cross

crosstop: Maltese and St. Andrew'scenter: patriarchal, Greek, and taubottom: Latin, Calvary, and Celtic

cross

C0760800 (krôs, krŏs) n. 1. a. An upright post with a transverse piece near the top, on which condemned persons were executed in ancient times. b. often Cross The cross upon which Jesus was crucified. c. A crucifix. d. Any of various modifications of the cross design, such as a Latin cross or Maltese cross. e. A medal, emblem, or insignia in the form of a cross. 2. Cross The Christian religion; Christianity. 3. Christianity The sign of the cross. 4. A trial, affliction, or frustration. See Synonyms at burden.5. A mark or pattern formed by the intersection of two lines, especially such a mark (X) used as a signature. 6. A movement from one place to another, as on a stage; a crossing. 7. A pipe fitting with four branches in upright and transverse form, used as a junction for intersecting pipes. 8. Biology A plant or animal produced by crossbreeding; a hybrid. 9. One that combines the qualities of two other things: a novel that is a cross between romance and satire. 10. Sports a. A hook thrown over an opponent's punch in boxing. b. A pass made into the center of the field to a player in position to score, especially in soccer. 11. Law An act or instance of cross-examining; a cross-examination. 12. The Southern Cross. 13. Slang A contest whose outcome has been dishonestly prearranged. v. crossed, cross·ing, cross·es v. tr. 1. To go or extend across; pass from one side of to the other: crossed the room to greet us; a bridge that crosses the bay. 2. To carry or conduct across something: crossed the horses at the ford. 3. To extend or pass through or over; intersect: Elm Street crosses Oak Street. 4. Sports To propel (a ball or puck) as a cross, as in soccer. 5. a. To delete by drawing a line through: crossed tasks off her list as she did them. b. To eliminate or dismiss as unimportant or undesirable: "He thought about Mr. Fraser and crossed him off as an unknown quantity" (Scott O'Dell). c. To make or put a line across: Cross and divide a circle. 6. To place crosswise one over the other: cross one's legs. 7. To make the sign of the cross upon or over as a sign of devotion or blessing. 8. To encounter in passing: His path crossed mine. 9. To combine the qualities of two things: a movie that crosses horror with humor. 10. To interfere with; thwart or obstruct: Don't cross me. 11. To betray or deceive; double-cross. Often used with up. 12. Biology To crossbreed or cross-fertilize (plants or animals). 13. Law To cross-examine. v. intr. 1. To lie or pass across each other; intersect. 2. a. To move or extend from one side to another: crossed through Canada en route to Alaska. b. To make a crossing: crossed into Germany from Switzerland. 3. To meet in passing; come into conjunction: Their paths crossed at the health club. 4. To move or be conveyed in opposite directions at the same time: Our letters must have crossed in the mail. 5. Biology To crossbreed or cross-fertilize. adj. 1. Lying or passing crosswise; intersecting: a cross street. 2. Contrary or counter; opposing. 3. Showing ill humor; annoyed. 4. Involving interchange; reciprocal. 5. Crossbred; hybrid. adv. Crosswise. prep. Across. Phrasal Verbs: cross over 1. To change from one condition or loyalty to another. 2. Genetics To exchange genetic material. Used of homologous chromosomes. cross up To ruin completely: Their lack of cooperation crossed up the whole project. Idioms: cross (one's) mind To come to know; realize: It crossed my mind that you might want to leave early. cross (one's) t's To be thorough or painstaking in attending to details. cross (someone's) palm To pay, tip, or bribe. cross swords To quarrel or fight. cross your fingers Used to encourage someone to hope for a successful or advantageous outcome: I think I'm going to get the job offer-cross your fingers!

[Middle English cros, from Old English, probably from Old Norse kross, from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux.]

cross′er n. cross′ly adv. cross′ness n.

