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catatonia
cat·a·to·ni·a C0156300 (kăt′ə-tō′nē-ə)n. A psychological condition marked by severe decreases or increases of movement. It is variously characterized by stupor, stereotypy, mutism, catalepsy, agitation, and extreme flexibility or rigidity of the limbs and is most often associated with schizophrenia.
[New Latin, from German Katatonie, from Greek katatonos, stretching tight, from katateinein, to stretch tight : kata-, intensive pref.; see cata- + teinein, to stretch; see ten- in Indo-European roots.]catatonia (ˌkætəˈtəʊnɪə) n (Pathology) a state of muscular rigidity and stupor, sometimes found in schizophrenia[C20: New Latin, from German Katatonie, from cata- + -tonia, from Greek tonos tension] catatonic adj, ncat•a•to•ni•a (ˌkæt əˈtoʊ ni ə, -ˈtoʊn yə)
n. a psychotic syndrome, esp. in schizophrenia, characterized by muscular rigidity and mental stupor, sometimes alternating with excitability and confusion. [1915–20; cata- + -tonia] cat`a•ton′ic (-ˈtɒn ɪk) adj., n. catatoniaone of various forms of schizophrenia characterized by stupor, sometimes alternating with excited behavior and mechanical, repetitive behavior, accompanied by muscular rigidity. — catatonic, n., adj.See also: InsanitycatatoniaAn extreme form of schizophrenia characterized by muscular rigidity or catalepsy, stereotyped mannerisms, refusal to communicate, and stupor.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | catatonia - extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophreniacatatonic schizophrenia, catatonic type schizophrenia, catatonia - a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitementtonicity, tonus, tone - the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli; "the doctor tested my tonicity" | | 2. | catatonia - a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitementcatatonic schizophrenia, catatonic type schizophreniadementia praecox, schizophrenia, schizophrenic disorder, schizophrenic psychosis - any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contactcatatonia - extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophrenia |
Translationscatatonia
catatonia (kăt'ətō`nēə), mental state generally characterized by statuesque posturing, muscular immobility, mutism, and apparent stupor. The muscles are held in a pliant state called waxy flexibility, and the catatonic person obediently permits himself to be rearranged into awkward positions that he may subsequently hold for hours. Another form of catatonia involves continuous incoherent shouting, psychomotor agitation, and a violent destructiveness which can lead to collapse and death if untreated. Loss of memory or intellect is not necessarily implied: catatonic patients often display excellent memory of their surroundings during the catatonic state. In recent years, drug therapy has been helpful in the avoidance of catatonic disturbances, and the appearance of catatonia is now quite rare. Described by Karl Kahlbaum (1874) as catatonia, the term was subsumed under Eugen BleulerBleuler, Eugen
, 1857–1939, Swiss psychiatrist. He taught (1898–1927) at the Univ. of Zürich, serving concurrently as director of Zürich's Burghölzi Asylum.
..... Click the link for more information. 's concept of schizophreniaschizophrenia
, group of severe mental disorders characterized by reality distortions resulting in unusual thought patterns and behaviors. Because there is often little or no logical relationship between the thoughts and feelings of a person with schizophrenia, the disorder has
..... Click the link for more information. in 1911. It has recently been classified as catatonic schizophrenia by the American Psychiatric Association.Catatonia or catatonic syndrome, a mental disorder dominated by impairment of motor activity. Catatonia is a syndrome in schizophrenia and in psychoses resulting from poisoning, infection, or organic brain lesions. There are two alternating phases: stupor and excitement. In catatonic stupor, the tone of the skeletal muscles increases to the point where the patient remains frozen in any position, however uncomfortable, in which he is placed (catalepsy). The rigidity may reach the extremes of muscular tension: stupor with the extremities drawn close to the abdomen and the head bent, that is, the fetal position. The facial expression is frozen and the patient remains completely mute. External stimuli (for example, pain) or even extraordinary circumstances (fire, earthquake) do not prompt the patient to protect himself. Any attempt to change the position of a person in a deep stupor will induce muscular resistance. Catatonic excitement may be bizarre and pathetic (the patients behave foolishly, ranting, singing, and striking affected poses) or impulsive, frantic, and aggressive. The mind of catatonics may stay clear or become clouded. Catatonia is relieved through the treatment of the causative disease. catatonia[‚kad·ə′tōn·ē·ə] (psychology) A type of schizophrenic reaction in which the individual remains speechless and motionless, assumes fixed postures, and lacks the will and resists attempts to activate speech and movement. Also known as catatonic schizophrenia. catatonia a state of muscular rigidity and stupor, sometimes found in schizophrenia catatonia
Catatonia DefinitionCatatonia is a condition marked by changes in muscle tone or activity associated with a large number of serious mental and physical illnesses. There are two distinct sets of symptoms that are characteristic of this condition. In catatonic stupor the individual experiences a deficit of motor (movement) activity that can render him/her motionless. Catatonic excitement, or excessive movement, is associated with violent behavior directed toward oneself or others.Features of catatonia may also be seen in Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) which is an uncommon (but potentially lethal) reaction to some medications used to treat major mental illnesses. NMS is considered a medical emergency since 25% of untreated cases result in death. Catatonia can also be present in individuals suffering from a number of other physical and emotional conditions such as drug intoxication, depression, and schizophrenia. It is most commonly associated with mood disorders.DescriptionIn catatonic stupor, motor activity may be reduced to zero. Individuals avoid bathing and grooming, make little or no eye contact with others, may be mute and rigid, and initiate no social behaviors. In catatonic excitement the individual is extremely hyperactive although the activity seems to have no purpose. Violence toward