conflict

con·flict

C0562900 (kŏn′flĭkt′)n.1. A state of open, often prolonged fighting; a battle or war.2. A state of disagreement or disharmony between persons or ideas; a clash: a conflict over water rights.3. Psychology An emotional or mental disturbance resulting from the opposition or simultaneous functioning of mutually exclusive impulses, desires, or tendencies.4. Opposition between characters or forces in a work of drama or fiction, especially when motivating or shaping the action of the plot.intr.v. (kən-flĭkt′) con·flict·ed, con·flict·ing, con·flicts 1. To be in or come into opposition; differ.2. Archaic To engage in warfare.

[Middle English, from Latin cōnflīctus, collision, from past participle of cōnflīgere, to strike together : com-, com- + flīgere, to strike.]

con·flic′tion n.con·flic′tive adj.con·flic′tu·al (kən-flĭk′cho͞o-əl) adj.Synonyms: conflict, discord, strife, contention, dissension, clash
These nouns refer to a state of disagreement and disharmony. Conflict has the broadest application: a conflict of interests; a conflict between the demands of work and family.
Discord is a lack of harmony often marked by bickering and antipathy: The summit was marred by discord among the leaders.
Strife usually implies an open struggle, often destructive, between rivals or factions: "Your eye is then drawn to the scene below, down to the valley below, where everywhere are the ravages of famine, the drumbeat of war, a world groaning under strife and deprivation" (Barack Obama).
Contention suggests a dispute in the form of heated debate or quarreling: During the debate, we expect lively contention among the candidates.
Dissension implies difference of opinion that disrupts unity within a group: "Dissension had been brewing between the North and South long before the first shots were fired on Fort Sumter" (Ted Yanak & Pam Cornelison).
Clash involves irreconcilable ideas or interests: a clash between tradition and modernity; a clash of egos.

conflict

n 1. a struggle or clash between opposing forces; battle 2. a state of opposition between ideas, interests, etc; disagreement or controversy 3. a clash, as between two appointments made for the same time 4. (Psychology) psychol opposition between two simultaneous but incompatible wishes or drives, sometimes leading to a state of emotional tension and thought to be responsible for neuroses vb (intr) 5. to come into opposition; clash6. to fight [C15: from Latin conflictus, from conflīgere to combat, from flīgere to strike] conˈfliction n conˈflictive, conˈflictory adj

con•flict

(v. kənˈflɪkt; n. ˈkɒn flɪkt)

v.i. 1. to be contradictory, at variance, or in opposition; clash; disagree. 2. to fight or contend; do battle. n. 3. a fight, battle, or struggle, esp. a prolonged one; strife. 4. controversy; quarrel. 5. antagonism or opposition, as between interests or principles: a conflict of opinions. 6. discord of action, feeling, or effect. 7. incompatibility or interference, as of one idea, event, or activity with another: a conflict in the schedule. 8. a mental struggle arising from opposing demands or impulses. 9. a striking together; collision. [1375–1425; late Middle English < Latin conflīctus collision =conflīg(ere) to strike together, contend (con- con- + flīgere to strike) + -tus suffix of v. action] con•flic′tion, n. con•flic′tive, con•flic′to•ry (-ˈflɪk tə ri) adj.

conflict

An armed struggle or clash between organized groups within a nation or between nations in order to achieve limited political or military objectives. Although regular forces are often involved, irregular forces frequently predominate. Conflict often is protracted, confined to a restricted geographic area, and constrained in weaponry and level of violence. Within this state, military power in response to threats may be exercised in an indirect manner while supportive of other instruments of national power. Limited objectives may be achieved by the short, focused, and direct application of force.