cross

(krɒs) n1. a structure or symbol consisting essentially of two intersecting lines or pieces at right angles to one another2. a wooden structure used as a means of execution, consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece to which people were nailed or tied3. (Ecclesiastical Terms) a representation of the Cross used as an emblem of Christianity or as a reminder of Christ's death4. any mark or shape consisting of two intersecting lines, esp such a symbol (×) used as a signature, point of intersection, error mark, etc5. (Ecclesiastical Terms) a sign representing the Cross made either by tracing a figure in the air or by touching the forehead, breast, and either shoulder in turn6. (Ecclesiastical Terms) any conventional variation of the Christian symbol, used emblematically, decoratively, or heraldically, such as a Maltese, tau, or Greek cross7. (Heraldry) heraldry any of several charges in which one line crosses or joins another at right angles8. (Military) a cruciform emblem awarded to indicate membership of an order or as a decoration for distinguished service9. (Theology) (sometimes capital) Christianity or Christendom, esp as contrasted with non-Christian religions: Cross and Crescent. 10. (Human Geography) the place in a town or village where a cross has been set up11. (Building) a pipe fitting, in the form of a cross, for connecting four pipes12. (Biology) biology a. the process of crossing; hybridizationb. an individual produced as a result of this process13. a mixture of two qualities or types: he's a cross between a dictator and a saint. 14. an opposition, hindrance, or misfortune; affliction (esp in the phrase bear one's cross)15. slang a match or game in which the outcome has been rigged16. slang a fraud or swindle17. (Boxing) boxing a straight punch delivered from the side, esp with the right hand18. (Soccer) football the act or an instance of kicking or passing the ball from a wing to the middle of the field19. on the cross a. diagonallyb. slang dishonestlyvb20. (sometimes foll by over) to move or go across (something); traverse or intersect: we crossed the road. 21. a. to meet and pass: the two trains crossed. b. (of each of two letters in the post) to be dispatched before receipt of the other22. (tr; usually foll by out, off, or through) to cancel with a cross or with lines; delete23. (tr) to place or put in a form resembling a cross: to cross one's legs. 24. (tr) to mark with a cross or crosses25. (Banking & Finance) (tr) Brit to draw two parallel lines across the face of (a cheque) and so make it payable only into a bank account26. (Ecclesiastical Terms) (tr) a. to trace the form of the Cross, usually with the thumb or index finger upon (someone or something) in token of blessingb. to make the sign of the Cross upon (oneself)27. (Telecommunications) (intr) (of telephone lines) to interfere with each other so that three or perhaps four callers are connected together at one time28. (Biology) to cause fertilization between (plants or animals of different breeds, races, varieties, etc)29. (tr) to oppose the wishes or plans of; thwart: his opponent crosses him at every turn. 30. (Soccer) football to kick or pass (the ball) from a wing to the middle of the field31. (Rugby) football to kick or pass (the ball) from a wing to the middle of the field32. (Nautical Terms) (tr) nautical to set (the yard of a square sail) athwartships33. cross a bridge when one comes to it to deal with matters, problems, etc, as they arise; not to anticipate difficulties34. cross one's fingers to fold one finger across another in the hope of bringing good luck: keep your fingers crossed. 35. cross one's heart to promise or pledge, esp by making the sign of a cross over one's heart36. cross one's mind to occur to one briefly or suddenly37. cross someone's palm to give someone money38. cross someone's path to meet or thwart someone39. cross swords to argue or fightadj40. angry; ill-humoured; vexed41. lying or placed across; transverse: a cross timber. 42. involving interchange; reciprocal43. contrary or unfavourable44. (Breeds) another word for crossbred¹45. a Brit slang word for dishonest[Old English cros, from Old Irish cross (unattested), from Latin crux; see crux] ˈcrosser n ˈcrossly adv ˈcrossness n

Cross

(krɒs) n1. (Ecclesiastical Terms) the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified2. (Ecclesiastical Terms) the Crucifixion of Jesus

Cross

(krɒs) n (Biography) Richard Assheton, 1st Viscount. 1823–1914, British Conservative statesman, home secretary (1874–80); noted for reforms affecting housing, public health, and the employment of women and children in factories

cross

(krɔs, krɒs)

n., v. crossed, cross•ing, n. 1. a figure or object consisting of two lines or pieces intersecting usu. at right angles. 2. a wooden structure consisting of an upright and a transverse piece, upon which persons were formerly put to death. 3. a mark, usu. an X, used as a signature or to indicate location, an error, etc. 4. the Cross, the cross upon which Jesus died. 5. a figure of the Cross as a Christian emblem, badge, etc. 6. crucifix (def. 1). 7. a sign made with the hand outlining the figure of a cross as an act of devotion. 8. a structure or monument in the form of a cross, set up for prayer, as a memorial, etc. 9. a conventional representation or modification of the Christian emblem used as a symbol or ornament: Maltese cross. 10. Christianity or Christendom. 11. an opposition; thwarting. 12. an affliction; misfortune; trouble. 13. a crossing of animals or plants; a mixing of breeds. 14. an animal, plant, breed, etc., produced by crossing; crossbreed. 15. a person or thing that is intermediate in character between two others. 16. a boxing punch thrown across and over the lead of an opponent. 17. a cross-examination. 18. a movement from one place or side to another; a crossing, as by an actor on stage. 19. a place of crossing. 20. a four-way plumbing joint or connection. 21. (cap.) Southern Cross. v.t. 22. to move or extend from one side to the other side of (a street, river, etc.). 23. to put or draw a line across. 24. to cancel by marking with a cross or drawing a line through (often fol. by off or out). 25. to lie or pass across; intersect. 26. to place across each other or crosswise: to cross one's legs. 27. to meet and pass. 28. to assist (a person) across a street or intersection. 29. to cause (members of different genera, species, breeds, varieties, or the like) to interbreed. 30. to oppose openly; thwart. 31. Slang. to betray; double-cross. 32. to make the sign of the cross upon or over: to cross oneself. v.i. 33. to lie or be athwart; intersect. 34. to move, pass, or extend from one side or place to another. 35. to meet and pass. 36. to interbreed. 37. cross over, a. (of a chromosome segment) to undergo crossing over. b. to switch allegiance, as from one political party to another. c. to change successfully from one field of endeavor, genre, etc., to another. 38. cross up, a. to deceive; double-cross. b. to confuse. adj. 39. angry and annoyed; ill-humored. 40. lying crosswise; transverse. 41. involving a reciprocal action or interchange (often used in combination): cross-marketing of related services. 42. contrary; opposite. 43. crossbred; hybrid. Idioms: 1. bear one's cross, to accept trials or troubles patiently. 2. cross swords, a. to engage in combat; fight. b. to disagree violently; argue. [before 1000; Middle English, late Old English cros < Old Norse kross < Old Irish cros (< British Celtic) < Latin crux; see crux] cross′ly, adv. cross′ness, n.

cross

(krôs)Noun A plant or animal produced by crossbreeding; a hybrid.Verb To crossbreed or cross-fertilize plants or animals.

cross

Past participle: crossed
Gerund: crossing

Imperative
cross
cross

Present
I cross
you cross
he/she/it crosses
we cross
you cross
they cross

Preterite
I crossed
you crossed
he/she/it crossed
we crossed
you crossed
they crossed

