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conjugation
conjugationConjugation refers to the way we inflect (change the form of) verbs to create particular meanings.When we discuss conjugating verbs, we usually refer to ways in which we change a verb in order to reflect grammatical tense, but we also conjugate verbs to reflect aspect, mood, voice, person, and speech.Continue reading...con·ju·ga·tion C0572800 (kŏn′jə-gā′shən)n.1. a. The act of conjugating.b. The state of being conjugated.2. Grammar a. The inflection of a particular verb.b. A presentation of the complete set of inflected forms of a verb.c. A class of verbs having similar inflected forms.3. Biology a. The temporary union of two bacterial cells during which one cell transfers part or all of its genome to the other.b. A process of sexual reproduction in which ciliate protozoans of the same species temporarily couple and exchange genetic material.c. A process of sexual reproduction in certain algae and fungi in which temporary or permanent fusion occurs, resulting in the union of the male and female gametes.
con′ju·ga′tion·al adj.con′ju·ga′tion·al·ly adv.conjugation (ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən) n1. (Grammar) grammar a. inflection of a verb for person, number, tense, voice, mood, etcb. the complete set of the inflections of a given verb2. a joining, union, or conjunction3. (Zoology) a type of sexual reproduction in ciliate protozoans involving the temporary union of two individuals and the subsequent migration and fusion of the gametic nuclei4. (Biochemistry) (in bacteria) the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined5. (Biology) the union of gametes, esp isogametes, as in some algae and fungi6. (Biology) the pairing of chromosomes in the early phase of a meiotic division7. (Chemistry) chem the existence of alternating double or triple bonds in a chemical compound, with consequent electron delocalization over part of the molecule ˌconjuˈgational adj ˌconjuˈgationally advcon•ju•ga•tion (ˌkɒn dʒəˈgeɪ ʃən)
n. 1. a. the inflection of verbs. b. the whole set of inflected forms of a verb or the recital or display thereof in a fixed order. c. a class of verbs having similar sets of inflected forms: the Latin second conjugation. 2. an act of joining. 3. the state of being joined together; union; conjunction. 4. a. (in bacteria, protozoans, etc.) the temporary fusion of two organisms with an exchange of nuclear material. b. (in certain algae and fungi) the fusion of a male and female gamete as a form of sexual reproduction. [1400–50; late Middle English (< Anglo-French) < Late Latin] con`ju•ga′tion•al, adj. con`ju•ga′tion•al•ly, adv. con·ju·ga·tion (kŏn′jə-gā′shən) A type of sexual reproduction in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and some algae and fungi. In conjugation, two organisms or cells from the same species join together to exchange genetic material before undergoing cell division.Conjugation a united series; a combination; a sequence.Examples: conjugation of atoms, 1692; of labours, 1824; of letters, 1626; of men in society, 1605; of miracles, 1660; of probabilities, 1718.conjugationA verb inflection or a complete set of the inflections of a verb.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | conjugation - the state of being joined togethercolligation, conjunction, junctionanastomosis, inosculation - a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuoussynapse - the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle; "nerve impulses cross a synapse through the action of neurotransmitters"unification, union - the state of being joined or united or linked; "there is strength in union" | | 2. | conjugation - the inflection of verbsverb - the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentenceinflection, inflexion - a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function | | 3. | conjugation - the complete set of inflected forms of a verbset - a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used; "a set of books"; "a set of golf clubs"; "a set of teeth" | | 4. | conjugation - a class of verbs having the same inflectional formscategory, class, family - a collection of things sharing a common attribute; "there are two classes of detergents" | | 5. |  conjugation - the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes; "the casual couplings of adolescents"; "the mating of some species occurs only in the spring"mating, pairing, sexual union, union, couplingsex, sex activity, sexual activity, sexual practice - activities associated with sexual intercourse; "they had sex in the back seat"assortative mating - mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random matingdisassortative mating - mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random matinghybridisation, hybridization, hybridizing, interbreeding, crossbreeding, crossing, cross - (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybridsinbreeding - the act of mating closely related individualsservicing, service - the act of mating by male animals; "the bull was worth good money in servicing fees" | | 6. |  conjugation - the act of making or becoming a single unit; "the union of opposing factions"; "he looked forward to the unification of his family for the holidays"jointure, uniting, unification, unioncompounding, combining, combination - the act of combining things to form a new wholecoalescence, coalescency, conglutination, coalition, concretion - the union of diverse things into one body or form or group; the growing together of partsreunification, reunion - the act of coming together again; "monetary unification precipitated the reunification of the German state in October 1990"tribalisation, tribalization - the act of making tribal; unification on a tribal basisumbrella - having the function of uniting a group of similar things; "the Democratic Party is an umbrella for many liberal groups"; "under the umbrella of capitalism" |
conjugationnounThe result of combining:combination, composite, compound, unification, union, unity.Translationsconjugate (ˈkondʒugeit) verb to give the different parts of (a verb). 列舉動詞的詞形變化 列举动词的变化形式ˌconjuˈgation noun 動詞變化 动词的变化形式conjugation → （动词的）词形变化zhCNconjugation
conjugationConjugation refers to the way we inflect (change the form of) verbs to create particular meanings.When we discuss conjugating verbs, we usually refer to ways in which we change a verb in order to reflect grammatical tense, but we also conjugate verbs to reflect aspect, mood, voice, person, and speech.Continue reading...conjugation: see inflectioninflection,
in grammar. In many languages, words or parts of words are arranged in formally similar sets consisting of a root, or base, and various affixes. Thus walking, walks, walker have in common the root walk and the affixes -ing, -s, and -er.
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conjugation, in genetics: see recombinationrecombination,
process of "shuffling" of genes by which new combinations can be generated. In recombination through sexual reproduction, the offspring's complete set of genes differs from that of either parent, being rather a combination of genes from both parents.
..... Click the link for more information. .Conjugation (1) In conjugate algae, a special sexual process that involves the merging of the contents of two externally similar vegetative cells. (2) In infusorians, an exchange of sexual nuclei and their subsequent fusion by pairs, during which pairs of infusorians draw near one another on the mouth side. During fusion the macronucleus (vegetative nucleus) is gradually destroyed and the micronucleus (sexual nucleus) divides twice by meiosis. Next, three nuclei are destroyed while one divides again; each of its halves is exchanged for the half-nucleus of its partner—that is, they merge to form a syncaryon, restoring a double set of chromosomes. The syncaryon then divides; a portion of the products of its division becomes a macronucleus, and the other part becomes a micronucleus (see Figure 1). Sometimes a small amount of cytoplasm is transferred in the process from one cell to the other. The process of conjugation in various infusorians may differ sharply in its details. (3) In bacteria, a means of transferring genetic material from one bacterial cell to another. Two bacteria unite by means of a delicate bridge, across which a piece of a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred from one cell (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The genetic properties of the recipient change according to the amount of genetic information in the transferred piece of DNA. (4) Chromosomal conjugation is a temporary pairing of homologous chromosomes during which there may be an exchange of homologous parts and after which the chromosomes separate. V. L. RYZHKOV  Figure 1. Conjugation in infusorians: (1) micronucleus (mi) and macronucleus (ma); (2) first division of micronuclei, four chromosomes visible in each; (3) second division, in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to two; (4) three of the micronuclei formed in each half condense and die; (5) third micronuclear division; (6) and (7) exchange of nuclei (♂ is the motile nucleus and ♀ is the nucleus that remains in the cell; their fusion restores a double set of chromosomes); (8), (9), and (10) formation of new macronucleus from micronuclear division
