development

de·vel·op·ment

D0178000 (dĭ-vĕl′əp-mənt)n.1. The act of developing or the state of being developed, as:a. The application of techniques or technology to the production of new goods or services.b. The business of constructing buildings or otherwise altering land for new uses.2. A significant event, occurrence, or change: a news story covering the latest developments in the scandal.3. A group of dwellings built by the same contractor: bought a condo in a new development built by the river.4. The organized activity of soliciting donations or grants; fundraising.5. Music a. Elaboration of a theme with rhythmic and harmonic variations.b. The central section of a movement in sonata form, in which the theme is elaborated and explored.

de·vel′op·men′tal (-mĕn′tl) adj.de·vel′op·men′tal·ly adv.

development

(dɪˈvɛləpmənt) n1. the act or process of growing, progressing, or developing2. the product or result of developing3. a fact, event, or happening, esp one that changes a situation4. (Human Geography) an area or tract of land that has been developed5. (Classical Music) Also called: development section the section of a movement, usually in sonata form, in which the basic musical themes are developed6. (Chess & Draughts) chess a. the process of developing piecesb. the manner in which they are developedc. the position of the pieces in the early part of a game with reference to their attacking potential or defensive efficiency deˌvelopˈmental adj deˌvelopˈmentally adv

de•vel•op•ment

(dɪˈvɛl əp mənt)

n. 1. the act of developing. 2. a significant consequence or event. 3. a developed state or form; maturity. 4. the section of a musical composition in which themes or motifs are developed. 5. a large group of dwellings, often of similar design and constructed as a community, esp. by a real-estate developer. 6. the raising of funds, expansion of activities or opportunities, etc., esp. for an organization or foundation. [1745–55; < French] de•vel`op•men′tal, adj. de•vel`op•men′tal•ly, adv.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	development - act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining; "he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency"; "they funded research and development"improvement - the act of improving something; "their improvements increased the value of the property"progress, advancement - gradual improvement or growth or development; "advancement of knowledge"; "great progress in the arts"broadening - the action of making broader; "the broadening of travel"working out, elaboration - developing in intricate and painstaking detailproduct development - improving an existing product or developing new kinds of products
	2.	development - a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"; "the slow development of her skill as a writer"evolutionphysical process, process - a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; "events now in process"; "the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls"assibilation - the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilantdeepening - a process of becoming deeper and more profoundgrowth - a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"unfolding, flowering - a developmental process; "the flowering of antebellum culture"
	3.	development - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"growing, growth, ontogenesis, ontogeny, maturationculture - (biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"biological science, biology - the science that studies living organismsamelogenesis - the developmental process of forming tooth enamelangiogenesis - the formation of new blood vesselsapposition - (biology) growth in the thickness of a cell wall by the deposit of successive layers of materialauxesis - growth from increase in cell size without cell divisionanthesis, blossoming, florescence, flowering, inflorescence, efflorescence - the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossomscaenogenesis, cainogenesis, cenogenesis, kainogenesis, kenogenesis - introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (such as the addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution)cohesion - (botany) the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate (such as petals)cultivation - the process of fostering the growth of something; "the cultivation of bees for honey"cytogenesis, cytogeny - the origin and development and variation of cellsfoliation, leafing - (botany) the process of forming leavesfructification - the bearing of fruitgametogenesis - the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosisgastrulation - the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cellsgermination, sprouting - the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to growhabit - the general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal); "a shrub of spreading habit"infructescence - the fruiting stage of the inflorescenceintussusception - (biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell walljuvenescence - the process of growing into a youthlife cycle - the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be producedmasculinisation, masculinization, virilisation, virilization - the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction)morphogenesis - differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism)myelinisation, myelinization - the development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiberneurogenesis - the development of nerve tissuesbiological process, organic process - a process occurring in living organismspalingenesis, recapitulation - emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or speciesproliferation - growth by the rapid multiplication of partspsychogenesis - a general term for the origin and development of almost any aspect of the mindpsychogenesis - the development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factorspsychomotor development - progressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activitiespsychosexual development - (psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stagerooting - the process of putting forth roots and beginning to growsuppression - the failure to develop some part or organdentition, odontiasis, teething - the eruption through the gums of baby teethteratogenesis - the development of defects in an embryovegetation - the process of growth in plantsisometry - the growth rates in different parts of a growing organism are the samenondevelopment - failure of normal development to occur
	4.	development - a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation; "recent developments in Iraq"; "what a revolting development!"alteration, change, modification - an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago"turn of events, twist, turn - an unforeseen development; "events suddenly took an awkward turn"phenomenon - a remarkable developmentramification, complication - a development that complicates a situation; "the court's decision had many unforeseen ramifications"
	5.	development - the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful; "the development of Alaskan resources"; "the exploitation of copper deposits"exploitationusage, use, utilisation, utilization, exercise, employment - the act of using; "he warned against the use of narcotic drugs"; "skilled in the utilization of computers"land development - making an area of land more usefulwater development, water program, water project - making an area of water more usefuloverexploitation, overuse, overutilisation, overutilization - exploitation to the point of diminishing returnscapitalisation, capitalization - the act of capitalizing on an opportunitycommercialisation, commercialization - the act of commercializing something; involving something in commerce; "my father considered the commercialization of Christmas to be a sacrilege"; "the government tried to accelerate the commercialization of this development"; "both companies will retain control over the commercialization of their own products"electrification - the act of providing electricity; "the electrification of rural Tennessee"unitisation, unitization - the joint development of a petroleum resource that straddles territory controlled by different companies
	6.	development - a district that has been developed to serve some purpose; "such land is practical for small park developments"housing development - a residential area of similar dwellings built by property developers and usually under a single management; "they live in the new housing development"housing estate - a residential area where the houses were all planned and built at the same timedistrict, territorial dominion, territory, dominion - a region marked off for administrative or other purposes
	7.	development - a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess); "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter"; "in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen"chess game, chess - a board game for two players who move their 16 pieces according to specific rules; the object is to checkmate the opponent's kingmelioration, improvement - a condition superior to an earlier condition; "the new school represents a great improvement"underdevelopment - state of inadequate development; "much poverty can be traced to the underdevelopment of industry"
	8.	development - processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours"developingprocessing - preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure; "the processing of newly arrived immigrants"; "the processing of ore to obtain minerals"underdevelopment - (photography) inadequate processing of film resulting in inadequate contrast
	9.	development - (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaboratedsection, subdivision - a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical); "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section"music - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