Present Continuous
I am crossing
you are crossing
he/she/it is crossing
we are crossing
you are crossing
they are crossing

Present Perfect
I have crossed
you have crossed
he/she/it has crossed
we have crossed
you have crossed
they have crossed

Past Continuous
I was crossing
you were crossing
he/she/it was crossing
we were crossing
you were crossing
they were crossing

Past Perfect
I had crossed
you had crossed
he/she/it had crossed
we had crossed
you had crossed
they had crossed

Future
I will cross
you will cross
he/she/it will cross
we will cross
you will cross
they will cross

Future Perfect
I will have crossed
you will have crossed
he/she/it will have crossed
we will have crossed
you will have crossed
they will have crossed

Future Continuous
I will be crossing
you will be crossing
he/she/it will be crossing
we will be crossing
you will be crossing
they will be crossing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been crossing
you have been crossing
he/she/it has been crossing
we have been crossing
you have been crossing
they have been crossing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been crossing
you will have been crossing
he/she/it will have been crossing
we will have been crossing
you will have been crossing
they will have been crossing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been crossing
you had been crossing
he/she/it had been crossing
we had been crossing
you had been crossing
they had been crossing

Conditional
I would cross
you would cross
he/she/it would cross
we would cross
you would cross
they would cross

Past Conditional
I would have crossed
you would have crossed
he/she/it would have crossed
we would have crossed
you would have crossed
they would have crossed

cross

1. The main Christian symbol, reminding Christians of Jesus’ sacrificial death and his resurrection. It is a symbol of good over evil.2. Counter-punch crossing over the opponent’s head.3. (center) Ball kicked into the penalty area from near the touchline.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	cross - a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piecestructure, construction - a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts; "the structure consisted of a series of arches"; "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons"
	2.	cross - a marking that consists of lines that cross each othercrisscross, markmarking - a pattern of marks
	3.	Cross - a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldryCalvary cross, cross of Calvary - a Latin cross set on three stepsCeltic cross - a Latin cross with a ring surrounding the intersectioncrucifix, rood, rood-tree - representation of the cross on which Jesus diedemblem - special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc.Greek cross - a cross with each of the four arms the same lengthJerusalem cross - a cross with equal arms, each terminating in a small crossbarLatin cross - a cross with the lowest arm being longer than the otherscross of Lorraine, Lorraine cross - a cross with two crossbars, one above and one below the midpoint of the vertical, the lower longer than the upperMaltese cross - a cross with triangular or arrow-shaped arms and the points toward the centerpapal cross - a cross with three crossbarspatriarchal cross - a cross with two crossbarssaltire, St. Andrew's cross - a cross resembling the letter x, with diagonal bars of equal lengthSt. Anthony's cross, tau cross - cross resembling the Greek letter tau
	4.	cross - any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns"crown of thornsaffliction - a state of great suffering and distress due to adversity
	5.	cross - (genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species; "a mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey"crossbreed, hybridorganism, being - a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independentlydihybrid - a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles eachmonohybrid - a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)genetic science, genetics - the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
	6.	cross - (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybridshybridisation, hybridization, hybridizing, interbreeding, crossbreeding, crossingmating, pairing, sexual union, union, coupling, conjugation - the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes; "the casual couplings of adolescents"; "the mating of some species occurs only in the spring"dihybrid cross - hybridization using two traits with two alleles eachmonohybrid cross - hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)reciprocal cross, reciprocal - hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotypetestcross, test-cross - a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspringgenetic science, genetics - the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
Verb	1.	cross - travel across or pass over; "The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day"cut across, cut through, get over, traverse, pass over, get across, track, covertramp - cross on foot; "We had to tramp the creeks"stride - cover or traverse by taking long steps; "She strode several miles towards the woods"walk - traverse or cover by walking; "Walk the tightrope"; "Paul walked the streets of Damascus"; "She walks 3 miles every day"crisscross - cross in a pattern, often randomford - cross a river where it's shallowbridge - cross over on a bridgejaywalk - cross the road at a red lightdrive, take - proceed along in a vehicle; "We drive the turnpike to work"go across, pass, go through - go across or through; "We passed the point where the police car had parked"; "A terrible thought went through his mind"course - move swiftly through or over; "ships coursing the Atlantic"hop - traverse as if by a short airplane trip; "Hop the Pacific Ocean"
	2.	cross - meet at a pointintersectcross - meet and pass; "the trains crossed"encounter, meet, run across, come across, run into, see - come together; "I'll probably see you at the meeting"; "How nice to see you again!"
	3.	cross - hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of; "What ultimately frustrated every challenger was Ruth's amazing September surge"; "foil your opponent"frustrate, queer, scotch, thwart, baffle, bilk, foil, spoildisappoint, let down - fail to meet the hopes or expectations of; "Her boyfriend let her down when he did not propose marriage"foreclose, forestall, preclude, prevent, forbid - keep from happening or arising; make impossible; "My sense of tact forbids an honest answer"; "Your role in the projects precludes your involvement in the competitive project"dash - destroy or break; "dashed ambitions and hopes"short-circuit - hamper the progress of; impede; "short-circuit warm feelings"ruin - destroy or cause to fail; "This behavior will ruin your chances of winning the election"double cross - betray by double-dealing
	4.	cross - fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"fold, fold up, turn up - bend or lay so that one part covers the other; "fold up the newspaper"; "turn up your collar"uncross - change from a crossed to an uncrossed position; "She uncrossed her legs"
	5.	cross - to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries"span, traverse, sweepcover, extend, continue - span an interval of distance, space or time; "The war extended over five years"; "The period covered the turn of the century"; "My land extends over the hills on the horizon"; "This farm covers some 200 acres"; "The Archipelago continues for another 500 miles"
	6.	cross - meet and pass; "the trains crossed"decussate - cross or intersect so as to form a cross; "this nerve decussates the other"; "the fibers decussate"intersect, cross - meet at a point
	7.	cross - trace a line through or across; "cross your `t'"write - mark or trace on a surface; "The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper"; "Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet"
	8.	cross - breed animals or plants using parents of different races and varieties; "cross a horse and a donkey"; "Mendel tried crossbreeding"; "these species do not interbreed"crossbreed, hybridise, hybridize, interbreedbreed - cause to procreate (animals); "She breeds dogs"backcross - mate a hybrid of the first generation with one of its parents
Adj.	1.	cross - extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon"thwartwise, transversal, transversecrosswise - lying or extending across the length of a thing or in a cross direction; "a crosswise street"; "the crosswise dimension"
	2.	cross - annoyed and irritable bad-tempered, crabbed, crabby, fussy, grouchy, grumpy, ill-temperedill-natured - having an irritable and unpleasant disposition