Conflict

See also war.
antagonistan opponent in any kind of contest or conflict. Also called antipathist.antipathistRare. an antagonist.antipathyan attitude of antagonism or aversion.comminationthe act of threatening, especially revenge or punishment.contumacya refusal to obey; defiance.duelist, duellist1. a person engaged in a duel.
2. a person skilled at dueling.feudista person who participates in a feud or other conflict.insurgentismthe state of being an insurgent or rebel; the activities of insurgents or rebels.jacqueriea revolt of peasants against the social classes above them.monomachy, monomachiasingle combat; a duel. — monomachist, n.neutralitythe state or position of being impartial or not allied with or committed to any party or viewpoint in a conflict, especially a war or armed conflict, — neutral, n., adj.opponency1. the state or quality of being an opponent.
2. an act or instance of opposing.oppugnancy1. the state or quality of being an antagonist.
2. an act or instance of antagonism. — oppugnant, adj.pacationRare. the act or process of appeasing.rebeldom1. rebels collectively or as a group.
2. an area or region held by rebels.sciamachy, sciomachybattle with shadows or imaginary enemies.velitationa skirmish or other minor conflict.

conflict

Past participle: conflicted
Gerund: conflicting

Imperative
conflict
conflict

Present
I conflict
you conflict
he/she/it conflicts
we conflict
you conflict
they conflict

Preterite
I conflicted
you conflicted
he/she/it conflicted
we conflicted
you conflicted
they conflicted

Present Continuous
I am conflicting
you are conflicting
he/she/it is conflicting
we are conflicting
you are conflicting
they are conflicting

Present Perfect
I have conflicted
you have conflicted
he/she/it has conflicted
we have conflicted
you have conflicted
they have conflicted

Past Continuous
I was conflicting
you were conflicting
he/she/it was conflicting
we were conflicting
you were conflicting
they were conflicting

Past Perfect
I had conflicted
you had conflicted
he/she/it had conflicted
we had conflicted
you had conflicted
they had conflicted

Future
I will conflict
you will conflict
he/she/it will conflict
we will conflict
you will conflict
they will conflict

Future Perfect
I will have conflicted
you will have conflicted
he/she/it will have conflicted
we will have conflicted
you will have conflicted
they will have conflicted

Future Continuous
I will be conflicting
you will be conflicting
he/she/it will be conflicting
we will be conflicting
you will be conflicting
they will be conflicting

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been conflicting
you have been conflicting
he/she/it has been conflicting
we have been conflicting
you have been conflicting
they have been conflicting

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been conflicting
you will have been conflicting
he/she/it will have been conflicting
we will have been conflicting
you will have been conflicting
they will have been conflicting

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been conflicting
you had been conflicting
he/she/it had been conflicting
we had been conflicting
you had been conflicting
they had been conflicting

Conditional
I would conflict
you would conflict
he/she/it would conflict
we would conflict
you would conflict
they would conflict

Past Conditional
I would have conflicted
you would have conflicted
he/she/it would have conflicted
we would have conflicted
you would have conflicted
they would have conflicted

