catalyst

cat·a·lyst

C0153900 (kăt′l-ĭst)n.1. Chemistry A substance, usually used in small amounts relative to the reactants, that modifies and increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process.2. One that precipitates a process or event, especially without being involved in or changed by the consequences: "A free press ... has remained ... a vital catalyst to an informed and responsible electorate" (Robert O'Neal).

[From catalysis.]

catalyst

(ˈkætəlɪst) n1. (Chemistry) a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself suffering any permanent chemical change. Compare inhibitor²2. a person or thing that causes a change

cat•a•lyst

(ˈkæt l ɪst)

n. 1. a substance that causes or speeds a chemical reaction without itself being affected. 2. a person or thing that precipitates an event or change. [1900–05; cataly (sis) + (-i) st]

cat·a·lyst

(kăt′l-ĭst) A substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction while undergoing no permanent change itself. The enzymes in saliva, for example, are catalysts in digestion.

catalyze verb

catalyst

A substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction. It takes part in the reaction but remains chemically unchanged by it.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	catalyst - (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affectedacceleratorchemical science, chemistry - the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactionsactivator - (biology) any agency bringing about activation; a molecule that increases the activity of an enzyme or a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcriptionbiocatalyst - a biochemical catalyst such as an enzymeenzyme - any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactionsplatinum black - a fine black powder of platinum; used as a catalyst in chemical reactionsanticatalyst - (chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst
	2.	catalyst - something that causes an important event to happen; "the invasion acted as a catalyst to unite the country"causal agency, causal agent, cause - any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results

catalyst

nounAn agent that stimulates or precipitates a reaction, development, or change:ferment, leaven, leavening, yeast.

Translations

促进因素催化剂

catalyst

(kӕtəlist) noun1. a substance which causes or assists a chemical change in another substance without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. 催化剂2. someone or something that helps bring about a change. 促进因素ˌcataˈlytic adjective催化的

catalyst

catalyst,

substance that can cause a change in the rate of a chemical reactionchemical reaction,
process by which one or more substances may be transformed into one or more new substances. Energy is released or is absorbed, but no loss in total molecular weight occurs.
..... Click the link for more information. without itself being consumed in the reaction; the changing of the reaction rate by use of a catalyst is called catalysis. Substances that increase the rate of reaction are called positive catalysts or, simply, catalysts, while substances that decrease the rate of reaction are called negative catalysts or inhibitors.

Mechanism of Catalysis

Catalysts work by changing the activation energyactivation energy,
in chemistry, minimum energy needed to cause a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction between two substances occurs only when an atom, ion, or molecule of one collides with an atom, ion, or molecule of the other.
..... Click the link for more information. for a reaction, i.e., the minimum energy needed for the reaction to occur. This is accomplished by providing a new mechanism or reaction path through which the reaction can proceed. When the new reaction path has a lower activation energy, the reaction rate is increased and the reaction is said to be catalyzed.

If the activation energy for the new path is higher, the reaction rate is decreased and the reaction is said to be inhibited. Inhibitors can provide an interesting challenge to the chemist. For example, because oxygen is an inhibitor of free-radical reactions, many of which are important in the synthesis of polymers, such reactions must be performed in an oxygen-free environment, e.g., under a blanket of nitrogen gas.

In some reactions one of the reaction products is a catalyst for the reaction; this phenomenon is called self-catalysis or autocatalysis. An example is the reaction of permanganate ion with oxalic acid to form carbon dioxide and manganous ion, in which the manganous ion acts as an autocatalyst. Such reactions are potentially dangerous, since the reaction rate may increase to the point of explosion.

Some substances that are not themselves catalysts increase the activity of a catalyst when added with it to some reaction; such substances are called promoters. Alumina is a promoter for iron when it is used to catalyze the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia. Substances that react with catalysts to reduce or eliminate their effect are called poisons.