cross

verb1. go across, pass over, traverse, cut across, move across, travel across She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road.2. span, bridge, ford, go across, extend over A bridge crosses the river about half a mile outside the village.3. intersect, meet, intertwine, crisscross The two roads cross at this junction.4. oppose, interfere with, hinder, obstruct, deny, block, resist, frustrate, foil, thwart, impede He was not a man to cross.5. interbreed, mix, blend, cross-pollinate, crossbreed, hybridize, cross-fertilize, intercross These small flowers were later crossed with a white flowering species.noun1. crucifix She wore a cross on a silver chain.2. trouble, worry, trial, load, burden, grief, misery, woe, misfortune, affliction, tribulation My wife is much cleverer than I am; it is a cross I have to bear.3. mixture, combination, blend, amalgam, amalgamation The noise that came out was a cross between a laugh and a bark.4. crossbreed, hybrid a cross between a collie and a poodle5. crossroads, crossing, junction, intersection Turn left at the cross and go straight on for two miles.adjective1. angry, impatient, irritable, annoyed, put out, hacked (off) (U.S. slang), pissed (taboo slang), crusty, snappy, grumpy, vexed, pissed off (taboo slang), sullen, surly, fractious, petulant, disagreeable, short, churlish, peeved (informal), ill-tempered, irascible, cantankerous, tetchy, ratty (Brit. & N.Z. informal), testy, fretful, waspish, in a bad mood, grouchy (informal), querulous, shirty (slang, chiefly Brit.), peevish, splenetic, crotchety (informal), snappish, ill-humoured, liverish, captious, pettish, out of humour Everyone was getting bored and cross.
angry nice, civil, sweet, calm, pleasant, cheerful, agreeable, good-humoured, placid, genial, affable, congenial, good-natured, even-temperedcross something out or off strike off or out, eliminate, cancel, delete, blue-pencil, score off or out He crossed her name off the list.

Types of cross

Barbée, Canterbury, Celtic, Cercelée, Cross crosslet, Crux ansata, Globical, Graded (Calvary), Greek, Iona, Jerusalem, Latin, Maltese, Millvine, Papal, Patée, Patée formée, Patriarchal or Lorraine, Potent, Raguly or Rarulée, Russian Orthodox, St Andrew's (Saltire), St Peter's, Tau (St Anthony's), Trefly

cross

nounSomething hard to bear physically or emotionally:affliction, burden, trial, tribulation.verb1. To go across:pass, track, transit, traverse.2. To pass through or over:crisscross, crosscut, cut across, decussate, intersect.3. To remove or invalidate by or as if by running a line through or wiping clean.Off or out:annul, blot (out), cancel, delete, efface, erase, expunge, obliterate, rub (out), scratch (out), strike (out), undo, wipe (out), x (out).Law: vacate.4. Informal. To prevent from accomplishing a purpose:baffle, balk, check, checkmate, defeat, foil, frustrate, stymie, thwart.Informal: stump.Idiom: cut the ground from under.phrasal verb
cross upTo cause the complete ruin or wreckage of:bankrupt, break down, demolish, destroy, finish, ruin, shatter, sink, smash, spoil, torpedo, undo, wash up, wrack, wreck.Slang: total.Idiom: put the kibosh on.adjectiveHaving or showing a bad temper:bad-tempered, cantankerous, crabbed, cranky, disagreeable, fretful, grouchy, grumpy, ill-tempered, irascible, irritable, nasty, peevish, petulant, querulous, snappish, snappy, surly, testy, ugly, waspish.Informal: crabby, mean.Idiom: out of sorts.

Translations

十字架十字架形碑在...上打叉在...上画线在支票上画平行线

cross¹

(kros) adjective angry. I get very cross when I lose something.易怒的ˈcrossly adverb易怒地