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	conflict - an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); "the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph"--Thomas Paine; "police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs"struggle, battleclass struggle, class war, class warfare - conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)insurrection, revolt, uprising, rising, rebellion - organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from anothercounterinsurgency, pacification - actions taken by a government to defeat insurgencygroup action - action taken by a group of peoplestrife - bitter conflict; heated often violent dissensiontug-of-war - any hard struggle between equally matched groupsturf war - a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights; "a turf war erupted between street gangs"; "the president's resignation was the result of a turf war with the board of directors"fighting, combat, fight, scrap - the act of fighting; any contest or struggle; "a fight broke out at the hockey game"; "there was fighting in the streets"; "the unhappy couple got into a terrible scrap"feud - a bitter quarrel between two partieswarfare, war - an active struggle between competing entities; "a price war"; "a war of wits"; "diplomatic warfare"
	2.	conflict - opposition between two simultaneous but incompatible feelings; "he was immobilized by conflict and indecision"ambivalence, ambivalency - mixed feelings or emotions
	3.	conflict - a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war; "Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga"; "he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement"battle, engagement, fightmilitary action, action - a military engagement; "he saw action in Korea"Armageddon - any catastrophically destructive battle; "they called the first World War an Armageddon"pitched battle - a fierce battle fought in close combat between troops in predetermined positions at a chosen time and placenaval battle - a pitched battle between naval fleetsarmed combat, combat - an engagement fought between two military forceswar, warfare - the waging of armed conflict against an enemy; "thousands of people were killed in the war"dogfight - an aerial engagement between fighter planesassault - close fighting during the culmination of a military attackarmed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"
	4.	conflict - a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests; "his conflict of interest made him ineligible for the post"; "a conflict of loyalties"state - the way something is with respect to its main attributes; "the current state of knowledge"; "his state of health"; "in a weak financial state"friction, clash - a state of conflict between personsclash - a state of conflict between colors; "her dress was a disturbing clash of colors"disagreement, dissonance, dissension - a conflict of people's opinions or actions or characters
	5.	conflict - an incompatibility of dates or events; "he noticed a conflict in the dates of the two meetings"incompatibility - the quality of being unable to exist or work in congenial combination
	6.	conflict - opposition in a work of drama or fiction between characters or forces (especially an opposition that motivates the development of the plot); "this form of conflict is essential to Mann's writing"oppositeness, opposition - the relation between opposed entities
	7.	conflict - a disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats"difference of opinion, dispute, differencedisagreement - the speech act of disagreeing or arguing or disputingcollision - a conflict of opposed ideas or attitudes or goals; "a collision of interests"contestation, controversy, disceptation, arguing, argument, contention, disputation, tilt - a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement; "they were involved in a violent argument"gap - a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situationsdustup, quarrel, run-in, wrangle, row, words - an angry dispute; "they had a quarrel"; "they had words"
Verb	1.	conflict - be in conflict; "The two proposals conflict!"counterpoint, contrast - to show differences when compared; be different; "the students contrast considerably in their artistic abilities"collide, jar, clash - be incompatible; be or come into conflict; "These colors clash"
	2.	conflict - go against, as of rules and laws; "He ran afoul of the law"; "This behavior conflicts with our rules"contravene, infringe, run afoulbreach, infract, transgress, violate, go against, offend, break - act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises; "offend all laws of humanity"; "violate the basic laws or human civilization"; "break a law"; "break a promise"

conflict

noun1. dispute, difference, opposition, hostility, disagreement, friction, strife, fighting, antagonism, variance, discord, bad blood, dissension, divided loyalties Try to keep any conflict between you and your ex-partner to a minimum.
dispute accord, agreement, harmony2. struggle, battle, clash, strife the anguish of his own inner conflict3. battle, war, fight, clash, contest, set-to (informal), encounter, combat, engagement, warfare, collision, contention, strife, head-to-head, fracas The National Security Council has met to discuss ways of preventing a military conflict.
battle peace, treaty, truceverb1. be incompatible, clash, differ, disagree, contend, strive, collide, be at variance He held firm opinions which sometimes conflicted with my own.
be incompatible agree, coincide, reconcile, harmonize

conflict

noun1. A state of open, prolonged fighting:belligerency, confrontation, hostility (used in plural), strife, struggle, war, warfare.2. A state of disagreement and disharmony:clash, confrontation, contention, difference, difficulty, disaccord, discord, discordance, dissension, dissent, dissentience, dissidence, dissonance, faction, friction, inharmony, schism, strife, variance, war, warfare.verbTo fail to be in accord:clash, contradict, disaccord, discord, jar.Idiom: go counter to.

Translations

争论倾轧冲突战斗抵触

conflict

(ˈkonflikt) noun1. (a) disagreement. There was considerable conflict about which plan should be accepted.争论2. a fight or battle. 战斗 (kənˈflikt) verb to contradict each other; to disagree. The two accounts of what had happened conflicted (with each other). 抵触，倾轧

conflict

→ 冲突zhCN

conflict

Psychol opposition between two simultaneous but incompatible wishes or drives, sometimes leading to a state of emotional tension and thought to be responsible for neuroses

conflict

the overt struggle between individuals or groups within a society, or between nation states. In any society conflict may occur between (for example) two or more people, social movements, interest groupings, classes, genders, organizations, political parties, and ethnic, racial or religious collectivities. Conflict often arises because of competition over access to, or control over, scarce resources or opportunities.

