bronze

B0501500 (brŏnz)n.1. a. Any of various alloys of copper and tin in various proportions, sometimes with traces of other metals.b. Any of various alloys of copper, with or without tin, and antimony, phosphorus, or other components.2. A work of art made of one of these alloys.3. A medal made of bronze awarded to one placing third in a competition, as in the Olympics.4. a. A moderate yellowish to olive brown.b. A pigment of this color.adj.1. Made of or consisting of bronze.2. Of a moderate yellowish to olive brown.v. bronzed, bronz·ing, bronz·es v.tr.1. To give the color or appearance of bronze to.2. To make (a person or a person's skin) darker by exposure to the sun; tan.3. To make (a person or a person's skin) darker by the application of bronzer.v.intr. To become bronze in color, especially by exposure to the sun or the application of bronzer: "He wondered what she thought of all these white bodies bronzing in the heat" (Robert Ferrigno).

[French, from Italian bronzo.]

bronz′y adj.

bronze

(brɒnz) n1. (Metallurgy) a. any hard water-resistant alloy consisting of copper and smaller proportions of tin and sometimes zinc and leadb. any similar copper alloy containing other elements in place of tin, such as aluminium bronze, beryllium bronze, etc. See also phosphor bronze, gunmetal Compare brass¹2. (Colours) a yellowish-brown colour or pigment3. a statue, medal, or other object made of bronze4. (Individual Sports, other than specified) short for bronze medaladj5. made of or resembling bronze6. (Colours) of a yellowish-brown colour: a bronze skin. vb7. (esp of the skin) to make or become brown; tan8. (tr) to give the appearance of bronze to[C18: from French, from Italian bronzo, perhaps ultimately from Latin Brundisium Brindisi, famed for its bronze] ˈbronzy adj

bronze

(brɒnz)

n., v. bronzed, bronz•ing,
adj. n. 1. a. any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin, the tin content not exceeding 11 percent. b. any of various other alloys having a large copper content. 2. a metallic brownish color. 3. a sculpture of bronze. v.t. 4. to give the appearance or color of bronze to. 5. to coat with bronze. 6. to tan. adj. 7. of the color bronze. 8. made of or coated with bronze. [1730–40; < French < Italian] bronz′y, bronze′like`, adj.

bronze

(brŏnz)1. An alloy of copper and tin, sometimes with small amounts of other metals. Bronze is harder than brass and is used both in industry and in art.2. An alloy of copper and certain metals other than tin, such as aluminum.

bronze

Past participle: bronzed
Gerund: bronzing

Imperative
bronze
bronze

Present
I bronze
you bronze
he/she/it bronzes
we bronze
you bronze
they bronze

Preterite
I bronzed
you bronzed
he/she/it bronzed
we bronzed
you bronzed
they bronzed

Present Continuous
I am bronzing
you are bronzing
he/she/it is bronzing
we are bronzing
you are bronzing
they are bronzing

Present Perfect
I have bronzed
you have bronzed
he/she/it has bronzed
we have bronzed
you have bronzed
they have bronzed

Past Continuous
I was bronzing
you were bronzing
he/she/it was bronzing
we were bronzing
you were bronzing
they were bronzing

Past Perfect
I had bronzed
you had bronzed
he/she/it had bronzed
we had bronzed
you had bronzed
they had bronzed

Future
I will bronze
you will bronze
he/she/it will bronze
we will bronze
you will bronze
they will bronze

Future Perfect
I will have bronzed
you will have bronzed
he/she/it will have bronzed
we will have bronzed
you will have bronzed
they will have bronzed

Future Continuous
I will be bronzing
you will be bronzing
he/she/it will be bronzing
we will be bronzing
you will be bronzing
they will be bronzing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been bronzing
you have been bronzing
he/she/it has been bronzing
we have been bronzing
you have been bronzing
they have been bronzing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been bronzing
you will have been bronzing
he/she/it will have been bronzing
we will have been bronzing
you will have been bronzing
they will have been bronzing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been bronzing
you had been bronzing
he/she/it had been bronzing
we had been bronzing
you had been bronzing
they had been bronzing