cross²

(kros) – plural ˈcrosses – noun1. a symbol formed by two lines placed across each other, eg + or x. 十字形2. two wooden beams placed thus (+), on which Christ was nailed. 耶稣被钉死在上面的十字架3. the symbol of the Christian religion. 十字架（基督教的标识） 4. a lasting cause of suffering etc. Your rheumatism is a cross you will have to bear.苦难5. the result of breeding two varieties of animal or plant. This dog is a cross between an alsatian and a labrador. （动植物）杂交 6. a monument in the shape of a cross. 十字架形碑7. any of several types of medal given for bravery etc. the Victoria Cross.十字勋章 verb1. to go from one side to the other. Let's cross (the street); This road crosses the swamp.越过2. (negative uncross) to place (two things) across each other. He sat down and crossed his legs.使交叉3. to go or be placed across (each other). The roads cross in the centre of town.穿过4. to meet and pass. Our letters must have crossed in the post.错过5. to put a line across. Cross your `t's'. 在...上打叉（画线） 6. to make (a cheque or postal order) payable only through a bank by drawing two parallel lines across it. 在支票上画平行线（表示仅能由银行兑付） 7. to breed (something) from two different varieties. I've crossed two varieties of rose.杂交8. to go against the wishes of. If you cross me, you'll regret it!阻挠cross-1. going or placed across. cross-winds; cross-pieces. （前缀）交叉 2. of mixed variety. a cross-breed. （前缀）杂交 ˈcrossing noun1. a place where a road etc may be crossed. a pedestrian-crossing; a level-crossing.十字路口2. a journey over the sea. I was seasick as it was a very rough crossing.渡海旅行ˈcrossbow noun a medieval type of bow fixed to a shaft with a mechanism for pulling back and releasing the string. 弩ˈcross-breed noun an animal bred from two different breeds. 杂种ˈcross-bred adjective杂种的ˌcrossˈcheck verb to check information, calculations etc by using different sources or a different method. 多方查证，反复核对 noun the act of crosschecking. 多方查证，反复核对 cross-ˈcountry adjective across fields etc, not on roads. a cross-country run.越野的ˌcross-country ˈskiing noun the sport of skiing with narrow skis across the countryside, through woods etc. 越野滑雪ˌcross-exˈamine verb in a court of law, to test or check the previous evidence of (a witness) by questioning him. 盘问ˈcross-exˌamiˈnation noun盘问ˌcross-ˈeyed adjective having a squint. 内斜眼的，斗鸡眼的 ˈcross-fire noun the crossing of lines of gunfire from two or more points. 交叉射击，交火 at cross-purposes of two or more people, confused about what they are saying or doing because of misunderstanding one another. I think we're talking at cross-purposes.互相误解ˌcross-reˈfer verb to give a cross-reference (to). In this dictionary went is cross-referred to go.使相互参照ˌcross-ˈreference noun a reference from one part of a book, list etc to another, eg crept see creep. 相互参照ˈcrossroads noun singular a place where two or more roads cross or meet. At the crossroads we'll have to decide which road to take.交叉路口ˌcross-ˈsection noun1. (a drawing etc of) the area or surface made visible by cutting through something, eg an apple. 横断面2. a sample as representative of the whole. He interviewed a cross-section of the audience to get their opinion of the play. 典型（人物） crossword (puzzle) a square word-puzzle in which the blanks in a pattern of blank and solid checks are to be filled with words reading across and down, the words being found from clues. 纵横填字字谜cross one's fingers to place a finger across the one next to it, for good luck. 祝好运气（把食指与中指交叉，希望得到好运气） cross out to draw a line through. He crossed out all her mistakes.一笔勾掉

cross

→ 勾划zhCN, 十字架zhCN, 生气的zhCN

Cross

cross,

widely used symbol. In various forms, it can be found in such diverse cultures as those of ancient India, Egypt, and pre-Columbian North America. It also is found in the megalithic monuments of Western Europe.

In Christianity

The most frequent use of a cross is among Christians, to whom it recalls the crucifixion of Jesus and humanity's redemption thereby. The Christian form of blessing by tracing a cross over oneself or another person or thing originated before A.D. 200. The oldest Christian remains contain drawings of crosses and cruciform artifacts, and the fact that the cross was the Christian emblem before the toleration of Christianity is shown by the vision of Constantine IConstantine I
or Constantine the Great
, 288?–337, Roman emperor, b. Naissus (present-day Niš, Serbia). He was the son of Constantius I and Helena and was named in full Flavius Valerius Constantinus.
..... Click the link for more information. . His mother, St. HelenaHelena, Saint
, c.248–328?, mother of Constantine I. She became a Christian in 313. According to tradition she found (327) the relic of the True Cross in Jerusalem and identified the location of the Holy Sepulcher. Feast: Aug. 18.
..... Click the link for more information. , is supposed to have found the True Cross at Calvary in 327, and the event is commemorated on May 3 as the Finding of the Cross. Splinters of the relic are widely distributed and honored by Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox. In 614, to the scandal of Christendom, Khosru II of Persia took the largest piece of the relic from Jerusalem. It was restored by Heraclius in 627; the anniversary of this event is Sept. 14, the Exaltation of the Cross. The relic was lost in the Muslim occupation of Jerusalem. Use of the cross was one of the popular practices attacked by Byzantine iconoclasm and vindicated (787) by the Second Council of Nicaea.

The crucifix—the cross with the figure of Jesus upon it—had already been established in use; at first, the figure was painted or in bas-relief, a style surviving in the Christian East. Older Western crucifixes often presented the Savior reigning, in robe and crown. The realistic dying figure, dating from the Renaissance, is now universal in Roman Catholicism.

Devotion to the cross as a symbol of the Passion is an outstanding development (from the 11th cent.) in the history of Christian piety; it has ever since been an essential part of the public and private religious life of Roman Catholics. Protestants have been generally sparing in using the cross and do not use the crucifix, but the symbolism has been retained in their literature (e.g., in the hymn, When I Survey the Wondrous Cross). The cross was the badge of the Crusades and was adopted as the emblem of the Templars, of the Knights Hospitalers (Knights of Malta), and of the Teutonic Knights. It became important in heraldryheraldry,
system in which inherited symbols, or devices, called charges are displayed on a shield, or escutcheon, for the purpose of identifying individuals or families.
..... Click the link for more information. , flagflag,
piece of cloth, usually bunting or similar light material, plain, colored, or bearing a device, varying in size and shape, but often oblong or square, used as an ensign, standard, or signal or for display and decorative purposes, and generally attached at one edge to a
..... Click the link for more information. designs, and decorationsdecorations, civil and military,
honors bestowed by a government to reward services or achievements, particularly those implying valor. The practice of bestowing such decorations dates back at least to the laurel wreaths of the ancient Greeks and Romans and gained prevalence
..... Click the link for more information. .