Conjugation the scheme of the inflectional forms of a verb. In the paradigmatics of a language, conjugation is in contrast to declension. Conjugational forms express the categories of person, number, gender, tense, and mood. In Russian philology, aspectual forms are traditionally not included in the conjugational system, since in Russian and the other Slavic languages the category of aspect is autonomous in relation to the category of tense. In this respect, the Slavic languages differ from languages with a single system of aspectual and temporal forms, for example, ancient Greek and Latin. Conjugational forms may be synthetic or analytic. Conjugational systems in different languages vary in terms of the number of tenses and moods they contain. Russian has three tenses and three moods, ancient Greek seven tenses and four moods; some North American Indian languages, such as Hopi, have more than nine moods. Conjugated verb forms express the categories of person, number, and so on, and also the nature of the syntactic bonds between the verbal predicate and the subject and object. For example, Hungarian has both object-related and nonobject-related conjugations: láto-k (“I see”), láto-m (“I see [this specific object]”). In some languages with an ergative structure, the verbs have two paradigms relating to the category of person: an ergative paradigm and an absolute paradigm. Conjugational systems change over the course of history. For example, the conjugational system of modern Russian is a simplified form of the more complex conjugational system of Old Russian, in which the categories of tense and aspect had not yet become completely separated. The tense system of Old Russian contained a present tense, four past tenses and, probably, two future tenses. In all tenses the verbs differed according to person. There were three paradigms for the category of number: singular, plural, and dual. Some scholars define conjugation as the aggregate of all verbal forms, including nominal forms. REFERENCESBorkovskii, V. I., and P. S. Kuznetsov. Istoricheskaia grammatika russkogo iazyka. Moscow, 1963.
Grammatika sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo iazyka. Moscow, 1970.
Vinogradov, V. V. Russkii iazyk: Grammaticheskoe uchenie o slove, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1972.V. A. VINOGRADOV conjugation[‚kän·jə′gā·shən] (botany) Sexual reproduction by fusion of two protoplasts in certain thallophytes to form a zygote. (invertebrate zoology) Sexual reproduction by temporary union of cells with exchange of nuclear material between two individuals, principally ciliate protozoans. (microbiology) A process involving contact between two bacterial cells during which genetic material is passed from one cell to the other. conjugation1. a type of sexual reproduction in ciliate protozoans involving the temporary union of two individuals and the subsequent migration and fusion of the gametic nuclei 2. (in bacteria) the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined 3. the union of gametes, esp isogametes, as in some algae and fungi 4. the pairing of chromosomes in the early phase of a meiotic division 5. Chem the existence of alternating double or triple bonds in a chemical compound, with consequent electron delocalization over part of the molecule conjugation
conjugation [kon″joo͡-ga´shun] a joining. In unicellular organisms, a form of sexual reproduction in which two individuals join in temporary union to transfer genetic material. In biochemistry, the joining of a toxic substance with some natural substance of the body to form a detoxified product for elimination from the body.con·ju·ga·tion (kon'jŭ-gā'shŭn), 1. The union of two unicellular organisms or of the male and female gametes of multicellular forms followed by partition of the chromatin and the production of two new cells. 2. Bacterial conjugation, effected by simple contact, usually by means of specialized pili through which transfer genes and other genes of the plasmid are transferred to recipient bacteria. 3. Sexual reproduction among protozoan ciliates, during which two individuals of appropriate mating types fuse along part of their lengths; their macronuclei degenerate and the micronuclei in each macronucleus divide several times (including a meiotic division); one of the resulting haploid pronuclei passes from each conjugant into the other and fuses with the remaining haploid nucleus in each conjugant; the organisms then separate (becoming exconjugants), undergo nuclear reorganization, and subsequently divide by asexual mitosis. 4. The combination, especially in the liver, of certain toxic substances formed in the intestine, drugs, or steroid hormones with glucuronic or sulfuric acid; a means by which the biologic activity of certain chemical substances is terminated and the substances made ready for excretion. 5. The formation of glycyl or tauryl derivatives of the bile acids. 6. An alternating sequence of multiple and single chemical bonds in a chemical compound in which there is some delocalization of π-electrons. 7. The joining together of two compounds. [L. con-jugo, pp. -jugatus, to join together] conjugation (kŏn′jə-gā′shən)n.1. a. The act of conjugating.b. The state of being conjugated.2. Biology a. The temporary union of two bacterial cells during which one cell transfers part or all of its genome to the other.b. A process of sexual reproduction in which ciliate protozoans of the same species temporarily couple and exchange genetic material.c. A process of sexual reproduction in certain algae and fungi in which temporary or permanent fusion occurs, resulting in the union of the male and female gametes.
