2Si2O8, known as hyalophane and containing up to 10–30 percent Ba.
Many feldspar varieties result from complex variation in composition (see Figure 1), the ordering of Al and Si distribution according to structural position, the decomposition of solid solutions, and submicroscopic twinning. The following are examples of potassium feldspars: (1) sanidine, with monoclinic symmetry and disordered Si and Al distribution; (2) maximum microcline (triclinic), with fully ordered Si and Al distribution; (3) intermediate microclines; and (4) orthoclase (assumed to be pseudomonoclinic), composed of submicroscopic twinned triclinic domains. High-temperature anorthoclases are disordered and form a continuous series of solid solutions. Low-temperature anorthoclases decompose to yield perthites—regular intergrowths of microcline or orthoclase—and sodium feldspars, or albite. All plagioclase varieties are high-temperature (disordered with respect to Al and Si distribution), low-temperature (ordered), or intermediate. Changes in the degree of ordering and the composition of plagioclases occur with the retention of triclinic symmetry with extremely complex structural changes and the formation of two unmixed regions, which in many oligoclases and labradorites is accompanied by iridescence. Precise determination of the composition and structural state (ordering) of feldspars is carried out by means of optical orientation diagrams and diagrams of optic axial angles, measured on a Fedorov, or universal, stage, as well as by X-ray methods (diffractometry). Plagioclases and microclines are nearly always polysynthetically twinned; that is, they form microscopic intergrowths of several elements in accordance with various characteristic laws of twinning. The tabular or prismatic habit of feldspars in rocks is determined by well-developed {010} and {001} faces, along which perfect cleavage is formed at a right or nearly right angle, as well as by {110} faces. Feldspars have a hardness of 6–6.5 on Mohs’ scale and a density of 2,500-2,800 kg/m3. They have no color of their own; the varied coloration (gray, pink, red, green, black) is due to the presence of very fine inclusions of hematite, iron hydroxides, hornblende, pyroxene, and other minerals; the bluish green color of amazonite and the green color of microcline are associated with the electron center of Pb, substituting for K. Bands of Pb2+, Fe3+, Ce3+, and Eu2+ are distinguished in the luminescence spectra of feldspars. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of feldspars are used to determine the electron centers Ti3+ and the hole centers Al—O-—A1, formed through the entrapment of an electron or hole, respectively, by lattice defects. Feldspars serve as the basis for rock classification. The most important types of rocks are chiefly composed of feldspars: (1) intrusive rocks—granites, syenites (alkali feldspars and plagioclases), gabbros, and diorites (plagioclases); (2) effusive rocks—andesites and basalts; and (3) metamorphic rocks—gneiss, crystalline schists, contact- and regional-metamorphosed rocks, and pegmatites. In sedimentary rocks, feldspars occur as fragmented grains and new formations (authigenic feldspars). Only plagioclases are present in lunar rocks (lunar basalts, gabbros, anorthosites). Because of the wide variations in composition and properties, feldspars are valuable in the geological and petrographie studies of magmatic and metamorphic rock masses. The isotope 40.K/40Ar ratio of anorthoclases is used to determine the absolute age of rocks. Alkali feldspars in pegmatites and small-veined rocks are used in the production of ceramics, glass, porcelain, and faience. Feldspar rocks (labradorites) are used as facing material. Amazonite and moonstone (iridescent oligoclase) are decorative stones. REFERENCESDeer, W. A., R. A. Howie, and J. Zussmann. Porodoobrazu-iushchie mineraly, vol. 4. Moscow, 1966. (Translated from English.)Marfunin, A. S. Polevye shpaty—fazovye vzaimootnosheniia, opticheskie svoistva, geologicheskoe raspredelenie. Moscow, 1962. A. S. MARFUNIN feldspar[′fel‚spär]feldsparfeldspar, felsparfeldspar
Synonyms for feldspar
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