Conditional
I would bronze
you would bronze
he/she/it would bronze
we would bronze
you would bronze
they would bronze

Past Conditional
I would have bronzed
you would have bronzed
he/she/it would have bronzed
we would have bronzed
you would have bronzed
they would have bronzed

bronze

An alloy of copper or tin used by sculptors in ancient Greece, Rome, China, and Africa; revived in modern times.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	bronze - an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements; also any copper-base alloy containing other elements in place of tinatomic number 29, copper, Cu - a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductorgunmetal - a type of bronze used for parts subject to wear or corrosion (especially corrosion by sea water)phosphor bronze - a corrosion-resistant bronze containing phosphorus; used in bearings and gearsalpha bronze - an alloy of copper and tin that can be workedbell metal - bronze with 3 or 4 parts copper to 1 part tin; used in making bellsberyllium bronze - a copper-base alloy containing berylliumcopper-base alloy - any alloy whose principal component is copperleaded bronze - bronze to which 1-4% lead is addednickel bronze - a bronze containing up to 30% nickelsilicon bronze - a bronze with 2-3% silicon that is resistant to corrosion
	2.	bronze - a sculpture made of bronzesculpture - a three-dimensional work of plastic art
Verb	1.	bronze - give the color and appearance of bronze to something; "bronze baby shoes"dye - color with dye; "Please dye these shoes"
	2.	bronze - get a tan, from wind or suntansuntan - get a tan from being exposed to the sundiscolour, discolor, color, colour - change color, often in an undesired manner; "The shirts discolored"
Adj.	1.	bronze - of the color of bronzebronzychromatic - being or having or characterized by hue
	2.	bronze - made from or consisting of bronzemetal, metallic - containing or made of or resembling or characteristic of a metal; "a metallic compound"; "metallic luster"; "the strange metallic note of the meadow lark, suggesting the clash of vibrant blades"- Ambrose Bierce

bronze

adjective reddish-brown, copper, tan, rust, chestnut, brownish, copper-coloured, yellowish-brown, reddish-tan, metallic brown Her hair shone bronze and gold. see shades of brown

Translations

青铜青铜制品青铜制品的青铜的青铜色

bronze

(bronz) noun, adjective1. (of) an alloy of copper and tin. The medal is (made of) bronze.青铜2. (of) its reddish brown colour. 青铜色3. (a work of art) made of bronze. an exhibition of bronzes. 青铜制（艺术）品 bronzed adjective suntanned. a bronzed face.晒黑的bronze medal in athletics competitions, the medal awarded as third prize. 铜质奖章

bronze

→ 青铜zhCN

bronze

bronze,

in metallurgy, alloy of copper, tin, zinc, phosphorus, and sometimes small amounts of other elements. Bronzes are harder than brassesbrass,
alloy having copper (55%–90%) and zinc (10%–45%) as its essential components. The properties of brass vary with the proportion of copper and zinc and with the addition of small amounts of other elements, such as aluminum, lead, tin, or nickel.
..... Click the link for more information. . Most are produced by melting the copper and adding the desired amounts of tin, zinc, and other substances. The properties of the alloy depend on the proportions of its components. Aluminum bronze has high strength and resists corrosion; it is used for bearings, valve seats, and machine parts. Leaded bronze, containing from 10% to 29% lead, is cast into heavy–duty bushings and bearings. Silicon bronze is used for telegraph wires and chemical containers. Phosphor bronze is used for springs. Bronze is used for coins, medals, steam fittings, and gunmetalgunmetal,
a bronze, an alloy of copper, tin, and a small amount of zinc. Although originally used extensively for making guns (from which it received its name), it has been superseded by steel, and it is now chiefly employed in casting machine parts.
..... Click the link for more information. and was formerly employed for cannon. Because of its particularly sonorous quality, bell metal, containing from 20% to 24% tin, is used for casting bells. Bronze has long been used in art, e.g., for castings, engravings, and forgings.

bronze,

in art: see bronze sculpturebronze sculpture.
Bronze is ideal for casting art works; it flows into all crevices of a mold, thus perfectly reproducing every detail of the most delicately modeled sculpture. It is malleable beneath the graver's tool and admirable for repoussé work.
..... Click the link for more information. .

bronze

An alloy of copper and tin, bronze in color, having a substantial admixture of copper to modify the properties of the principal element, such as aluminum bronze and magnesium bronze.