development

noun1. growth, increase, growing, advance, progress, spread, expansion, extension, evolution, widening, blooming, maturing, unfolding, unravelling, burgeoning, advancement, progression, thickening, enlargement the development of the embryo2. establishment, forming, generation, institution, invention, initiation, inauguration, instigation, origination the development of new and innovative services3. event, change, happening, issue, result, situation, incident, circumstance, improvement, outcome, phenomenon, evolution, unfolding, occurrence, upshot, turn of events, evolvement There has been a significant development in the case.

development

noun1. A progression from a simple form to a more complex one:evolution, evolvement, growth, progress, unfolding.2. The result or product of building up:accretion, buildup, enlargement, multiplication, proliferation.3. Steady improvement, as of an individual or a society:amelioration, betterment, improvement, melioration, progress.4. Something significant that happens:circumstance, episode, event, happening, incident, news, occasion, occurrence, thing.

Translations

发展发育开发

develop

(diˈveləp) – past tense, past participle deˈveloped – verb1. to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state. The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city. 发展，开发 2. to acquire gradually. He developed the habit of getting up early. （逐渐）产生 3. to become active, visible etc. Spots developed on her face. 使（颜色等）显现 4. to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible. My brother develops all his own films. 显影，（照相）冲洗 deˈvelopment noun1. the process or act of developing. a crucial stage in the development of a child. 发展，发育 2. something new which is the result of developing. important new developments in science.开发

development

→ 发展zhCN

development

1. an area or tract of land that has been developed 2. Music the section of a movement, usually in sonata form, in which the basic musical themes are developed 3. Chessa. the process of developing pieces b. the manner in which they are developed c. the position of the pieces in the early part of a game with reference to their attacking potential or defensive efficiency