Types and Importance of Catalysts

Enzymes: Natural Catalysts

Enzymesenzyme,
biological catalyst. The term enzyme comes from zymosis, the Greek word for fermentation, a process accomplished by yeast cells and long known to the brewing industry, which occupied the attention of many 19th-century chemists.
..... Click the link for more information. are the commonest and most efficient of the catalysts found in nature. Most of the chemical reactions that occur in the human body and in other living things are high-energy reactions that would occur slowly, if at all, without the catalysis provided by enzymes. For example, in the absence of catalysis, it takes several weeks for starch to hydrolyze to glucose; a trace of the enzyme ptyalin, found in human saliva, accelerates the reaction so that starches can be digested. Some enzymes increase reaction rates by a factor of one billion or more.

Enzymes are generally specific catalysts; that is, they catalyze only one reaction of one particular reactant (called its substrate). Usually the enzyme and its substrate have complementary structures and can bond together to form a complex that is more reactive due to the presence of functional groupsfunctional group,
in organic chemistry, group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for certain properties of the molecule and reactions in which it takes part. Organic compounds are frequently classified according to the functional group or groups they contain.
..... Click the link for more information. in the enzyme, which stabilize the transition state of the reaction or lower the activation energy. The toxicity of certain substances (e.g., carbon monoxide and the nerve gases) is due to their inhibition of life-sustaining catalytic reactions in the body.

Laboratory and Industrial Catalysts

Catalysis is also important in chemical laboratories and in industry. Some reactions occur faster in the presence of a small amount of an acid or base and are said to be acid catalyzed or base catalyzed. For example, the hydrolysis of esters is catalyzed by the presence of a small amount of base. In this reaction, it is the hydroxide ion, OH⁻, that reacts with the ester, and the concentration of the hydroxide ion is greatly increased over that of pure water by the presence of the base. Although some of the hydroxide ions provided by the base are used up in the first part of the reaction, they are regenerated in a later step from water molecules; the net amount of hydroxide ion present is the same at the beginning and end of the reaction, so the base is thought of as a catalyst and not as a reactant.

Finely divided metals are often used as catalysts; they adsorb the reactants onto their surfaces (see adsorptionadsorption,
adhesion of the molecules of liquids, gases, and dissolved substances to the surfaces of solids, as opposed to absorption, in which the molecules actually enter the absorbing medium (see adhesion and cohesion).
..... Click the link for more information. ), where the reaction can occur more readily. For example, hydrogen and oxygen gases can be mixed without reacting to form water, but if a small amount of powdered platinum is added to the gas mixture, the gases react rapidly. Hydrogenation reactions, e.g., the formation of hard cooking fats from vegetable oils, are catalyzed by finely divided metals or metal oxides. The commercial preparation of sulfuric acid and nitric acid also depends on such surface catalysis. Other commonly used surface catalysts, in addition to platinum, are copper, iron, nickel, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, silica gel (silicon dioxide), and vanadium oxide.

catalyst

[′kad·əl·əst] (chemistry) Substance that alters the velocity of a chemical reaction and may be recovered essentially unaltered in form and amount at the end of the reaction.

catalyst

1. A substance which accelerates a chemical reaction but appears to remain unchanged itself. 2. A hardener that accelerates cure of adhesives either with or without heat. Used primarily with synthetic resins.

catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself suffering any permanent chemical change

Catalyst

A family of Ethernet switches from Cisco. Over the years, the Catalyst line has generated tens of billions of dollars of revenue for the company. See Cisco.

catalyst

cat·a·lyst

catalyst

cat•a•lyst

cat·a·lyst

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Mechanism of Catalysis

Types and Importance of Catalysts

Enzymes: Natural Catalysts

Laboratory and Industrial Catalysts

catalyst

catalyst

catalyst

Catalyst

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catalyst

cat·a·lyst

cat·a·lyst

catalyst

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cat·a·lyst

Patient discussion about catalyst

Catalyst

Catalyst

catalyst

Synonyms for catalyst

noun an agent that stimulates or precipitates a reaction, development, or change

Synonyms

Synonyms for catalyst

noun (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

Synonyms

Related Words

Antonyms

noun something that causes an important event to happen

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