Bronze

a copper alloy containing various chemical elements, chiefly metals (such as tin, aluminum, beryllium, lead, cadmium, or chromium); it is correspondingly called tin bronze, aluminum bronze, beryllium bronze, and so on. Alloys of copper with zinc (brass) and nickel (cupronickel alloys) are not called bronze.

Tin bronze is the oldest alloy obtained by man (the Bronze Age). The first bronze articles were obtained in the third millennium B.C. by means of reduction smelting of copper and tin ores with charcoal. Much later, bronze began to be prepared by adding tin and other metals to the copper.

In ancient times bronze was used to make weapons and tools (arrowheads, daggers, and ax heads), ornaments, coins, and mirrors; and in the Middle Ages a great deal of bronze was used to cast bells. (Bell bronze usually contains 20 percent tin.) Until the mid-19th century, so-called gun-metal (an alloy of copper with 10 percent tin) was used to cast gun barrrels. In the 19th century bronze began to be used in mechanical engineering for bearing bushings, steam-engine slide valves, gears, and fittings. The antifriction properties and corrosion resistance of tin bronzes proved very valuable in mechanical engineering. Many kinds of machine bronzes of various composition, containing up to 10-15 percent tin, 5-10 percent zinc, and small amounts of lead and phosphorus, began to appear in industrialized countries.

Substitutes for tin bronzes, which did not contain scarce tin and were often superior to tin bronzes in many respects, began to be made in the 20th century. The most common are the aluminum bronzes, with 5-12 percent aluminum and admixtures of iron, manganese, and nickel. So-called tinless bronzes (beryllium bronzes, silicon-nickel bronzes, and others), whose strength could be greatly increased by quenching followed by artificial aging, were developed in the 1920’s and 1930’s. For example, after heat treatment, an alloy of copper with 2 percent beryllium becomes stronger than many steels and attains the very high yield limit of 1,280 meganewtons per sq m (128 kilograms-force per sq mm).

Various bronzes play an important part in modern mechanical engineering, aviation and rocket technology, shipbuilding, and other branches of industry.

REFERENCES

Smiriagin, A. P. Promyshlennye tsvetnye metally i splavy, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1956.
Novikov, I. I., and M. V. Zakharov. Termicheskaia obrabotka metallov i splavov. Moscow, 1962.

I. I. NOVIKOV

Bronze

in art, a material used since remote antiquity for articles of decorative and applied art and for sculpture (mostly, tin bronze to which silver was added when casting bells and, in medieval China, when casting vessels). Bronze powder and thin leaves of bronze (known as Dutch gold or brass leaf) are also used in bronzing articles made of wood, ivory, ferrous metals, plaster, and so on. The outstanding casting properties of bronze make possible the reproduction of the most minute details of a sculptural model; its ductility, toughness, and plasticity make it possible to create solid compositions with sharp projections and sharp separation of parts and to obtain hollow, relatively light castings without using additional supports. When bronze oxidizes it acquires a permanent coloration (a natural patina) ranging from green to dark brown and black; in addition, it is well suited for chemical toning (patination), gilding, polishing, forging, chasing, and engraving, all of which help in varying the color and surface finish of the artifacts.