Development

1. The process of improving property through the construction of roads, sewers, electrical service, and construction of residential, commercial or industrial buildings.2. To disclose by degree or in detail; to evolve the possibilities by a process of growth; to elaborate with the gradual unfolding of an idea. See also: Theme

development

see ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

Development

irreversible, directional, and lawlike change in material and ideal objects. Only the simultaneous presence of all three characteristics distinguishes developmental processes from other types of change. Reversibility of change is characteristic of processes of functioning (cyclical repetition within a continuous system of functions). Accidental processes of a catastrophic nature lack lawlike regularity. In the absence of direction, changes cannot accumulate, and therefore the process lacks the single, internally interconnected line that is characteristic of development. As a result of development, a qualitatively new state of the object arises, and this appears as a change in its composition or structure—the emergence, transformation, or disappearance of elements or connections within it. The capacity for development constitutes one of the universal properties of matter and mind.

Time is the essential characteristic of developmental processes because any development takes place in real time and because only time discloses the direction of development. Therefore, the history of scientific conceptions of development begins only with the appearance of theoretical concepts attributing direction to time. Thus, ancient philosophy and science had no conception of development in the true sense of the word since time was regarded as something that moved in a cyclical pattern, and processes were thought to follow a certain program “set for all time” and to complete an invariable series of cycles. “The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and it hasteth to the place where it arose. The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits…. The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun” (Ecclesiastes 1:5.6, 9).

In the world view of classical antiquity the problem of irreversible change did not exist, and the question of the origin of the world as a whole and of the objects within it was, for the most part, reduced to the question, Out of what does something originate? As for the mechanism of origination, it was interpreted in a purely speculative way. The idea of an absolutely perfect cosmos, which underlay all thought in classical antiquity, prevented the formulation of the question of directional changes that engender fundamentally new structures and relations. There could be no development but only the unfolding of certain potentialities inherent in an object from the beginning and always latent within it. This principle was stated explicitly in the doctrine of preformationism. Nevertheless, their achievements in logic enabled the ancients to create techniques for analyzing various types of change and motion, and this became one of the chief methodological premises for the later study of developmental processes.

Concepts of time and the direction of time changed with the advent of Christianity, which introduced the idea of the linear direction of time, although, to be sure, this idea applied only to the spiritual realm and was totally banished from the realm of natural processes. With the rise of empirical science in modern times, the idea of the linear direction of time gradually began to enter the study of nature, resulting in the formation of concepts of natural history and of irreversible directional changes in nature and society. The creation of a scientific cosmology and the introduction of a theory of evolution in biology (given its classical form by Darwin) and in geology (C. Lyell) played a crucial role in this regard.

When the idea of development was firmly established in natural science, it almost simultaneously became the object of philosophical investigation. Its most profound exposition appeared in classical German philosophy, especially in Hegel, whose dialectic is essentially a doctrine of universal development, expressed in idealist form. Using the dialectical method, Hegel not only showed the universality of the principle of development but also revealed its universal source and mechanism—the emergence, struggle, and resolution of opposites.

An integral scientific conception of development was elaborated by Marxism, which regards development as a universal property of matter, as a genuinely all-embracing principle which, in the form of historicism, also serves as the basis for explaining the history of society and knowledge. The main features of developmental processes are expressed in the basic laws of materialist dialectics—the unity and struggle of opposites, the transformation of quantity into quality, and the negation of negation.

Lenin formulated the fundamental ideas of the dialectical materialist conception of development as follows: “A development that repeats, as it were, stages that have already been passed, but repeats them in a different way, on a higher basis (the ‘negation of negation’), a development, so to speak, that proceeds in spirals, not in a straight line; a development by leaps, catastrophes, and revolutions; ‘breaks in continuity’; the transformation of quantity into quality; inner impulses toward development, imparted by the contradiction and conflict of the various forces and tendencies acting on a given body, or within a given phenomenon, or within a given society; the interdependence and the closest and indissoluble connection between all aspects of any phenomenon (history constantly revealing ever new aspects), a connection that provides a uniform and universal process of motion, one that follows definite laws—these are some of the features of dialectics as a doctrine of development that is richer than the conventional one” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 26, p. 55).