him/herself or others may also be seen.NMS is observed as a dangerous side effect associated with certain neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drugs such as haloperidol (Haldol). It comes on suddenly and is characterized by stiffening of the muscles, fever, confusion and heavy sweating.Catatonia can also be categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic. If the condition has an identifiable cause, it is designated as extrinsic. If no cause can be determined following physical examination, laboratory testing, and history taking, the illness is considered to be intrinsic.Causes and symptomsThe causes of catatonia are largely unknown although research indicates that brain structure and function are altered in this condition. While this and other information point to a physical cause, none has yet been proven. A variety of medical conditions also may lead to catatonia including head trauma, cerebrovascular disease, encephalitis, and certain metabolic disorders. NMS is an adverse side effect of certain antipsychotic drugs.A variety of symptoms are associated with catatonia. Among the more common are echopraxia (imitation of the gestures of others) and echolalia (parrot-like repetition of words spoken by others). Other signs and symptoms include violence directed toward him/herself, the assumption of inappropriate posture, selective mutism, negativism, facial grimaces, and animal-like noises.Catatonic stupor is marked by immobility and a behavior known as cerea flexibilitas (waxy flexibility) in which the individual can be made to assume bizarre (and sometimes painful) postures that they will maintain for extended periods of time. The individual may become dehydrated and malnourished because food and liquids are refused. In extreme situations such individuals must be fed through a tube. Catatonic excitement is characterized by hyperactivity and violence; the individual may harm him/herself or others. On rare occasions, isolation or restraint may be needed to ensure the individual's safety and the safety of others.DiagnosisRecognition of catatonia is made on the basis of specific movement symptoms. These include odd ways of walking such as walking on tiptoes or ritualistic pacing, and rarely, hopping and skipping. Repetitive odd movements of the fingers or hands, as well as imitating the speech or movements of others also may indicate that catatonia is present. There are no laboratory or other tests that can be used to positively diagnose this condition, but medical and neurological tests are necessary to rule out underlying lesions or disorders that may be causing the symptoms observed.TreatmentTreatment of catatonia includes medications such as benzodiazipines (which are the preferred treatment) and rarely barbiturates. Antipsychotic drugs may be appropriate in some cases, but often cause catatonia to worsen. Electroconvulsive therapy may prove beneficial for clients who do not respond to medication. If these approaches are unsuccessful, treatment will be redirected to attempts to control the signs and symptoms of the illness.PrognosisCatatonia usually responds quickly to medication interventions.PreventionThere is currently no known way to prevent catatonia because the cause has not yet been identified. Research efforts continue to explore possible origins. Avoiding excessive use of neuroleptic drugs can help minimize the risk of developing catatonic-like symptoms.ResourcesBooksFrisch, Noreen Cavan, and Lawrence E. Frisch. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, 1998.Key termsBarbiturates — A group of medicines that slow breathing and lower the body temperature and blood pressure. They can be habit forming and are now used chiefly for anesthesia.Benzodiazipines — This group of medicines is used to help reduce anxiety (especially before surgery) and to help people sleep.Electroconvulsive therapy — This type of therapy is used to treat major depression and severe mental illness that does not respond to medications. A measured dose of electricity is introduced into the brain in order to produce a convulsion. Electroconvulsive therapy is safe and effective.Mutism — The inability or refusal to speak.Negativism — Behavior characterized by resistance, opposition, and refusal to cooperate with requests, even the most reasonable ones.Neuroleptic drugs — Antipsychotic drugs, including major tranquilizers, used in the treatment of psychoses like schizophrenia.catatonia [kat″ah-to´ne-ah] a wide group of motor abnormalities, most involving extreme under- or overactivity, associated primarily with catatonic schizophrenia but also with other disorders. Included are motoric immobility, excessive motor activity, extreme negativism or mutism, unusual mannerisms, sterotypy, waxy flexibility, pecularities of voluntary movement, echolalia, and echopraxia. adj., adj cataton´ic.cat·a·to·ni·a (kat'ă-tō'nē-ă), A syndrome of psychomotor disturbances characterized by periods of physical rigidity, negativism, or stupor; may occur in schizophrenia, mood disorders, or organic mental disorders. [G. katatonos, stretching down, depressed, fr. kata, down, + tonos, tone] catatonia (kăt′ə-tō′nē-ə)n. An abnormal condition variously characterized by stupor, stereotypy, mania, and either rigidity or extreme flexibility of the limbs. It is most often associated with schizophrenia.
cat′a·ton′ic (-tŏn′ĭk) adj. & n.cat′a·ton′i·cal·ly adv.catatonia Neurology A psychomotor disturbance characterized by periodic muscle rigidity, fixed posture, inability to move or talk and unresponsiveness, finding typical of schizophrenic disorders. See Cataplexy, Schizophrenia. cat·a·to·ni·a (kat'ă-tō'nē-ă) A syndrome of psychomotor disturbances characterized by periods of physical rigidity, negativism, or stupor; may occur in schizophrenia, mood disorders, or organic mental disorders. [G. katatonos, stretching down, depressed, fr. kata, down, + tonos, tone]catatonia A syndrome of abnormalities of movement or position associated with psychiatric conditions, hysteria or organic brain disease. There may be stereotyped movements, meaningless violence, overactivity, CATALEPSY, negativism or stupor.catatonia
Synonyms for catatonianoun extreme tonusRelated Words- catatonic schizophrenia
- catatonic type schizophrenia
- catatonia
- tonicity
- tonus
- tone
noun a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periodsSynonyms- catatonic schizophrenia
- catatonic type schizophrenia
Related Words- dementia praecox
- schizophrenia
- schizophrenic disorder
- schizophrenic psychosis
- catatonia
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