From the middle of the third millennium B.C. in Mesopotamia and from the second millennium in Egypt, casting in folding, closed clay molds that were taken from a carved or sculptured model appeared after the primitive technique of casting in open molds made of stone, sand, wood, and so on. The parts of round sculpture and vessels cast in these molds were sealed and bonded together with tin. The joints were smoothed over with chasing, which was also used to make parts with relief, intensifying the contrast with the generalized, monumental surfaces, which were often polished. Sometimes the chasing was supplemented by engraving (for example, a bronze head from Nineveh, 23rd century B.C.; in the Iraqi Museum, Baghdad). Chasing appeared as relief on the thick-walled household and religious vessels used in the ancient states of Asia and Transcaucasia. In the Near East from the end of the first millennium A.D. bronze articles were decorated with finer relief and with incrustations of copper, silver, and sometimes gold (ornaments, complex inscriptions, and scenes of battle, hunting, and court entertainment). In China, where bronze was known from the second millennium B.C. and where the polishing of bronze mirrors was brought to perfection, thin-walled vessels of complex configuration were made by so-called wax casting: the mold was coated from within by an even layer of wax and filled in with clay, and then the wax was melted and replaced by bronze.

In Greece during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. the lost-wax process was used for the casting of large bronze statues (by Polyclitus, Myron, Lysippus, and other sculptors). In this method (which to this day is the main method used for bronze monumental sculpture), the artist performs the final modeling of his sculpture on the wax placed on it, which is then covered with a heat-resistant material; the wax is eliminated during the casting. As a result, an ideally precise but unique casting is obtained.

The characteristic of bronze of giving off a rich play of highlights and shadows according to its gradations was used in a refined manner by ancient sculptors as one of the means of realizing the shimmering, lifelike quality of the human body as well as conveying a stately monumental quality to the statues. In ancient Rome, monuments (the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, second century A.D.; now on the Capitoline), portrait busts, lamps, and so on were cast in large pieces. Meticulous embossing intensified the plastic clarity of composition and the tangibility and faithfulness of the articles.

Early medieval and Romanesque bronze doors of churches and cathedrals (for example, Hildesheim, 1015; the west doors of the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod, 1152-56; and the Church of San Zeno Maggiore in Verona, 11th-12th centuries), tombs (Rudolf of Swabia, c. 1080; and the cathedral in Merseburg), large vessels in the shape of animals, reliquaries, candlesticks, and so on (and, less frequently, statues of saints) were for the most part assembled composites. Because in these works the flatly resolved images and ornaments appeared on a blank, smooth background, there was a special sense of the weightiness and impenetrability of the bronze mass.

During the Renaissance, L. Ghiberti (the north doors, 1404-24, and the east doors, 1425-52, of the Florence baptistery), Donatello (an equestrian statue of Gattamelata, 1447-53, in Padua), Andrea Verrocchio (equestrian statue of Colleoni, 1479-90, in Venice), P. Vischer the Elder (shrine of St. Sebaldus, 1508-19, Church of St. Sebaldus, Nuremberg), and other sculptors again turned to the lost-wax method of casting. The piecemeal casting of a mold, introduced for this method by B. Cellini, allowed several exact castings to be made from one model; however, caulking was required to remove the traces of the mold joints. A high degree of perfection in bronze casting was reached during the 16th century in Russia (the Tsar’s Cannon, by A. Chokov, 1586; weight, about 40 tons; Moscow Kremlin). The surface finishing of bronze plastic art, in which matte finishes and polished surfaces and smooth planes and richly worked relief were combined, was growing more and more complex in the 15th and 16th centuries. It attained particular variety in the 17th and 18th centuries, when bronze became an important element in the decor of palace and park ensembles (the statues and sculptural groups of F. Girardon in Versailles, B. K. Rastrelli in Leningrad, and M. I. Kozlovskii and others at Petrodvorets). The use of gilding material of various tones (especially as applied to the furniture of A. C. Boulle and in the works of Clodion), as well as patination (in the works of P. Gouthière and, from the beginning of the 19th century, P. F. Thomire), in addition to a combination of closed and open casting, made the expressive possibilities of bronze almost limitless. During the 18th century and the first third of the 19th century many important bronze monuments were executed in Russia, where the following master founders were working: I. F. and M. I. Motorin (the Tsar’s Bell, 1734-35, Moscow Kremlin), E. Khailov (who, in collaboration with E. M. Falconet, performed the casting of the Bronze Horseman in 1775), V. P. Ekimov (who cast I. P. Martos’s group Minin and Pozharskii, 1816, in a single piece, and also the doors of the Kazan Cathedral and a number of monuments in Leningrad), and the sculptor P. K. Klodt.