The dialectical materialist doctrine of development was the philosophical and methodological foundation for the theory of the revolutionary transformation of society along communist lines. By reworking and expanding the Hegelian dialectic, Marxism showed the fundamental difference between, and yet the organic unity of, the two basic kinds of development —evolution and revolution. The social and practical aspect of this problem was analyzed especially thoroughly, and this was directly reflected in the theory of socialist revolution and of the development of socialism into communism. Thanks to the dialectical doctrine of development, the arsenal of scientific knowledge was substantially expanded, and the historical method, with its various concrete modifications, assumed a central place in it. A number of scientific disciplines have arisen that study the concrete processes of development in nature and society.

In the second half of the 19th century the idea of development was widely accepted, although the bourgeois mind perceived it as superficial evolutionism, largely owing to the influence of the philosophy of H. Spencer. From the many possible conceptions of development the only notion selected was that of a monotonous evolutionary process in a linear direction. An analogous conception of development underlies the ideology of reformism. The dogmatic narrowness of superficial evolutionism evoked a critical response in bourgeois philosophy and sociology. On the one hand, such criticism rejected the very idea of development and the principle of historicism, and on the other hand, it was accompanied by the rise of theories of “creative evolution” (for example, “emergent evolution”), imbued with indeterminism and subjective idealist tendencies.

Practical social experience in the age of imperialism and scientific progress have provided extensive material confirming the complexity and ambiguity of developmental processes and their mechanisms. Above all, the positivist idea of development as linear progress, stemming from a strictly linear conception of time, has been refuted. The practical experience of the social movements of the 20th century has demonstrated convincingly that historical progress is by no means attained automatically, that the generally ascending line of social development results from the complex dialectical interaction of a multiplicity of processes, and that among these processes there are those that diverge from progress or are even retrogressive. All this has revealed the direct link between social development and the ideological struggle, a link that has become especially evident in the context of the duel between the two world social systems, socialism and capitalism. In this situation, the genuinely progressive development of society occurs as the result of the purposeful activity of the popular masses, based on the objective laws of history. In this age, therefore, progressive development is inseparable from the ideology of Marxism-Leninism and from scientific social management capable of setting and achieving adequate goals for development.

Concepts of development have broadened in both the natural and social sciences. If the 19th century was preeminently the century in which the idea of development was accepted and evolutionary patterns of thought were firmly established, the 20th century has concentrated on the inner mechanisms of development. For example, in formulating the theory of organic evolution it was enough for Darwin to simply indicate that natural selection was the basic factor in evolution, operating through heredity and variation; this successfully explained the pattern of the evolutionary process as a whole. However, 20th-century biology has focused on the specific mechanisms of heredity and variation. It has shifted from an analysis of the overall pattern of the developmental process to an analysis of its inner structure and the conditions under which it takes place, making possible the rise of the modern synthetic theory of evolution.

Such a reorientation has substantially enriched the general conceptions of development. In the first place, biology and the history of culture have shown that the process is neither universal nor homogeneous. If we look at the main lines of development, for example, at organic evolution, we see fairly clearly a dialectical interaction between processes moving in different directions: the general line of progressive development is interwoven with changes that produce the “dead ends” of evolution or that lead to regression. On a cosmic scale, moreover, processes of progressive or regressive development are apparently of equal significance.

In the second place, the analysis of developmental mechanisms has required a more thorough study of the internal structure of developing objects and especially of their organization and functioning. Such an analysis was necessary for working out objective criteria that would permit a quantitative approach to the study of developmental processes. A rise or decline in the level of organization during development usually serves as such a criterion. But questions of organization and functioning have proved to be so broad and diverse that special subject areas have been delimited. Since the middle of the 20th century there has been a noticeable demarcation of fields of knowledge concerned with the study of the organization and functioning of developing entities. This kind of specialization is justified methodologically to the extent that processes of functioning constitute an autonomous field of study. But it must be borne in mind that the theoretical representation of the object obtained from such study may well be partial and incomplete.

In some scientific schools, there has been a hypertrophy of the functional aspect to the detriment of the evolutionary aspect. This is typical of many representatives of the school of structural-functional analysis in bourgeois sociology and of some adherents of structuralism who prefer structural to historical analysis. This position has given rise to a debate over whether the structural or the historical approach should have priority. The debate has become especially heated in historical science, ethnography, and linguistics, but it has also affected biology.