con′ju·ga′tion·al adj.con′ju·ga′tion·al·ly adv.conjugation The act of being joined together or conjugatedcon·ju·ga·tion (kon'jŭ-gā'shŭn) 1. Union of two unicellular organisms or of the male and female gametes of multicellular forms followed by partition of the chromatin and the production of two new cells. 2. Bacterial conjugation, effected by simple contact, through which transfer genes and other genes of the plasmid are transferred to recipient bacteria through pili. 3. Sexual reproduction among protozoan ciliates, during which two individuals of appropriate mating types fuse along part of their lengths; their macronuclei degenerate and the micronuclei in each macronucleus divide several times (including a meiotic division); one of the resulting haploid pronuclei passes from each conjugant into the other and fuses with the remaining haploid nucleus in each conjugant; the organisms then separate (becoming exconjugants), undergo nuclear reorganization, and subsequently divide by asexual mitosis. 4. The combination, especially in the liver, of certain toxic substances formed in the intestine, drugs, or steroid hormones with glucuronic or sulfuric acid; a means by which the biologic activity of certain chemical substances is terminated and the substances made ready for excretion. 5. The formation of glycyl or tauryl derivatives of the bile acids. [L.con-jugo, pp. -jugatus, to join together]conjugation 1. Chemical combination or linkage of chemical groups to organic molecules, often to produce a water-soluble form and allow more ready excretion. 2. The exchange of genetic material between paired single-cell organisms, such as bacteria. conjugation a method of sexual reproduction involving the fusion of similar GAMETES which are not freed from the parent forms, as in ciliates where two individuals fuse together, exchange micronuclear material, and then separate. Conjugation also occurs in some algae, e.g. Spirogyra and fungi, e.g. Mucor. The transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells in which the DONORS and recipients come into physical contact is also regarded as conjugation. see CONJUGATIVE PLASMID, SEX PILUS.con·ju·ga·tion (kon'jŭ-gā'shŭn) 1. An alternating sequence of multiple and single chemical bonds in a chemical compound. 2. Joiningtogether of two compounds. [L. con-jugo, pp. -jugatus, to join together]LegalSeeConjugalconjugation
Synonyms for conjugationnoun the result of combiningSynonyms- combination
- composite
- compound
- unification
- union
- unity
Synonyms for conjugationnoun the state of being joined togetherSynonyms- colligation
- conjunction
- junction
Related Words- anastomosis
- inosculation
- synapse
- unification
- union
noun the inflection of verbsRelated Wordsnoun the complete set of inflected forms of a verbRelated Wordsnoun a class of verbs having the same inflectional formsRelated Wordsnoun the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposesSynonyms- mating
- pairing
- sexual union
- union
- coupling
Related Words- sex
- sex activity
- sexual activity
- sexual practice
- assortative mating
- disassortative mating
- hybridisation
- hybridization
- hybridizing
- interbreeding
- crossbreeding
- crossing
- cross
- inbreeding
- servicing
- service
noun the act of making or becoming a single unitSynonyms- jointure
- uniting
- unification
- union
Related Words- compounding
- combining
- combination
- coalescence
- coalescency
- conglutination
- coalition
- concretion
- reunification
- reunion
- tribalisation
- tribalization
- umbrella
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