Conflict may be institutionalized: regulated by sets of rules to which all participants agree, such as procedures of industrial arbitration, or the electoral process of democratic societies; or unregulated, such as the violence deployed by and against terrorist organizations or revolutionary movements. Institutionalized conflict is often taken as evidence of a healthy democratic process. The PLURALIST view of power regards society as a complex of competing interests, to the extent that democratic rules and institutions allow the articulation and resolution of conflict and prevent any one ‘interest’ group from always prevailing on every issue. See also CONFLICT THEORY.

Conflict

artistic (artistic collision), a struggle or contradiction between the moving forces in a work—for instance, between the character and the circumstances, between several characters, or between various facets of one character. In the structure of an artistic work, conflict is an ideologically significant opposition of corresponding images. Traditionally, the term “conflict” (or “collision”) has been applied to temporal, representational-dynamic types and genres of art, such as literature (drama, many epic genres, and sometimes, lyric genres), theater, and films.

As the foundation and “source of energy” for the developing action of a work, the conflict changes continuously, moving in the direction of a culmination and denouement and thereby giving the work inner dialectical unity and integrity. The conflict is revealed directly through the plot, which is often called the moving conflict, as well as through the realistic details, structures, and language of the work. In epics, drama, novels, short stories, and motion-picture scripts the conflict is usually the core of the plot and of the problems treated in the work, and the description of how it is resolved is the decisive point in the artistic idea. The aesthetic characteristics of an artistic conflict may fall within such categories as tragic, comic, and idyllic (lack of conflict), which generalize its typological, or universal, qualities.

The spiritual and sociohistorical contradictions in the real world are the most common source of the content of an artistic conflict. However, unlike the social sciences and journalism, art does not directly assimilate social conflict but acts as a mediator. It reflects the many contradictions generated by the conflict in human relations taken in their entirety and considering their spiritual, psychic, intellectual, and physical aspects. For example, in A. S. Pushkin’s novel Eugene Onegin, the discord between the advanced intelligentsia drawn from the nobility and the autocratic regime based on serfdom and the Russian “world” as a whole is apparent in the personal drama of the hero, who suffers failure in friendship and love. His story elucidates the dichotomy between his social upbringing and genuine humanity—a contradiction that generates a conflict within himself.

Obviously, the unraveling of the objective social conflict that nourishes the artistic conflict falls short of the comprehensive analysis of the inexhaustible ideological depth of a work, which is new for each successive generation. Indeed, the objective conflict depicted in Eugene Onegin was also reflected in many other works of the period (M. lu. Lermontov’s A Hero of Our Time, A. I. Herzen’s Who Is to Blame?, and I. S. Turgenev’s Rudin, for example). However, the content of these works differed radically from that of Pushkin’s. An artistic conflict is evaluated in terms of its own unique sense. However, works dealing with a particular historic period have certain things in common, inasmuch as they reflect the same historical stage of development in social interrelationships and in the individual’s self-consciousness.

In the art of classical antiquity one of the central conflicts was that of the man who was limited in his foresight and who was, therefore, at the mercy of fate. For the late Renaissance the central conflict was between the heroically self-sustaining personality and egotistical individualism and antihumanistic circumstances. Beauty versus ugliness in man’s character and sensual nature versus spiritual asceticism were the principal conflicts in baroque literature. Classicism often focused on the collision of personal passions with civic duty. In romantic works the genius of the individual is in conflict with his prosaic milieu.

Realism brought artistic conflict to its social and historical foundation—that is, the contradiction between man’s essence and potential and his actual social being and the impossibility of giving the individual’s inner life a social and historical form. (According to M. M. Bakhtin, in novels man is either superior to his fate or inferior to his own humanity.) Unprecedented variations in conflict were developed by realism. In modernistic literature the prevailing conflicts are between the individual and a reality from which he feels alienated, between the conscious and the subconscious, and between man’s biological and social character.

Accepting the rich legacy of classical conflicts, socialist realism has shown artistic conflicts to be socially determined. From the socialist realist viewpoint the chief conflicts are the opposition and the meeting of man and history, the social-class antagonisms and their revolutionary resolution, and the awakening of the new collectivist consciousness through a struggle with individualistic morality.