Examples of artistic effort spent on crosses are seen in the monumental crosses of market, town, and wayside in Europe (e.g., at Cheddar, Malmesbury, and Winchester, England) and in the wayside calvaries of Austria and Brittany. Some of the finest art products of the Celts were stone crosses. (For the later Eleanor Crosses, see Eleanor of CastileEleanor of Castile
, d.1290, queen consort of Edward I of England and daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile. At her marriage (1254) she brought to Prince Edward the territories of Ponthieu and Montreuil and claims to Gascony.
..... Click the link for more information. .) Processional crosses (on poles) lend themselves to elaboration. Crosses are also worn for personal adornment. Pectoral crosses and necklace crosses have given scope for fine enameling.

Cross Shapes

There are many shapes of crosses. The Latin cross, the commonest, has an upright longer than its transom. With two transoms it is called an archiepiscopal or patriarchal cross; with three it is a papal cross. A cross widely used by Slavs and by others of Eastern rites has two transoms and a slanting crosspiece below. The Greek cross has equal arms. St. Andrew's cross is like an X, and the tau cross is like a T. The Celtic, or Iona, cross bears a circle, the center of which is the crossing. The Maltese cross and the swastika (an ancient and widely diffused symbol) are still more elaborate.

Cross

Two lines intersecting each other at right angles so that the four arms are of equal length.

Cross

In every corner of the globe Christians and non-Christians alike recognize the cross as a symbol of Christianity. Christians adopted the cross as a symbol of their religion because Jesus Christ, the founder of their faith, died by crucifixion. Crucifixion was a form of punishment used by the ancient Romans which involved nailing a person's hands and feet to a large wooden cross planted in the ground. Christians commemorate Jesus'crucifixion on Good Friday. According to Christian scripture Jesus rose from the dead on the Sunday following his crucifixion. Christians refer to this event as the Resurrection. Easter, the most important holiday in the Christian year, celebrates the Resurrection. Both the Crucifixion and the Resurrection play central roles in Christian belief, worship, and symbolism.

In Christian symbolism the cross not only stands for the manner in which Jesus died, but also for the new life he bestows upon his followers. When used as a symbol of Jesus' death, the cross is an especially appropriate emblem for Good Friday. The crucifix, a variation of this symbol which depicts Jesus hanging on the cross, may also be used for this purpose. Christian thought teaches that Jesus willingly died for the sake of his followers and in so doing offered them a new relationship with God. Thus the cross also represents many Easter themes, including redemption and salvation. Because these themes and these events in the life of Christ are central to the Christian faith, the cross eventually became the most well known and frequently used symbol of Christianity (for cross-related customs, see Flowering of the Cross; Sunday of the Veneration of the Holy Cross; Veiling; Veneration of the Cross).

Crucifixion

Researchers believe that the ancient Persians invented crucifixion, which they used to torture and execute prisoners. The Greek general Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) adopted this form of punishment from the Persians. Though never practiced in Greece itself, it was sometimes employed in Greek colonies. The Romans learned of this cruel form of punishment from the Greeks. They used it more frequently than did the Greeks, finding it ideal to punish serious crimes, execute slaves, and terrorize the peoples that they conquered, including the people of Judea. Indeed, the Bible tells us that Jesus was crucified by Roman guards, carrying out an order given by Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor. Prior to crucifixion the Romans stripped their victims and beat them with metal-tipped whips. Roman guards then forced them to carry heavy wooden cross-beams to the place of their execution. When they arrived the guards nailed or tied the victim's feet to the supporting post and his arms to the cross-beam. The condemned man endured hours or days of pain before dying of exhaustion, as the sagging weight of his body finally prevented him from breathing.

The Romans recognized crucifixion as an extreme form of punishment, so extreme that they exempted Roman citizens from crucifixion, no matter what the crime. Instead they crucified non-Romans convicted of serious crimes, especially those suspected of rebelling against Rome. Thus crucifixion was not only a painful death, but also a shameful death, the fate of outlaws, slaves, and rebels.

Early Christian Symbols

The early Christians did not use the cross as a symbol of their faith very often. Instead they drew, carved and sculpted other, more peaceful images, such as the dove, the lamb, the fish, the shepherd, the ship sailing with the wind, and the anchor. They also used the Greek letters Chi and Rho, the first two letters in the word "Christ." In explaining the relative scarcity of the cross among early Christian symbols scholars remind us that during the first several centuries after Jesus' death, Christians were harassed and sometimes killed for their faith. The cryptic symbols mentioned above, used by pagans in both decorative and religious art, would not give away anyone's identity as a Christian and so expose him or her to danger. Moreover, some of these images, the anchor and the ship in particular, could conceal a cross within them. Some scholars add that the stigma of crucifixion made some Christians reluctant to adopt the cross as a symbol, while those of other faiths found it difficult to understand how a divine man could have been crucified and thereby become a savior (see also Salvation). Nevertheless, in spite of their hesitation to depict the cross in material form, the early Christians often traced the sign of the cross over themselves in their private devotions.