Beginning in the second third of the 19th century a precipitous decline in the production of artistic bronzes began: in order to make household articles less expensive, low-grade copper alloys (with 10-15 percent tin and zinc and as much as 3 percent lead), galvanic gilding, and mechanical processing methods (stamping, rolling, and other methods) began to be utilized. The predominant development of sculpture decreased interest in the decorative properties of bronze, and it became, for the most part, merely a material to be used in making reproductions. A new artistic comprehension of bronze was attained in the last decades of the 19th century and in the early 20th century in the creative work of the impressionists (for example, A. Rodin and P. P. Trubetskoi) and a number of sculptors of later generations (E. A. Bourdelle, C. Despiau, G. Manzu, and others). In order to intensify the emotional resonance of images, they utilized the plastic expressiveness of the bronze overflows, jagged edges, and other traces of casting, which emphasize the living quality of modeling and the traces of the sculptor’s direct work on the model. In the softly modeled statues of A. Maillol the scarcely detectable play of light and shadow on the smooth mass of bronze creates the effect of an inner pulsation of life.

Bronze has been used extensively and diversely in Soviet sculpture (Peasant Woman by V. I. Mukhina, 1927; The Cobblestone Is the Weapon of the Proletariat by I. D. Shadr, 1927; a number of portrait works by S. D. Lebedeva, cast in bronze by the master craftsman V. V. Luk’ianov during the 1940’s to 1960’s, all in the Tret’iakov Gallery; Female Figure by A. T. Matveev, 1937, Russian Museum, Leningrad; and a considerable proportion of the monuments located in many cities of the USSR).

REFERENCES

Veiner, P. O bronze. Petrograd, 1923.
Rybakov, B. Remeslo drevnei Rusi. Moscow, 1948.
Rubtsov, N. N. V. P. Ekimov i P. K. Klodt—vydaiushchiesia mastera russkogo khudozhestvennogo lit’ia. Moscow, 1950.
Levinson, N. R., and L. N. Goncharova. Russkaia khudozhestvennaia bronza. Moscow, 1958.
Lüer, N. Technik der Bronzeplastik. Leipzig, 1902.
Schottmüller, F. Bronze: Statuetten und Geräte. Berlin, 1921.
Charbonneaux, J. Les bronzes grecs. Paris, 1958.
Dexel, T. Les bronzes chinois. Paris, 1959.
Landais, H. Les bronzes italiens de la Renaissance. Paris, 1958.
Weihrauch, H. R. Europäische Bronze-Statuetten 15-18. Jahrhundert. Braunschweig [1967].

I. M. GLOZMAN

bronze

[bränz] (metallurgy) An alloy of copper and tin in varying proportions; other elements such as zinc, nickel, and lead may be added.

bronze

1. An alloy of copper and tin. 2. Any alloy, bronze in color, having a substantial admixture of copper to modify the properties of the principal element, as aluminum bronze, magnesium bronze, etc.

bronze

1. a. any hard water-resistant alloy consisting of copper and smaller proportions of tin and sometimes zinc and lead b. any similar copper alloy containing other elements in place of tin, such as aluminium bronze, beryllium bronze, etc 2. a yellowish-brown colour or pigment 3. short for bronze medal

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REFERENCES

Bronze

REFERENCES

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Synonyms for bronze

adj reddish-brown

Synonyms

Synonyms for bronze

noun an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements

Related Words

noun a sculpture made of bronze

Related Words

verb give the color and appearance of bronze to something

Related Words

verb get a tan, from wind or sun

Synonyms

Related Words

adj of the color of bronze

Synonyms

Related Words

adj made from or consisting of bronze

Related Words