The first detailed theory of conflict was worked out by G. Hegel. According to him, “the opposition contained within a situation” forms the possibility and the necessity for action, which consists in struggle—in the “actions and reactions” of the acting forces, which are, necessarily, “substantial,” universal positive forces. The polarities merge in a harmonious ideal once their mutual demands have been exhausted.

Marxist aesthetics stresses the objective, sociohistorical quality of conflict and determines the resolution of the conflict in accordance with the sense of historical progress. In principle, it also allows artistic conflicts to remain unresolved in some works. F. Engels emphasized that “the writer is not obliged to hand on a plate to his reader the historical outcome of the social conflicts which he describes” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 36, p. 333). The problem of artistic conflict continues to be an important one in Soviet aesthetics.

REFERENCES

Marx, K., and F. Engels. Ob iskusstve, vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1967.
Hegel, G. W. F. Estetika (4 vols.), vols. 1–3. Moscow, 1968–71.
Kozhinov, V. V. “Siuzhet, fabula, kompozitsiia.” In Teoriia literatury: Osnovyne problemy v istoricheskom osveshchenii, book 2. Moscow, 1964.
Bocharov, S. G. “Kharaktery i obstoiatel’stva.” In Teoriia literatury: Osnovnye problemy v istoricheskom osveshchenii, book 1. Moscow, 1962.

M. N. EPSHTEIN

Conflict

(physiology), a clash between basic nerve processes —excitation and inhibition—in the cerebral cortex; the interaction of excitation and inhibition, whereby the cerebral cortex may pass from a normal to a pathological state. Conflict can serve as a means of inducing prolonged functional disturbances of the higher centers of the central nervous system (neuroses) and functional disorders of the internal organs in animals with a well-developed cerebral cortex.

The term “conflict” was first applied to physiology by I. P. Pavlov in 1933 in connection with his ideas on the work efficiency threshold of the cortical cell and on above-threshold inhibition. He regarded conflict as an effective means of inducing a breakdown in higher nervous activity, neurosis, and profound pathological changes in organs and tissues. The collision of inhibition with excitation in the cerebral cortex—the so-called classical conflict—was first elicited experimentally by I. P. Razenkov in Pavlov’s laboratory in 1924. A. D. Speranskii was the author of some works on the subject. According to Pavlov, “the morbid nervous states” experimentally induced in animals “correspond in man to a significant degree to the so-called psychogenic illnesses. The same overstraining, the same conflicts between excitation and inhibition are found to occur in our lives as well” (Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 3, book 2,1951, p. 303).

Modern electrophysiological, ultramicroscopic, and biochemical research methods make it possible to describe in detail everything that makes up the concept of overstrain and of force and mobility of excitation and inhibition, thus creating the conditions needed to understand and theoretically interpret the complex mechanisms by which excitation and inhibition interact. The term “conflict,” which is semantically close to the concept of stress, is used not only in physiology but in psychology, medicine, and philosophy as well.

REFERENCES

Iakovleva, E. A. Eksperimental’nye nevrozy. Moscow, 1967.
Kurtsin, I. T. Teoreticheskie osnovy psikhosomaticheskoi medilsiny. Leningrad, 1973.

I. T. KURTSIN

conflict

[′kän‚flikt] (psychology) A mental struggle that arises from the simultaneous operation of opposing impulses, drives, and external or internal demand.

conflict

The predicted converging of aircraft in space and time that constitutes a violation of a given set of separation minimums.

conflict

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come into conflict

conflict with (something)

conflict of interest

come into conflict

conflict with something

conflict of ˈinterest(s)

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Synonyms for conflict

noun dispute

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Antonyms

noun struggle

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noun battle

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verb be incompatible

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Synonyms for conflict

noun a state of open, prolonged fighting

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noun a state of disagreement and disharmony

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verb to fail to be in accord

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Synonyms for conflict

noun an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

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Related Words

noun opposition between two simultaneous but incompatible feelings

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noun a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

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noun a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests

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noun an incompatibility of dates or events

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noun opposition in a work of drama or fiction between characters or forces (especially an opposition that motivates the development of the plot)

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noun a disagreement or argument about something important

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verb be in conflict

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verb go against, as of rules and laws

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