The Cross Becomes the Leading Christian Symbol

The cross became an important Christian symbol in the fourth century with the conversion of the Roman emperor Constantine to Christianity. In the year 312, on the evening before an important battle the Emperor dreamed he saw a shining cross in the sky, on which were inscribed the words in hoc signo vinces, "in this sign conquer." Before going into battle Constantine had the cross inscribed on his banner and the shields of his soldiers. As predicted, the Emperor vanquished his enemy. Afterwards he granted Christians political rights, extended toleration toward the once-persecuted religion, outlawed crucifixion, and eventually converted to Christianity himself. Constantine decorated his palace, statues, and coins with the sign of the cross, as well as the Chi-Rho monogram. By the late fourth century Christianity had become the official religion of the Roman Empire. During the fourth and fifth centuries, as Christianity moved out into the open, the cross gained in popularity. By the fifth and sixth centuries it had became one of the most frequently depicted Christian symbols.

Although the crucifix can be traced back to early Christian times, it was not often used until the seventh century. After that time it was represented with increasing frequency, becoming an extremely popular form of the cross in the late Middle Ages. This change in imagery reflected a new emphasis on Jesus'suffering and death in the spiritual teachings of the time.

Over the centuries Christians have devised many variations on the basic design of the cross. For example, a Greek cross employs a horizontal and vertical bar of equal lengths. A cross in which the horizontal bar is shorter than the vertical bar is often referred to as a Latin Cross. When the Russian people converted to Christianity they began to depict the cross with three horizontal bars. The highest bar, a short horizontal plank above the level of Jesus' head, represents the inscription, "King of the Jews," that Pontius Pilate ordered the Roman soldiers to nail to the cross (John 19:19). The second highest and longest horizontal cross bar stands for the plank to which Jesus'arms were nailed. The lowest, slanted cross bar represents the short plank which, according to Russian tradition, supported Jesus'feet.

Mystical Interpretations of the Christian Cross

Some Christian thinkers have expanded the meaning of the cross by adding more abstract interpretations to the literal ones mentioned above. Because the cross extends in all four directions some Christians have understood it to represent the totality of existence. Others have interpreted the vertical bar as a symbol of eternity while the cross bar represents time. Still others have viewed the vertical beam as representing heaven and the horizontal beam earth. Thus the cross joins time to eternity and weds heaven with earth. Many Christians thinkers believe that these abstract concepts found their best and highest expression in the life, teachings, and sacrificial death of Jesus Christ.

Non-Christian Crosses

The Christians were not the first people to use the cross as a spiritual symbol. It had been used before them by other ancient peoples, and has been found in many places throughout the world. For example, designs based on the shape of the cross can be found in the sacred Left to right: Chi-Ro monogram, Greek cross, Latin cross, Russian cross, ankh, crux ansata, and swastika. artwork of some American Indians. Here the cross appears to represent the four directions. These crosses may be thought of as a symbol of all that is, in other words, of the cosmos which stretches out in all four directions. Other peoples besides American Indians seem to have interpreted the cross in much the same way.

The ancient Egyptians used the cross as a symbol of life. Called an ankh, the ancient Egyptian cross looked like a capital "T" with a loop added on top of it. In Egyptian carvings and paintings a god often holds the ankh up to the nose of a dead person, offering him or her eternal life. The Christians later adopted this image into their repertoire of crosses, calling it a crux ansata, or "handled cross."

The swastika, a Greek cross with lines projecting at right angles from each of its arms, has been found in many parts of the world. It was used by the ancient peoples of Central and South America as a symbol of the rain god. Moreover, the symbol can be found throughout much of the ancient Middle East and India. Scholars suspect that to some of these peoples the swastika served as a symbol of the sun and solar power. In India it became a symbol of the cosmos spinning around on its central axis and also of the Hindu god Vishnu. The Buddhists adopted it as the sign of the Buddha, particularly his teaching regarding the wheel of law. Eventually the symbol migrated to China where it was adopted as an emblem of abundance, long life, prosperity, and the totality of all living things. In the twentieth century the German Nazis adopted the swastika as their symbol. Since that time many people have come to view the swastika as a threatening image, representing the kind of racism, violence, and totalitarianism that characterized Nazi rule.

Further Reading

Child, Heather, and Dorothy Colles. Christian Symbols, Ancient and Modern. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972. Cooper, J. C. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols. London, England: Thames and Hudson, 1978. "Cross." In Richard Cavendish ed. Man, Myth and Magic. Volume 4. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1997. Goldsmith, Elizabeth. Ancient Pagan Symbols. 1929. Reprint. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1976. Horsley, Richard A., and Neil Asher Silberman. The Message and the Kingdom. New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1997. Miller, J. H. "Cross." In New Catholic Encyclopedia. Volume 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Rees, Elizabeth. Christian Symbols, Ancient Roots. London, England: Jessica Kingsley, 1992. Ries, Julien. "Cross." In Mircea Eliade, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion. Volume 4. New York: Macmillan, 1987. Schoenberg, M. W. "Crucifixion." In New Catholic Encyclopedia. Volume 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.

Web Site

For more on the history and practice of crucifixion in the ancient world, see "Crucifixion in Antiquity," an article by Joe Zias, a former curator for the state of Israel's Antiquities Authority. Posted on "The Jewish Roman World of Jesus" web site, compiled by University of North Carolina at Charlotte religious studies professor James D. Tabor at:

Cross

(religion, spiritualism, and occult)

Small stones found in Le Mas d'Azil, France, from approximately 10,000 BCE, bear equal-armed crosses painted and engraved on them. This is probably the oldest known use of the cross, although its meaning at that site is uncertain.