Although many questions in this area cannot be considered resolved, the debate itself and contemporary research have shown that both the aspect of development and the aspect of organization may have a completely independent significance in studying developing entities. It is only necessary that the possibilities and limits of the two approaches be taken into account, as well as the fact that at a certain stage of cognition it becomes necessary to synthesize the evolutionary and the organizational ideas about an object—as has been done, for example, in modern theoretical biology. To achieve such a synthesis the concept of time must be extended. The distinction between the evolutionary and structural aspects presupposes a corresponding distinction in regard to time, and here it is not physical time that takes precedence, not mere chronological time, but the inner time of an object, the rhythms of its functioning and development.

In assessing the prospects for constructing synthetic theories of developing objects, it should be remembered that the techniques for analyzing the processes of functioning are more advanced than the techniques for investigating developmental processes, owing to the latter’s greater complexity. Therefore, one of the most important methodological tasks is the refinement of our ideas about the structure and mechanisms of developmental processes and about their relation to the processes of functioning.

REFERENCES

Engels, F. Dialektika prirody. In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20.
Lenin, V. I. Filosofskie tetradi. In Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 29.
Asmus, V. F. Marks i burzhuaznyi istorizm. Moscow-Leningrad, 1933.
Severtsov, A. N. Morfologicheskie zakonomernosti evoliutsii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1939.
Grushin, B. A. Ocherki logiki istoricheskogo issledovaniia (protsess razvitiia i problemy ego nauchnogo vosproizvedeniia). Moscow, 1961.
Bogomolov, A. S. Ideia razvitiia v burzhuaznoi filosofii 19-20 vv. Moscow, 1962.
Shmal’gauzen, I. I. Problemy darvinizma, 2nd ed. Leningrad, 1969.
Gaidenko, P. P. “Kategoriia vremeni v burzhuaznoi evropeiskoi filosofii istorii XX veka.” In Filosofskie problemy istoricheskoi nauki. Moscow, 1969.
Printsip istorizma v poznanii sotsial’nykh iavlenii. Moscow, 1972.
Mayr, E. Populiatsii, vidy i evoliutsiia. Moscow, 1974. (Translated from English.)

E. G. IUDIN

Development

in music:

(1) A type of musical variation associated with the breakdown of themes and the free transformation of their elements.

(2) The middle section in the sonata form, in which the above-mentioned type of musical variation prevails.

development

[də′vel·əp·mənt] (analytical chemistry) In the separation of mixtures by paper chromatography or thin-layer chromatography, the production of colored derivatives of the solutes by spraying the stationary phase with selective reagents in order to establish the location of individual substances. (biology) A process of regulated growth and differentiation that results from interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm, the internal cellular environment, and the external environment. (engineering) The exploratory work required to determine the best production techniques to bring a new process or piece of equipment to the production stage. (geology) The progression of changes in fossil groups which have succeeded one another during deposition of the strata of the earth. (graphic arts) The stage in the processing of an exposed photosensitive material in which the latent image becomes visible. (meteorology) The process of intensification of an atmospheric disturbance, most commonly applied to cyclones and anticyclones. (mining engineering) Opening of a coal seam or ore body by sinking shafts or driving levels, as well as installing equipment, for proving ore reserves and exploiting them.

development

1. A tract of previously undeveloped land which is subdivided for housing and provided with all necessary utilities, such as roads, water, electricity, sewers, etc. 2. A large-scale housing project. 3. Any man-made change to improved or unimproved real estate, including but not limited to dredging, excavation or drilling operations, filling, or paving located within an area of special flood hazard.

development

The process of analysis, design, coding and testing software.

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Synonyms for development

noun growth

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noun establishment

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noun event

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Synonyms for development

noun a progression from a simple form to a more complex one

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noun the result or product of building up

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noun steady improvement, as of an individual or a society

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noun something significant that happens

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Synonyms for development

noun act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

Related Words

noun a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)

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noun (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically

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Antonyms

noun a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation

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noun the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful

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noun a district that has been developed to serve some purpose

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noun a state in which things are improving

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noun processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible

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noun (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

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