Electron wake

The pattern of electron density fluctuation and electromagnetic disturbance set up by the passage of a swift ion through condensed matter. In dense media that can sustain well-defined resonance oscillations at a frequency &ohgr;₀, wakes of periodic character will form behind swift charged particles having speed v. The periodicity in space, λ, the distance between troughs of the wake, is given by (1) The oscillations trail behind the ion, move with the ion velocity, and have the frequency &ohgr;₀. In addition, close collisions between the ion and electrons of the medium cause electrons to recoil to form the analog of a bow wave ahead of the ion. See Resonance (quantum mechanics)

The wake at the position of the guiding ion is of special significance. The electric field there times the ion charge represents the reaction of the medium to the ion and yields the stopping power of the medium for the ion, that is, the energy loss per unit path length.

When molecular ions are injected into a solid with speeds greater than v₀ = 2.2 × 10⁶ m/s, the so called Bohr speed (the speed of an electron in the ground state of hydrogen according to the Bohr model), the valence electrons are stripped, leaving atomic ions to propagate as clusters of correlated charged particles through the medium. A dicluster is composed of two atomic ions travelling close together at nearly the same velocity. A wake is formed given by a (generally nonlinear) superposition of wakes due to the individual ions of the cluster. The dynamically modified Coulomb repulsion between its constituents causes the cluster, in effect, to explode. A pair of ions traveling with the same initial velocity, and created exactly abreast of one another, will recede rapidly from one another because of the Coulomb force acting on them. In typical experiments, the cluster-particle interaction probes the slope of the cluster wake potential near the origin, because the foils used in most experiments are so thin that the separation of the ions after traveling through the foil does not greatly exceed their initial separation. An important effect of the wake interaction is to cause the cluster to lose energy at a faster rate than would its isolated constituents traveling at the same speed, because the wake field of a given ion in a cluster acts, in most experiments, to retard the other ions of the cluster.

Measurements of the angular deflections and energy losses of protons resulting from diclusters formed from swift (HeH)⁺ or (OH)⁺ ions bombarding thin foils yield angular distributions that have a circular character due to the action of a Coulomb explosion. Such distributions generally have a large peaked region on the perimeter due to the trailing protons that are focused by the wake of the other ion in the Coulomb explosion. There is also a much smaller peak due to protons that lead the ion. Such experiments have been important in establishing the structure of molecular ions that were formerly not well known.

In other work with diclusters, the oscillatory character of the wake is vividly displayed in a two-foil experiment. A cluster enters the first foil and, after passing through a vacuum separating the carbon foils, enters the second one. The trailing ion experiences the wake force of the leading one. The dependence of the yield of secondary electrons from a final target on the distance between carbon foils shows the characteristic oscillatory behavior. See Charged particle beams, Coulomb explosion

单词	electron wake
释义	Electron wake Electron wake The pattern of electron density fluctuation and electromagnetic disturbance set up by the passage of a swift ion through condensed matter. In dense media that can sustain well-defined resonance oscillations at a frequency &ohgr;₀, wakes of periodic character will form behind swift charged particles having speed v. The periodicity in space, λ, the distance between troughs of the wake, is given by (1) The oscillations trail behind the ion, move with the ion velocity, and have the frequency &ohgr;₀. In addition, close collisions between the ion and electrons of the medium cause electrons to recoil to form the analog of a bow wave ahead of the ion. See Resonance (quantum mechanics) The wake at the position of the guiding ion is of special significance. The electric field there times the ion charge represents the reaction of the medium to the ion and yields the stopping power of the medium for the ion, that is, the energy loss per unit path length. When molecular ions are injected into a solid with speeds greater than v₀ = 2.2 × 10⁶ m/s, the so called Bohr speed (the speed of an electron in the ground state of hydrogen according to the Bohr model), the valence electrons are stripped, leaving atomic ions to propagate as clusters of correlated charged particles through the medium. A dicluster is composed of two atomic ions travelling close together at nearly the same velocity. A wake is formed given by a (generally nonlinear) superposition of wakes due to the individual ions of the cluster. The dynamically modified Coulomb repulsion between its constituents causes the cluster, in effect, to explode. A pair of ions traveling with the same initial velocity, and created exactly abreast of one another, will recede rapidly from one another because of the Coulomb force acting on them. In typical experiments, the cluster-particle interaction probes the slope of the cluster wake potential near the origin, because the foils used in most experiments are so thin that the separation of the ions after traveling through the foil does not greatly exceed their initial separation. An important effect of the wake interaction is to cause the cluster to lose energy at a faster rate than would its isolated constituents traveling at the same speed, because the wake field of a given ion in a cluster acts, in most experiments, to retard the other ions of the cluster. Measurements of the angular deflections and energy losses of protons resulting from diclusters formed from swift (HeH)⁺ or (OH)⁺ ions bombarding thin foils yield angular distributions that have a circular character due to the action of a Coulomb explosion. Such distributions generally have a large peaked region on the perimeter due to the trailing protons that are focused by the wake of the other ion in the Coulomb explosion. There is also a much smaller peak due to protons that lead the ion. Such experiments have been important in establishing the structure of molecular ions that were formerly not well known. In other work with diclusters, the oscillatory character of the wake is vividly displayed in a two-foil experiment. A cluster enters the first foil and, after passing through a vacuum separating the carbon foils, enters the second one. The trailing ion experiences the wake force of the leading one. The dependence of the yield of secondary electrons from a final target on the distance between carbon foils shows the characteristic oscillatory behavior. See Charged particle beams, Coulomb explosion
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