Crosses have frequently been associated with the sun and sun deities. For this reason the cross was used as a protection from vampires and their like—not because the cross was a Christian symbol, but because it represented light.

Among the many variations on the cross, there are four basic types: (1) the crux quadrata, or Greek Cross, with equal arms; (2) the crux immissa, or Latin Cross, with the lower arm longer than the upper three; (3) the crux commissa, or Tau cross, which is three-armed and has no top section; (4) the crux decussata, or St. Andrew's Cross with diagonal arms. The Egyptian form, known as the crux ansata (see ankh), is a Tau cross with a loop at the top, and is a symbol for life. There are other wellknown variations, such as the Celtic Cross (crux quadrata or crux immissa with a circle around the central intersection) and the Swastika (crux gamita).

Many Witches use the Greek Cross, the Celtic Cross and the Ankh, although they favor the symbol of the pentacle over that of the cross.

Schliemann's excavations at Troy unearthed a number of crosses marked on the pubic region of female figures. These may have been pure decoration, perhaps a tattoo, or may have represented defense against entry from evil spirits, but their purpose remains unclear. Early explorers of Mexico found crosses used in a clearly religious context. In one example, a scene depicts a figure offering a sacrifice to a cross in the form of a tree, and the Aztec goddess of the rains carried a cross.

In Africa, Hottentot women place wooden crosses above them to ease childbirth, and they also view crosses as symbols of the moon.

Cross

one of the main Christian symbols and an object of Christian worship.

As a fetish, the cross was used in primitive society. It was later widely used as a religious symbol in the religions of ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, Greece, Rome, and elsewhere. In the Roman Empire, where Christianity formed, a wooden structure in the form of a cross was used to execute slaves and other persons of low birth. The Christian church bases adoration of the cross on the gospel story of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Christianity turned the cross from a symbol of a shameful death into a symbol of suffering that redeemed humanity from sin, that is, into a sign of salvation and eternal life.

The cult of the cross was established and introduced into Christian worship in the fourth century. The cross is not found among the early symbols of Christianity (the fish, bread, the lamb, etc.). A legend was created that Emperor Constantine I saw the image of a cross in the heavens with the message “By this sign thou shalt conquer.” According to another legend, Helen, the mother of Constantine I, while in Jerusalem, acquired the cross on which Christ had been crucified. In the fifth century crosses were used to decorate church apses, and they were placed on the roofs of Christian churches. In about the year 400 the crucifixion of Christ on the cross was given pictorial form. In the 11th century crosses were introduced on the altar. The form of the cross also became a symbol of secular power; it appeared on the diadems of monarchs and on coins and coats of arms.

REFERENCE

Neikhardt, A. A. Proiskhozhdenie kresta. Moscow, 1956.

What does it mean when you dream about a cross?

To a religious Christian, a cross carries a clear theological meaning. To someone raised in Christianity but not a practicing Christian, a cross in a dream can represent some aspect of their childhood. We also talk about an unpleasant responsibility, as in a “cross we have to bear.”

cross

[krȯs] (agriculture) spider

Cross

[krȯs] (astronomy) Crux

cross

cross, 3 1. An object consisting primarily of two straight or nearly straight pieces forming right angles with one another; the usual symbol of the Christian religion. 2. A monument or small building of any kind surmounted by a cross, 1, as a market cross. 3. A pipe cross.

Cross,

the upon which Christ was crucified. [N.T.: Matthew 27:31–50]See: Passion of Christ

cross

used to frighten away devils and protect from evil. [Christian Iconog.: Leach, 265]See: Protection

cross

1. a representation of the Cross used as an emblem of Christianity or as a reminder of Christ's death 2. a sign representing the Cross made either by tracing a figure in the air or by touching the forehead, breast, and either shoulder in turn 3. any conventional variation of the Christian symbol, used emblematically, decoratively, or heraldically, such as a Maltese, tau, or Greek cross 4. Christianity or Christendom, esp as contrasted with non-Christian religions 5. the place in a town or village where a cross has been set up 6. Biologya. the process of crossing; hybridization b. an individual produced as a result of this process 7. Boxing a straight punch delivered from the side, esp with the right hand 8. Football the act or an instance of kicking or passing the ball from a wing to the middle of the field

Cross

¹ Richard Assheton, 1st Viscount. 1823--1914, British Conservative statesman, home secretary (1874--80); noted for reforms affecting housing, public health, and the employment of women and children in factories

Cross

² the1. the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified 2. the Crucifixion of Jesus

cross

cross

cross

Cross

Cross

cross

cross

cross

cross

cross

Types of cross

cross

cross1

cross2

cross

cross

cross (one) (up)

cross someone

Cross

cross,

In Christianity

Cross Shapes

Cross

Cross

Cross

Cross

REFERENCE

What does it mean when you dream about a cross?

cross

Cross

cross

Cross,

cross

cross

Cross

Cross

cross

cross

cross

cross

cross

Cross

Cross

Cross

Cross

cross

CROSS

cross

Synonyms for cross

verb go across

Synonyms

verb span

Synonyms

verb intersect

Synonyms

verb oppose

Synonyms

verb interbreed

Synonyms

noun crucifix

Synonyms

noun trouble

Synonyms

noun mixture

Synonyms

noun crossbreed

Synonyms

noun crossroads

Synonyms

adj angry

Synonyms

Antonyms

phrase cross something out or off

Synonyms

Synonyms for cross

noun something hard to bear physically or emotionally

Synonyms

verb to go across

Synonyms

verb to pass through or over

cross¹

cross²